The Origin of the Proterozoic Bidjovagge Gold-Copper Deposit, Finnmark, Northern Norway, as Deduced from Rare Earth Element and Nd Isotopic Evidences on Calcites

Abstract: The Bidjovagge gold-copper deposit, northern Norway occurs in the lower Proterozoic Kautokeino greenstone belt, and consists of ten ore bodies in albite felsite, graphite schist and meta-diabase sills, along with a series of syenodiorite dykes. Calcite is one of the most important gangue minerals occurring within the ore veins. The early primary calcite samples from A, C and D ore bodies (copper–rich) show almost flat chondrite-normalised REE curves, and slightly positive Eu anomalies. A Sm-Nd isotope age of 1858 ± 72 Ma (2ρ) has been given based on fifteen primary calcite samples. The Sm-Nd age of calcite is in well agreement with previously published U-Pb davidite age of 1885 ±18 Ma (2ρ) and Sm-Nd davidite age of 1886 ± 88 Ma (2ρ). All these isotopic age data indicate that the gold-copper mineralisation may occur during or slightly after the peak of the Svecokarelian orogeny. Two late primary calcite samples from C and D ore bodies have flat chondrite-normalised LREE curves, positive HREE curves, and negative Eu anomalies. In contrast, most of the early primary calcite samples from B ore body (gold–rich) show an overall negative chondrite-normalised REE slope and negative Eu anomalies. Sm-Nd data on seven primary calcite samples from the B ore body are relatively scattered, and gave an isochrone age of 1809 ± 150 Ma (2ρ), identical to the age of the calcite samples from A, C and D ore bodies. Two late primary calcite samples from the B ore body have almost flat chondrite-normalised REE slope and negative Eu anomalies. REE patterns and eNd (T) values of calcites suggest that the ore fluids for the calcites from the A, C and D ore bodies derived their metals from mafic igneous rocks (diabase sills). For the secondary calcites from the C ore body, their relative high initial Nd (T) values at 1858 Ma imply that much more radiogenic Nd-component were incorporated during calcite crystallisation when another ore fluid emplaced. Combined Nd isotope data and REE geochemical features suggest that the isotopically more evolved source such as albite felsite and syn-genetic high level syenodiorite dykes were probably metal source for these calcites in the B ore body. Three samples of secondary calcite from the B ore body, which obviously deviated from 1809 Ma isochron are easily explained as products of post-ore hydrothermal events.     

巢北栖霞灰岩中的脆韧性剪切构造的研究

安徽巢北二叠纪的栖霞灰岩中发育了多条小型剪切带。剪切带的宽度介于数十厘米到1米之间,顺层分布。剪切带强烈部位发育了大量方解石脉、强烈片理化及发育了大量斜歪褶皱。在剪切带中脆韧性剪切构造非常发育,主要有各类剪切面理、S-C组构、线理、斜歪褶皱、眼球构造、柱状构造及其他多种显微剪切构造,其中部分未见有报道。研究表明,巢北二叠纪的栖霞灰岩中剪切带中脆韧性剪切构造是在3000米左右深的超浅层发育的,最大深度不超过5500米。地下流体、尤其是有机质成熟过程中排放的有机酸形流体促进了方解石在超浅层条件下发生脆韧性变形。     

山东灵山岛滑塌体内部沉积及构造特征研究

青岛市灵山岛修船厂剖面下白垩统地层中发育良好的滑塌变形体。野外观察可见滑塌体岩性单元主要由厚层砂岩及砂页岩互层组成,其中厚层砂岩根据其沉积构造及成因机制可分为砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积两类;砂页岩互层段砂岩层可见底模构造及粒序层理,为静水环境下远端浊流沉积。滑塌体内部构造主要可分为软褶皱变形、同生断层、透镜状砂质团块三种类型。其中,软褶皱变形根据岩性可分为砂岩软褶皱、砂页岩互层软褶皱及页岩软褶皱,随着变形强度增加,软褶皱枢纽逐渐平行于滑移方向,形成曲脊软褶皱或软鞘褶皱(soft sheath folds);同生断层出现在砂岩层中,根据力学性质分为正断层及逆断层,正断层为剪切拉伸所致,逆断层为软褶皱逆冲所致;透镜状砂质团块包括同沉积布丁构造和同沉积断块。根据滑塌体内部滑移面识别出三期滑塌,完整的滑塌体由底部拆离滑移面、下部厚层砂体、中部砂页岩互层及上部砂页岩互层未变形体组成,其组成特征及各部分接触关系反映了滑塌体中下部沿底部拆离滑移面发生滑塌变形,且于活动末期在相对静水条件下被上部砂页岩互层覆盖这一形成过程。根据滑塌体内部组成特征的有序性、相似性及滑塌体内部沉积构造特征,推测其触发机制可能为沉积物快速沉积所引发的重力滑塌成因。     

陕西旬阳公馆—青铜沟汞锑矿床地球化学研究

陕西旬阳公馆—青铜沟汞锑矿床位于南秦岭东部,矿床受赋矿的泥盆纪白云岩地层和发育于其中的断裂的双重控制,矿体呈脉状,矿石主要由辉锑矿、辰砂、石英、方解石组成。氢氧同位素研究表明,该矿床的成矿流体为大气水。碳氧同位素显示热液方解石的形成与地层碳酸盐关系密切,并有少量有机碳参与成矿。矿石硫来源于地层中硫化物的分解或硫酸盐的还原作用。锶、铅同位素研究表明其与成矿物质汞、锑共同来源于下覆基底地层。综合研究表明公馆-青铜沟汞锑矿是一种受断裂控制的脉状矿床。     

Petrology of recent caliche pisolites, spherulites, and speleothem deposits from central Texas

Recent caliche, including nodules, pisolites, crusts, internal sediment, speleothem deposits, and spherulites, has formed within the dolomitic Cretaceous Edwards Formation of central Texas. As weathering altered the host strata, rhombic crystals of calcite were precipitated concomitantly with dissolution of the dolomite, thereby forming nodules. The highly altered dolomite (i.e. pulverulite) was then removed and spar, internal sediment, and travertine accumulated in the internodular voids. Nodular masses of calcite and dolomite are the most prominent constituent of the caliche. Some of the nodules have a well developed concentric structure as well as other characteristics similar to hypersaline pisolites. Features which appear to be useful in distinguishing caliche from hypersaline pisolites are: regional geological setting, association with other caliche and palaeosoil deposits, types of fossils present, and the presence of rhombic calcite and/or bladed sparry calcite with triangular shaped cross-section. A brick-like calcite texture and relict aragonite rays characterize hypersaline pisolites. Incipient neomorphism of the nodules and pisolites has resulted in the development of a radial pattern of spar within these structures. Geopetal deposits of internal sediment, including terra rossa soil, inhibited spar growth in the upward direction; consequently, spar is much better developed on the undersides of pisolites. Crusts and travertine flowstone (speleothem) deposits are intimately associated with the nodular masses and internal sediment. The brecciated thin crusts and travertine flowstone are end products of the same processes. The crusts formed during times of periodic desiccation of the growing surface while the flowstone formed when water was relatively abundant. Spherulitic bodies within the caliche, commonly 1–2 mm in diameter, display a radial texture and yet are composed of single crystals of calcite. The structures are the product of neomorphosed Microcodium or Microcodium-like globular bodies.     

Graphite deformation in marble and mylonitic marble, Grenville Province, Canadian Shield

In the southern Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield (Otter Lake area), high-grade marble, gneiss and amphibolite have been folded about north- to north-east-trending axes; mylonite zones, parallel to layering and 0.1–10  cm wide, are locally present in marble.
In nonmylonitic marble, graphite occurs as c . 1–mm hexagonal prisms, which are commonly accompanied by a relatively few crystals that have been deformed, resulting in cleavage separation and the formation of folds and kink bands. Fracture-filled calcite contains less Mg and Fe than surrounding calcite (e.g. <0.30 compared with 1.8–2.7  wt% MgO, and 0.02–0.12 compared with 0.13–0.18  wt% FeO); the composition of fracture-filled dolomite is similar to that of the surrounding dolomite. In semimylonite, graphite forms elongate streaks of fragmented crystals and, in mylonite, further fragmentation has occurred to produce extremely small particles. The fragmentation has not destroyed the atomic structure (hexagonal modification) of graphite.
The behaviour of biotite was similar to that of graphite, but extreme fragmentation did not occur. Dolomite was more rigid than calcite, and in mylonite it occurs more commonly as relics. Amphibole and pyroxene crystals remained undeformed but are locally replaced by calcite.
The numerous microprocesses that have evidently occurred in marble and mylonitic marble of the study area are: coarsening (calcite, graphite), twinning (calcite, dolomite), slip (calcite, dolomite, graphite, biotite), strain-induced recrystallization (calcite), microfolding and kink-band formation (graphite, biotite), fragmentation (graphite) and the pressure-induced transport of calcite and dolomite to voids in graphite and biotite.     

滇西北白秧坪多金属矿集区东矿带方解石REE地球化学特征及意义

方解石是白秧坪多金属矿集区东矿带矿石中的主要脉石矿物。不同产状矿体中方解石的REE地球化学特征研究表明,3个矿段成矿期方解石具有2种稀土模式:LREE(轻稀土元素)富集型和相对平坦型;前者表明成矿过程中没有LREE明显带出的迹象,残余热液继承了前期成矿热液的特征,而后者表明成矿过程中有LREE带出。不同类型矿体方解石中REE含量、有关参数和稀土配分模式等均变化较大,但在地球化学特征上具有连续变化规律,显示为同源不同阶段的产物。方解石为热液成因方解石,结合其他同位素的资料和矿区的地质背景,得出成矿流体以大气降水与围岩反应形成的热卤水为主、深部流体参与其成矿作用的观点。成矿过程中,由早到晚,成矿环境表现为还原向氧化环境变化。     

Dynamic analysis of rough cleavage in the Martinsburg Formation,Maryland

Deformation lamellae in detrital quartz and twin lamellae in vein calcite are common in greywacke beds in the upper portion of the Martinsburg Formation near Williamsport, Maryland. These features are a product of the same stresses that resulted in the formation of rough cleavage. Dynamic analysis of the deformation lamellae and the calcite twins indicates that the cleavage formed normal to the maximum principal stress. In limb samples, the intermediate principal stress is parallel to the fold axis and the least principal stress plunges steeply in the cleavage plane. In most hinge samples the intermediate and least stress axes could not be differentiated and together define the cleavage plane. The lamellae developed during a period of high differential stress that accompanied flattening of early-formed buckle folds. The abundance of deformation lamellae and their development synchronous with the cleavage, demonstrates that intracrystalline deformation may be an important mechanism in the formation of rough cleavage.     

塔里木盆地阿瓦提-巴楚地区褶皱构造特征

研究区位于塔里木盆地西部,主要跨越巴楚断隆和阿瓦提凹陷两个构造单元。寒武纪以来,研究区主要发育 3个时期、两个方向的褶皱构造。第一期北西向褶皱构造为轴向北西的断层转折褶皱,形成于中寒武世—泥盆纪,它们当时都是一些“水下隆起”,在全区均有分布。第二期南北向褶皱构造为规模相差较大、轴向近南北的断层转折褶皱和少量断层传播褶皱,形成于晚二叠世,发育于吐木休克断裂带附近及其以北的区域,西部背斜构造的幅度、规模都较东部大。第三期北西向褶皱构造为轴向北西的断层传播褶皱,形成于老第三纪—现在,发育于吐木休克断裂带附近及其以南的区域。吐木休克断裂带是形成于老第三纪—现在的右行聚合型走滑断裂带,对研究区发育的褶皱构造主要起破坏和改造作用。研究区的伸展作用过程发生于早二叠世,塔里木盆地进入了克拉通内裂谷形成阶段,出现广泛分布的基性火山岩和基性侵入岩体、岩墙。     

河南省南召五峰顶方解石矿床地质特征及找矿标志

河南省南召五峰顶方解石矿床产于二郎坪群大庙组第三岩性段的大理岩中,矿体呈似层状。矿区圈定出方解石矿体2个,矿体长2.0~3.2 km,厚11.91~85.22 m,矿石品位w（CaO）=52.20%~56.25%,白度为85.0%~93.9%,矿石类型为浅灰白色厚层状中粗粒大理岩。文章对矿床含矿岩系、矿体与矿石特征、成矿过程和找矿标志等方面进行了分析研究。结果表明：该矿床为区域变质型矿床,大庙组中浅灰白色大理岩为直接找矿标志。该标志对豫西东秦岭造山带寻找同类矿床有借鉴意义。     

竹园沟钨钼矿床地质特征及找矿远景分析

竹园沟钨钼矿是近年来在东秦岭地区发现的又一大型钨钼矿.在讨论成矿地质背景基础上,对矿床地质特征进行了研究.矿体的空间分布与矿区内褶皱、断裂、岩性、围岩热液蚀变强度有关,矿体受黄背岭背斜及石宝沟斑状二长花岗岩侵入体向北西侧伏的内外接触带控制.矿床成因为斑岩-矽卡岩型钼矿床.同时指出了找矿标志.分析了找矿远景,对以后的找矿工作有一定的指导意义.     

Geological history and significance of a laminated and slumped unit in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Monsal Dale region,Derbyshire

A laminated and slumped limestone bed from the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire, known as the Rosewood Marble, is described in detail. The laminations comprise alternations of micrite and dolomite, the dolomite laminae originally being fine grainstones. The bed was deposited on a slope and slipping and sliding gave rise to tensional features such as pull-apart structures and compressional features such as slump folds. Evidence suggests that the palaeoslope was inclined towards the south-southeast and caused by synsedimentary movements of the Longstone Edge monocline and/or the Priestcliffe syncline. Diagenetic features described include cementation, dolomitization, calcite pseudomorphs after replacement anhydrite and silicification.     

云南白秧坪矿区华昌山断裂带构造岩的微观变形特征

云南白秧坪矿区位于兰坪中-新生代前陆盆地北部,华昌山断裂带是矿区最重要的控矿构造,沿断裂带产出一系列Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu多金属矿体,其成矿元素在断裂带内的分布与构造岩的分带有明显的对应关系.华昌山断裂带是与金沙江造山带有关的前陆逆冲推覆构造系统的前锋推覆断裂,以脆性变形为主,形成碎裂岩系列的构造岩.通过比较系统的断裂...     

新疆伊宁县塔乌尔别克金矿地质特征及找矿标志

塔乌尔别克金矿赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组一套酸性—中酸性火山碎屑岩—熔岩建造中,矿体产出严格受断裂构造控制。矿体呈脉状、透镜状,倾角50°~70°。矿石以蚀变破碎安山岩型、斑岩型、含金隐爆角砾岩型和含金石英（方解石）脉型为主。成因与古火山机构、次火山岩有密切关系。一定的层位、断裂交会处、隐爆角砾岩及典型的蚀变为主要找矿标志。     

塔里木盆地英买力凸起南部寒武系褶皱的地质属性及其油气成藏条件分析

传统上,塔北隆起英买力凸起南部多个寒武系大型异常体被认为是中寒武统盐构造的反映。笔者研究发现这些大型异常体的解译有一定的多解性。分析认为,构造的主体存在碳酸盐岩生物建隆块体的可能,后期被断裂复杂化形成大型叠置复合褶皱。寒武系褶皱内幕的断层和裂缝极其发育,大大改善了寒武系白云岩储层物性,有利于油气聚集;基底断裂发育,能有效沟通油源;中寒武统泥岩或含膏泥岩形成良好的盖层,封闭条件良好;综合分析认为英买力南部寒武系大型构造具备优越的油气成藏和保存条件,有利于形成大中型油气田,是塔里木盆地潜在的油气勘探新领域。     

Transverse fold evolution in the External Sierra,southern Pyrenees,Spain

Fault-slip data are used to reconstruct varying tectonic regimes associated with transverse fold development along the eastern and southern margins of the Jaca basin, southern Pyrenees, Spain. The Spanish Pyrenean foreland consists of thrust sheets and leading-edge décollement folds which developed within piggyback basins. Guara Formation limestones on the margins of the Jaca basin were deposited synchronously with deformation and are exposed in the External Sierra. Within the transverse folds, principal shortening axes determined from P and T dihedra plots of fault-slip data show a shift from steep shortening in stratigraphically older beds to NNE–SSW horizontal shortening in younger beds. Older strata are characterized by extensional faults interpreted to result from halotectonic (salt tectonics) deformation, whereas younger strata are characterized by contraction and strike-slip faults interpreted to result from thrust sheet emplacement. The interpretation of the timing for the shortening axes in the younger strata is supported by the observation that these axes are parallel to shortening axes determined from finite strain analysis, calcite twins, and regional thrusting directions determined from fault-related folds and slickenlines. This study shows that fault population analysis in syntectonic strata provides an opportunity to constrain kinematic evolution during orogeny.     

构造置换及其控矿规律——以吉林板石沟铁矿为例

强烈的塑性变形使华北地台东北部太古宙鞍山群中的吉林板石沟铁矿发生强烈的构造置换;造成原始仅有二三层的铁矿褶皱重复,在X(包络线)、Y(枢纽线)方向均被拉断,形成透镜状的复式褶皱勾状体。现有的19个矿组均为这种复式褶皱的转折端,并多呈"Z"型不对称形式。根据以上控矿规律本文提出两个找矿方向,一是包络线方向,另一是枢纽线方向,对1、3矿组具体地做了勘探设计。目前本文的勘探设计已得到勘探验证,新增铁矿储量数千万吨。     

通化县四方山铁矿地质特征

四方山铁矿经历了三期变形。第一期,当太古宙表壳岩形成后,来自东西向挤压作用,地层和矿体(S0)形成近南北向紧密褶皱构造。第二期,来自北西—南东方向挤压作用,使已经变形地层和矿体(S1)又一次变形,形成走向北东—南西叠加褶皱构造,这一期为四方山铁矿主期构造。第三期,来自北—西向和南东向不对称推力作用,使已经历二次变形地层、矿层均形成了S形,使S2又一次变形。     

ROLE OF METASOMATIC PROCESSES IN RUBY-BEARING MARBLES FORMATION OF THE SOUTHERN URAL MOUNTAINS

Ruby-bearing marbles of the Southern Ural Mountains are developed in the metamorphic perimeter of granites-gneisses domes where high grade metamorphic granitization and diaphthoresis have occurred.Geological research into the development and occurrence of ruby-bearing marbles indicate that they formed as a result of repeated transformation.Their substrate consisted of an organogenous marine limestone containing Visean faunal remains.Intensive Mg metasomatism of limestone during early progressive stages of metamorphism resulted in a substrate of dolomite composition containing faunal remains with a calcite composition.Increased temperature and pressure resulted in metamorphism of early Mg metasomatites,turning them into fine-grained marble containing Visean faunal remains.Tensional stresses near the intrusive domes resulted in dedolomitization of early Mg metasomatites,giving rise to light,coarse-grained calcite marbles having polygonal-grained structure.Such carbonaceous marbles became metamorphosed around the perimeter of granite-gneiss massifs.Their rheological properties allowed for plastic flow in these marbles into areas of tectonic neutrality,forming bodies of rheomorphic marbles,sometimes even among marbled limestone.Relict bodies of Mg metasomatites underwent boudinage and rotation.Flow cleavage occurred in axial blocks of inter-dome structures and in their steep walls.Therefore platy jointing(banding,pseudo-lamination)formed in the marbles.Thickness of the plates is from several millimeters to 2-3m.Calcite underwent recrystallization with extension of grain size in the central parts of plates,sometimes amounting to 15-25cm in cross-section.Ruby-bearing marbles consist of Mg-calcite.The rock is coarse-grained,with a panidiomorphic texture.Schistosity is often observed in the plane of cleavage.Mg-calcite marble occurs among and grades into background calcite marbles,which are controlled by cleavage of flowing.It is supposed that the ruby-bearing Mg-calcite marbles bodies are elongated in the direction of dip.Their formation is caused by recrystallization under the action of rising metamorphogenic fluids at high temperatures and higher pressures(amphibolitic and epidote-amphibolitic facies).Ruby-bearing marbles formed at the end of the prograde stage of metamorphism.The early retrograde stage of metamorphism is defined by a new wave of Mg metasomatism and formation of calcite-dolomitic marbles with a poikiloblastic texture from calcite or Mg-calcite marbles.Usually the boundaries of the bodies are clear,planar,and controlled by cleavage.Studies of small bodies have shown that they are elongated in the direction of dip.Usually they contain pink corundum and/or pink spinel;red corundum is replaced by red spinel.Thus the initial marine limestones were transformed into various marbles and completely lost their primary composition and bedding as a result of metamorphism,deformation,and metasomatic transformation.Ruby-spinel mineralization in marbles is controlled by cleavage.     

山西中条山洞沟铜矿地质特征及找矿前景分析

赋存在方解石脉中的铜矿不是铜矿的主要类型,但世界上与碳酸岩和幔源岩浆作用有关的铜矿不仅存在,而且可以达到大型以上的规模.中条山地区曾经是中国铜矿主要产地之一,除了产出沉积变质型铜矿和斑岩型铜矿之外,含铜方解石脉也广泛出现,但以往的地质工作对其找矿前景均给予了"潜力不大"的评价.根据近年来在洞沟方解石脉型铜矿的深部发现独立金矿和独立银矿的事实,结合初步的成因矿物学研究和综合分析,文章认为,中条山铜矿带洞沟方解石脉型铜矿,其成因与胡家峪一篦子沟明显不同,但具有幔源岩浆流体直接成矿的可能性,其深部具有进一步找矿的前景.该研究为区域上重新评价老矿点、开拓找矿思路、拓展找矿空间提供了依据.