Stratigraphische und tektonische Verknüpfungen kontinentaler Sedimente des Neogens im Ägäis-Raum

Research carried out on lacustrine Gastropods of Neogene age from sediments of continental faciès (“molasse”) on some Aegean islands (Kos, Rhodes, Naxos, Eremonisia, Makares, Paros, Anaphi, Crete, Samos, Chios, Euboea) led to the conclusion that certain strata are much older than hitherto suggested. During Serravallian and Tortonian times limnic and fluviatile sediments must have been by far more widespread in the Aegean Region than earlier supposed. It can be shown furthermore that most of these older series of sediments south of the ?Medean Christalline Belt” and on the top of the ?Attic-Cycladic Complex” are allochthonous or parautochthonous. They obviously became involved in movements of the “Central” and “Western Hellenic Nappes” as defined byJacobshagen et al., 1978. Similar events in the Northern Apennines are known by the catchword “Loiano-Effect”. During Tortonian times decoupling occured within these nappe piles. Subunits consisting in part of Neogene strata, sometimes still connected to their ophiolitic basement, started to move separately into northern (Cyclades) or southern (Kos-Island) directions. A compounded nappe, in this paper called “Aegean Nappe”, consisting of parts of the “Pelagonian Nappe”, the “Ophiolite Nappe” and slices of the “molasse”-series emerged. Locally marine sediments of Lower to Middle Miocene age suggested to be autochthonous were overthrust or cut up in front of the moving nappe (Kos, Rhodes). On some islands of the Cyclades (Naxos, Paros, Eremonisia, Makares, Mykonos) remnants of the “Aegean Nappe” rest on top of the “Lower Unit” of the “Attic-Cycladic complex” as defined byAltherr et al., 1979, and are equivalent to the “Upper Unit” of authors. The paroxysm of those decouplings happened during the upper Tortonian (8–10 Ma); it presumably influenced sedimentary processes of that time on Crete. The view is taken that the movements of nappes were caused by local crustal rising and, hence, gravity controlled.     

Stratigraphische Untersuchungen an Sedimentkernen des ibero-marokkanischen Kontinentalrandes

Zusammenfassung Biostratigraphie und Ergebnisse der Grobkornanalyse an Sedimenten vom marokkanischen und portugiesischen Kontinentalhang werden an zwei Kernen erläutert. Folgende Parameter scheinen sich besonders zur Korrelation zu eignen: Anteil des terrigenen Materiales an der Sandfraktion, Pteropodengehalt, Korngrößenverteilung des terrigenen Detritus, relative Temperaturangaben nach planktonischen Foraminiferen, Windungssinn von dreiGloborotalia- Arten. Beide Kerne erreichen Sedimente der letzten Kaltzeit, was dadurch unterstrichen wird, daß eistransportiertes, terrigenes Material und Hinweise auf Temperaturminima nach planktonischen Foraminiferen zusammenfallen.

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Biostratigraphy and the results of the sand grain analysis on Moroccan and Portuguese continental slope sediments are discussed. The investigation is based on samples taken from two cores. The following parameters seem to be well suited for correlation: The percentage of the terrigenous material of the sand-fraction, the pteropod content, grainsize distribution of the terrigeneous material, temperature curves based on planktonic foraminifera and coiling ratios of threeGloborotalia species.In both cores sediments from the last glacial period are reached. This is demonstrated by a very good correlation between the ice-transported terrigenous material and the temperature minima as determined by planktonic foraminifera.

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Résumé Notre présente étude concerne la biostratigraphie et l'analyse sédimentologique de deux carottes prélevées sur la pente continentale maroco-portugaise. Des corrélations ont été déduites de l'évolution des paramètres suivants: Pourcentage du matériel terrigène et des ptéropodes de la fraction sableuse, répartition granulométrique du matériel terrigène, variation faunique des foraminifères planctoniques, sens de l'enroulement de trois espèces deGloborotalia.Ces deux sondages pénètrent dans les sédiments de la dernière période glaciaire. La présence de matériel terrigène transporté par les glaces et les indications de température fournies par les foraminifères planctoniques s'harmonisent et confirment l'affirmation précédente.

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. : , Pterododen, , , Globorotalia. . .

     

Die Stratigraphische Einordnung der Ophiolithe des Nordapennins

Zusammenfassung Die Ophiolithe des Nordapennins werden nach ihrem Alter in verschiedene Gruppen eingeteilt. Nur im Gebiet nördlich von Genua und längs des Küstenstreifens zwischen Sestri Levante und Levanto läßt sich die alte Anschauung eines oberjurassischen bis tief unterkretazischen Alters der Ophiolithe rechtfertigen. In dem noch verbleibenden Gebiet konnte für einzelne Vorkommen ein wesentlich jüngeres Alter (O.-Alb bis U.-Turon) wahrscheinlich gemacht werden. Von Bedeutung für diese Alterseinstufungen waren die fast alle Ophiolithvorkommen begleitenden Brekzien, die in einzelnen Typen untergliedert und beschrieben werden.

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Northern Apennitie Ophiolites are subdivided by their age. North of Genoa and along the coast between Sestri Levante and Levanto only, the rocks are Upper Jurassic or Lowest Cretaceous of age; the remaining area shows an Upper Albian to Lower Turonian age of ophiolithes.

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Résumé Les ophiolites des Apennins septentrionaux sont, suivant leur âge, subdivisés en différents groupes. C'est seulement dans la région au Nord de Gênes et le long de la bande côtière entre Sestri Levante et Levanto que se vérifie pour les ophiolites l'ancienne conception d'un âge allant du Jurassique supérieur à la base du Crétacé inférieur. Dans le territoire restant on peut attribuer à certains affleurements un âge notablement plus récent (Albien supérieur jusqu'au Turonvien inférieur). Pour fixer cet âge, on s'est appuyé sur les brèches qui accompagnent la plupart des ophiolites; ces brèches ont été décrites et subdivisées en quelques types.

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Riassunto Le ofioliti dell'Appennino Settentrionale si suddividono in due gruppi secondo la loro età. Solo per la zone Nord di Genova e la striscia costiera tra Sestri L. é Levanto vale la vecchia opinione sull'età supragiurassica-infracretacea delle ofioliti. Nelle altre parti dell'Appennino si può attribuire a certi affioramenti con molta probabilità un'età molto più recente (Albiano Sup. - Turoniano inf.). Di grande importanza per una tale datazione si dimostrarono le brecce, per lo più sedimentarie, che circondano quasi tutte le masse ofiolitiche e che si intercalano a sedimenti fossiliferi o ne contengono frammenti. Vengono descritti alcuni tipi litologici di queste brecce.

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. - , . .

     

Die geologische Methodik

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

An Stratigraphische Hiate gebundene Vererzungen in den Tschechoslowakischen Karpaten

During the course of the geotectonic development of the West Carpathians there were ore mineralisation periods, which are associated with different stratigraphical hiatuses. Hematite-magnetite ore was deposited in the first period between the Silurian and the Devonian. In both the Middle and the Upper Carboniferous, some stratiform siderite deposits originated, which were exploited in the vicinity of Dobiná and Mlynky during about the last 100 years. In the Permian, some haematite occurrences, fossil gold placers and uranium-bearing strata were formed, the last of which was exploited. Some minor haematite occurrences are widespread in the Lower Triassic. The same type of occurrence is known in the Upper Triassic and in the Lower Jurassic, too. In the Jurassic, small occurrences of manganese ore are known. Bauxite occurreces were found in the Middle and Upper Cretaceous, but they are very small. More important are the sedimentary manganese deposits, which were deposited in the Middle Eocene. These were exploited during the last 70 years. The fossil gold placers of the east Slovakian, Paleogene flysch series are very interesting from genetic point of view. The small kaoline, bauxite and silicate-nickel occurrences, which are associated with the alteration processes of basic rocks of different age, were found during the Miocene. The Quaternary period is well known for its gold placers, from which those of the Danube river as well as others were exploited in the past.

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Nach einem Vortrag gehalten auf der Tagung des Lagerstättenausschusses der G. D. M. B. und der S. G. A. in Clausthal am 4. / 5. April 1975     

Zur Methodik der transatlantischen Rekonstruktionen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Methodik der radioaktiven Quellen-Untersuchung

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Stratigraphische Untersuchungen im Paläozoikum des Montseny (Katalonien/Spanien)

The Catalonian Coast Bange and Inner Bange are the connecting link between the East-Pyrenees in the North and the Celtiberic Chains in the Southeast. During the Paleozoic the Catalonian Ranges differ from both areas by extreme eugeosynclinal conditions with very low rates of sedimentation. Similar conditions in the Hercynian of Spain are to be found in the “pelagic” areas of the southwestern part of the Sierra Morena from upper Ordovician to Lower Carboniferous times. Based on the mapping of the Avencó-Valley (a part of the Montseny-Mountains/Catalonia) the Paleozoic layers are described and a stratigraphic subdivision is worked out. The conformable sequence begins in the upper Ordovician (Caradoc) and continues to the Visean. Buntsandstein is unconformably overlying the Paleozoic. The Ordovician/Silurian boundary is determined by Graptolithes; the Silurian/Devonian boundary is located within a sequence of Orthoceras-limestone as elsewhere in the Catalonian Range. For lack of fossils the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary is not clearly defined; instead a lithologic boundary was used. Special stress has been laid upon sedimentary structures.     

Über die Vergleichbarkeit von Lösungsformen auf Chlorid-, Sulfat- und Karbonatgestein — Überlegungen zu Fragen der Nomenklatur und Methodik der Karstmorphologie

The study deals with the comparison of corrosion forms in differently soluble rocks from different climatic regions, namely forms of the naked karst (lapies), depressions, and corrosive plains. The far-reaching morphographic conformity of corresponding forms permits some general conclusions:

1. The forms in question have the same genesis, there is no casual convergence of forms. It would be convenient to term them as forms of the salt-, gypsum-, and carbonate karst. There is no justification for a fundamental distinction between the “karstification” of limestone and the “leaching” of gypsum and salt.
2. The different liability to karstification (Karstgunst) of rocks can be compensated by a different liability to karstification due to climatic factors.
3. Similarly the other factors of karstification vary gradually; they add up or compensate each other. A classification of climatic-morphological karst provinces seems to be possible only by means of analysis and balance of the single factors and their effects.

     

Alpen und Apennin auf Sardinien und Korsika

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Kontinentalverschiebungen und Polverschiebungen — Ursachen und Probleme

Zusammenfassung Die Kruste wird zergliedert von einem Gitter altgebahnter Lineamente, welche immer wieder als Blattverschiebungen fungierten. Die gro\en Gräben Ostafrikas und Europas setzen solchen Erdnähten auf. Die starren Rahmenschollen waren etwas auseinander gewichen. So konnten die von der Kluftreibung befreiten Keilschollen rasch absinken, antithetisch kippende Blöcke den überschüssigen Scitenraum schlie\en. Junge Füllmassen wurden aufgeladen, welche die Erosion den aufgestemmten Grabenschultern entnahm. Das granitische Substrat solcher Gräben ist geschwächt, im Graben des Roten Meeres sogar median geborsten. Ein abyssaler Spalt mit basaltischem Sockel klafft dort inmitten des Altgrabens. Die Abspaltung Südamerikas vom Gondwana-Kontinent bediente sich gleichfalls alter Lineamente. Der Atlantik erweiterte sich aus einem Grabensystem. Der seismisch aktive Mediangraben des mittelatlantischen Rückens demonstriert den Fortgang der Kontinentaldrift. Auch andere Kontinente kriechen auf einer Gleitschichte pazifikwärts, die pazifische Masse mit einer überschiebungsbahn und Blattverschiebungen bewältigend. Der übereinstimmende Baustil zirkumpazifischer Tektonik beweist periphere Einengungen des Pazifik. Die gro\en Urkontinente störten das irdische Rotationsgleichgewicht. Daher die Tendenz, den Störkörper zu spalten und die Erdoberfläche möglichst gleichmä\ig mit Kontinenten zu bestücken. Als Rei\nähte boten sich die Gräben und Lineamente an, welche angelegt waren, die Scherspannungen auszugleichen, wenn Polverschiebungen das Rotationsellipsoid zur Neujustierung zwangen. Die abdriftenden Kontinente induzierten sekundäre Gleichgewichtsstörungen und erneute Polverschiebungen. Wieder wurden Scherzonen lebendig, Kontinentaldrift setzte an und erweiterte sie zu Gräben, um schlie\lich ein weiteres Stück Kruste der Klammer kontinentaler Konsolidation zu entrei\en. So werden Polverschiebungen und Kontinentalverschiebungen als einander auslösende und steuernde Prozesse verstanden. Das orogene ZeitgesetzStilles wird unter diesem Aspekt diskutiert.

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The crust of the earth is traversed by a lattice of tectonic lineaments which, since the Precambrian Era, were always and again acting as wrench faults. These shearing movements, independent of the specific crustal structure, are thought to be caused by the wandering of the poles. For the directions and movements of the lineaments correspond to the stress field that was induced by the readjustment of the geoid. The bursting lineaments caused a splitting of the continental masses. The great original continents of the Paleozoic Era disturbed the balance of revolution. There was a trend to separate the disturbing masses and to furnish the surface of the earth as proportionally as possible with continents. Thus, divergent forces started to work on the lineaments. The lineaments were stretched and became rift valleys. When the forces of the continental drift became overwhelming, the rift valleys burst along their median line. A new continent split off. The wandering continents endeavoured and are still endeavouring to reach, in the first place, the Pacific Ocean trying to confine it peripherically. From this trend comes the conformable architecture of the circumpacific tectonics. The drifting masses effected secondary disturbances of the balance of the rotating gyroscope. The poles tried to escape the wandering masses. Once more, lineaments became active, and the process of splitting continued. Consequently, the wandering of the poles and the continental drift are thought to be mutually initiating and controlling processes. The orogenic phases of the folding and the taphrogenic phases of the rift valley forming are in their global coincidence the display of this very process that concerns the entire crust of the earth.

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Résumé L'écorce terrestre est sillonnée d'un réseau de linéaments tectoniques, qui se remuaient à partir de temps précambriens et qui continuent de se remuer au sens de failles de décrochement. Les mouvements ne tiennent pas compte de la structure géologique de la région en question. On suppose que la cause des mouvements soit la dérive des pÔles, parceque les directions des linéaments tectoniques correspondent aux celles-ci de la tension de l'écorce provoquée par le ré-ajustage du géoid. En se fendant le longue des linéaments les masses des continents furent parcellées. - Les grands continents du Paléozoique dérangaient l'équilibre de la rotation. Cet dérangement causait la tendance de répartir les masses des continents et d'en garnir la surface du globe. Le longue des linéaments agissaient des forces séparentes. Les linéaments s'élargissaient et devenaient des fossés tectoniques. Si les forces de la dérive des continents se renforÇaient les fossés tectoniques se partagissaient le longue de ses médianes. Un nouveau continent était formé. Mises en translation les continents se tournaient vers la région de l'Océan Pacifique, et aussi à present les continents continuent de rétrecir la région marginale du Pacifique. C'est pourquoi le type de la construction tectonique est le mÊme dans toutes les guirlandes circumpacifiques. Les translations continentales causaient des dérangements secondaires de l'équilibre du géoid et les pÔles fuyaient les continents. De nouveau les linéaments tectoniques se remuaient et la division des continents se continuait. La dérive des pÔles et la dérive des continents sont des événements dont l'un provoque et dirige l'autre. L'expression de cet événement concernant l'écorce entière est la simultanéité des phases orogénétiques (plissement) et des phases taphrogéniques (formation des fossés tectoniques).

     

Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoff-Isotopenuntersuchungen an Karbonatkonkretionen und umgebendem Gestein

The composition of the carbon and oxygen isotopes has been determined in about 40 carbonate concretions and surrounding clays and shales of different geological ages. Two different areas and stratigraphic levels in Northwestern Germany have been sampled: 1. concretions in shales of Lower Cretaceous age fromt he area between Hildesheim and Hannover; 2. concretions in shales of Devonian age from the Harz mountains (and the foreland).While the concretions of Group 1 generally are enriched in the light isotope ¹²C (¹³C values from –3.3 to –43.2 relative to PDB), compared to the surrounding shales (0.9 to –5.3), no significant differences could be observed between concretions and shales of Group 2 (concretions: 2.0 to –7.0; shales: –0.3 to –6.2).The average ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios of the Devonian samples are lower than those from the Cretaceous, because the probability of an exchange with light meteoric water in diagenetic reactions increases with geologic age.Formed under special conditions of the microenvironment, such as the presence of organic material and local alkalinity during the early stages of diagenesis, the carbon isotopic composition of concretions will probably have preserved some characteristic properties of this mioroenvironment.It is assumed that concretions with the heavy carbon contain carbon from CO₂ which was in isotope equilibrium with CH₄, both of them liberated during the decay of organic material. The light carbon from concretions of Group 1 is explained as fixed CO₂, originating from microbiological or inorganic oxidation of organic substances, which was not in isotope equilibrium with methane (if this was present at all).After precipitation of the concretionary carbonates, no significant carbon isotope exchange seems to have occurred, otherwise the pattern of a heterogeneous carbon isotope composition found in several concretions could not be explained.Strontium concentrations (see Appendix) range from those of primary calcite precipitated in sea water to diagenetic carbonates formed from solutions with a high Ca/Sr ratio. They indicate that during the formation of concretions in abundant cases the system was closed to ocean water.     

Alte Land- und Meeresverbindungen in West-Indien und Zentralamerika

Ohne ZusammenfassungAusführlicher in holländischer Sprache in Tijdschr. Kon. Ned. Aardr. Genootsch. 1934, S. 551–600, erschienen.     

Alpiner und Apenniner Achsenplan in Ligurien und Toscana

Zusammenfassung Seit 1957 laufende strukturgeologische Aufnahmen in der Umrahmung des Ligurischen Troges lassen zwei Achsenpläne mit jeweils zwei Hauptrichtungen nahezu senkrecht zueinander erkennen, die als alpines und apennines System, entsprechend dem generellen Streichen der Längsachsen, bezeichnet werden. Die Bedeutung der Querstrukturen, das Altersverhältnis der Achsenprägungen untereinander sowie zum Deckenbau, zur Metamorphose und zu den jungen Intrusionen der Toskana wird untersucht, woraus sich Rückschlüsse im Hinblick auf den Zusammenhang von Alpen und Apennin sowie für die Ausgestaltung der Bogenkontur dieser Gebirge ergeben.

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Continued structural geological work in the areas surrounding the Ligurian basin since 1957 led to the discovery of two superimposed tectonic trends (alpine and apennine systems), each of them represented by two axes perpendicular to each other. Considerations regarding the significance of these cross-structures as well as their age relations with such other phenomena as thrusting, metamorphism and late intrusions of the Toscana throw light on the problems of the mutual relations of the Alps and Apennine and the large scale arcuation of these mountain ranges.

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Résumé Depuis 1957 des levés géologiques structuraux aux bordures du bassin de Ligurie ont permis de reconnaître deux systèmes d'axes superposés. On observe dans chacun des deux systèmes — que nous voudrions appeler systèmes alpin et apennin suivant les directions des axes principaux — deux directions d'axes presque perpendiculaires. Les recherches sur la signification de ces structures transverses, sur les relation d'âge dans la formation des axes par rapport à la mise en place des nappes, au métamorphisme et aux intrusions récentes ont fourni des renseignements précieux sur les relations mutuelles entre les Alpes et les Apennins, ainsi que le mode de formation des arcs de ces chaînes.

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Schicht- und zeitgebundene Antimonit-Scheelit-Vorkommen und Zinnober-Vererzungen in Kärnten und Osttirol/Österreich

Zusammenfassung Es wurden mehrere Erzvorkommen der Sb-W-Hg-Formation in der Kreuzeck-und Goldeckgruppe in den österreichischen Bundesländern Kärnten und Osttirol geologisch und lagerstättenkundlich untersucht. Dabei wurde Stratigraphie, Petrographie und Tektonik des Nebengesteines der Lagerstätten und Erzinhalt, Textur und Struktur der einzelnen Erzkörper behandelt. Es wird die Frage nach der Altersstellung und der Genese der bearbeiteten Antimonit-Scheelit-Vererzungen und Zinnober-Vorkommen gestellt. Die Ergebnisse stehen im Widerspruch zu den meisten bisherigen Ansichten. Die Erzzufuhr gehört nicht der alpinen Metallogenese an. Vielmehr tritt die Vererzung innerhalb der kristallinen Schiefer primär schichtgebunden in einem bestimmten stratigraphischen Bereich auf, der durch Graphitschiefer (Haupterzlager) und Metadiabaslagen gekennzeichnet ist. Der Stoffbestand der Lagerstätten steht genetisch im Zusammenhang mit den begleitenden, ehemaligen basischen Vulkaniten. Auf Grund von Serienvergleichen mit fossilmäßig datierten Gesteinsfolgen in den Ostalpen kann mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit angenommen werden, daß ein großer Teil der bearbeiteten Schieferserien in der Kreuzeck-und Goldeckgruppe und die darin enthaltenen syngenetischen Vererzungen dem Zeitraum zwischen Ordovizium und Devon angehören. Die Hauptdeformation und Metamorphose der Erze und ihrer Nebengesteine erfolgte variszisch.

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A number of ore deposits of the Sb-W-Hg-Formation were investigated in the Kreuzeck range and the mountains of Goldeck in Carinthia and Eastern Tirol/Austria. The present paper concerns the stratigraphy, petrology, and tectonics of the country rock of these ore deposits as well as the ore content, fabric and structural attitude of the individual ore layers. Attention has been given to the question of the age and genesis of the investigated stibnitescheelite-mineralizations and cinnabar occurrences. The results of the investigation contradict the hitherto proposed point of view. Genetically, the mineralization is not related to the Alpine Metallogenesis. The entire content of the ore deposits originated initially strata-bound in a certain horizon within metamorphic rocks, which is characterized by graphitschist (main ore layer) and metadiabase beds. The mineralization genetically is associated with volcanic rocks accompanying the ore beds. By correlation with fossilifereous Early Paleozoic rock series in the Eastern Alpes, it may be concluded with a fairly degree of certitude, that a major part of the investigated rock sequence in the mountains of Kreuzeck and Goldeck together with their syngenetical ore occurrences belong to a time interval from Ordovician to Devonian. The major deformation and the metamorphism of the ore and the country rock are Variscian.

     

Zur Geologie und Mineralogie der Kalk- und Gipskrusten Algeriens

Caliches: Large areas of the northern Sahara and the Algerian High Planes are covered by mostly 1–5 m thick caliches. Their age (Pliocene in the Sahara) decreases to the north and their precipitation is generally independent of groundwater. Their profile is composed (from top to base) as follows:

Upper soil, loose and mostly of eolian origin.

Upper part of caliche, with very characteristic, dense, partly layered-knobby texture, formed slowly by solutional and reprecipitational processes of ± freely outcropping caliches under addition of eolian material.

Under part of caliche, highly porous, somewhat chalky and greyish-white; precipitated mainly by capillar rise of solutions in permeable and calcareous rocks.

Substratum, preferentially calcareous sandstones, alluvial deposits and marls.

The mineralogy of the caliches (whose main components are represented in fig. 4 A-C) is rather monotonous: in addition to relicts of the substratum (partly dissolved or pushed aside by precipitation of calcite), there are only newly formed low-Mg-calcite and some quarzine (length-slow quartz). Sr-contents of calcite rise clearly from substratum to upper part of caliche. Gypsiferous Crusts (or Cementations): They are found mainly in the surroundings of Chotts (flat, ± saline lakes) and in oases of the NE-Algerian Sahara. Their formation began — mostly caused climatically — after the period of caliche formation and is still continuing in some places. Most of these gypsum-crusts are formed by evaporation of near-surface groundwaters in sandy soils. Water saturated in gypsum precipitates large crystals of gypsum (relatively low in Sr), partly filled by sand, at groundwater-surface. Fine crystalline crusts (relatively high in Sr) are formed by ascendent waters with lower gypsum content ± directly under the landsurface.     

Erkennung und Bedeutung fossiler Bodenkomplexe in Locker- und Festgesteinen

Zusammenfassung Im Vergleich mit rezenten Böden lassen sich für fossile Böden eine Vielzahl von Erkennungsmerkmalen feststellen, die im Aufschluß und in Bohrungen beobachtet werden können. Diese Erkennungsmerkmale geben Hinweise für die Autochthonie und die Genese eines fossilen Bodens. Die meisten Erkennungsmerkmale lassen sich in allen diagenetischen Zuständen vom Lockergestein bis zum geschieferten Festgestein (Unter-Devon) beobachten. Der bisher älteste fossile Boden wurde an der Grenze Unter-/Mittel-Devon (Hobräkker Schichten des Ebbesattels, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) nachgewiesen. Die Bedeutung der fossilen Böden als Zeitmarken, Faziesanzeiger, zur Herstellung von Strukturkarten und für die Exploration von Rohstoffen (Grundwasser, Erze und Kohlenwasserstoffen) wird aufgezeigt.

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In comparison with recent soils many typical traits of recognition for paleosols can be observed in outcrops and in boreholes. These typical traits of recognition are indicative of the autochthony and the genesis of a paleosol. Most of these traits of recognition can be observed in all diagenetic situations from unconsolidated rock to foliated consolidated rock (Lower Devonian). The hitherto oldest paleosol has been found at the boundary Lower/Middle Devonian (Hobräcker layers of the Ebbe uplift in the Rhenisch Foliated Mountains). The significance of the fossil layers as period markers, indicators of the facies, for the construction of structure maps and for the exploration for natural resources (groundwater, ores, and hydrocarbons) is discussed.

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Résumé Dans les affleurements et sondages, de nombreux traits spécifiques permettent de reconnaître des paléosols par comparaison avec des sols récents. Ces traits spécifiques donnent des indications sur l'autochthonie et la genèse d'un paléosol. La plupart d'entre eux se laissent observer dans toutes les formes et la diagenèse, depuis les roches friables jusqu'aux roches consolidées et schisteuses. Le paléosol le plus ancien observé jusqu'aujourd'hui a été trouvé à la limite du Dévonien inférieur/moyen (Schistes de Hobräck de l'anticlinal d'Ebbe, dans le Massif schisteux rhénan). L'importance des paléosols est montrée, comme indicateur du temps et du facies pour la construction des cartes structurales et pour l'exploration des ressources naturelles (eau souterraine, minerais et hydrocarbones).

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, , , . , . ( ). / (HobrQacker Schichten des Ebbesattels ). , , ( , ).

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Fassung eines am 24, 2. 1979 auf der 69. Tagung der Geologischen Vereinigung in Heidelberg gehaltenen Vortrages.     

Mineralbestand und Genese fränkischer Keuper- und Lias-Tone

The clay mineral composition of Keuper and Liassic clays and marls from Franconia (southern Germany) varies in a characteristic manner within the stratigraphic profile:

1. 1.
   Considerable amounts of montmorillonite are characteristic of the Upper Burgsandstein (higher part of Middle Keuper), and comparable amounts of illite-montmorillonite mixed-layers characterize the Feuerletten (top of Middle Keuper). In addition to these minerals, both units contain much illite and muscovite, some kaolinite and quartz, feldspars and carbonates. According to geologic investigations, both sediments are of terrestrial origin (semi-arid climatic conditions).