Rainfall over Friuli-Venezia Giulia: High amounts and strong geographical gradients

Summary The precipitation distribution over Friuli-Venezia Giulia — the easternmost region of Northern Italy extending from the Adriatic Sea to the Alps — has been studied. Monthly rainfall data over the region and the bordering areas of Veneto and Slovenia during the period from 1951 to 1986 have been analyzed by standard statistical methods, including cluster analysis. The overall results emphasize a distribution with rainfall increasing from the sea to the prealpine areas. The highest precipitations were recorded over the Musi-Canin range, with average values exceeding 3 200 mm per year. Noteworthy is the unforeseen subdivision of the region by the clustering procedure by means of the Angot index.With 12 Figures     

Heuristic considerations pertaining to hailstone size distributions in the plain of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

In this work, the hailstone size distributions at the ground in the plain of Friuli-Venezia Giulia are presented, as revealed through a network of polystyrene pads (hailpads), managed by volunteers, which has been active since 1988. The aim of this work is to highlight possible differences in the diurnal and seasonal behavior of hail at the ground, both from Friuli-Venezia Giulia and other countries, in order to improve the knowledge of this meteorological phenomenon.In the comparison between different countries, differences are found between the yearly size distributions of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and those of North-East Colorado, measured during the National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE). The size distributions obtained in South West France and in Friuli-Venezia Giulia are quite similar and they are slightly different from those of the Grossversuch experiment.In the comparison between different periods of the year, relevant differences are found between April and May and the other months. In particular, thunderstorms are less efficient in producing big hailstones during the former months. The most prolific month in producing hailstones is June, followed by September. This feature is interpreted as due to a form of synergy between the frequency of the synoptic forcing of storms and the amount of available energy at the ground.Analyzing the size distributions at different times of the day, the greatest differences are found in the intervals [00–06] and [06–12] in local time (respectively, [22–04] and [04–10] in UTC). These differences cannot be ascribed to the melting of the hailstones during their fall.     

日较差分级的北京地面逐时气温预报

统计了不同日较差等级与其相应等级内的逐时气温的气候平均值及逐时气温变量气候平均值,在此基础上客观自动地计算出北京区域的分片逐时气温预报值,由此次生出与气温变化有关的专业气象预报产品,应用于专业气象业务。     

Duration and Seasonality of Hourly Extreme Rainfall in the Central Eastern China

Compared with daily rainfall amount, hourly rainfall rate represents rainfall intensity and the rainfall process more accurately, and thus is more suitable for studies of extreme rainfall events. The distribution functions of annual maximum hourly rainfall amount at 321 stations in China are quantified by the Generalized Extreme Value（GEV） distribution, and the threshold values of hourly rainfall intensity for 5-yr return period are estimated. The spatial distributions of the threshold exhibit significant regional diferences, with low values in northwestern China and high values in northern China, the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley, the coastal areas of southern China, and the Sichuan basin. The duration and seasonality of the extreme precipitation with 5-yr return periods are further analyzed. The average duration of extreme precipitation events exceeds 12 h in the coastal regions, Yangtze River valley, and eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau. The duration in northern China is relatively short. The extreme precipitation events develop more rapidly in mountain regions with large elevation diferences than those in the plain areas. There are records of extreme precipitation in as early as April in southern China while extreme rainfall in northern China will not occur until late June. At most stations in China, the latest extreme precipitation happens in August–September. The extreme rainfall later than October can be found only at a small portion of stations in the coastal regions, the southern end of the Asian continent, and the southern part of southwestern China.     

中南半岛地区夏季降水日变化特征

利用TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)3B42RT和3G68 PR 1998-2005年8 a的观测资料,研究了中南半岛地区夏季(6-8月)降水日变化特征.结果表明:整个夏季,中南半岛西侧沿海和长山山脉西侧迎风坡为降水大值区和降水日方差大值区.陆地上平原地区和远海海面降水主要出现在16-19LST(local standard time);沿海海面在07-10LST达到降水最大值.降水在白天由沿海分别向内陆和远海海面传播;夜间,降水从远海海面向沿海地区回传,但没有发现内陆向沿海地区回传.长山山脉西侧迎风坡的一南一北两个区域,表现出明显不同的降水日变化特征,其原因与降水的传播有关.01-04LST,降水大值区出现在泰国湾东部沿海,并向中南半岛岛内传播,16-19LST在长山山脉西南侧形成降水大值区,之后降水进一步沿山脉向西北传播,并于次日01-04LST传到长山山脉西北侧区域,通过降水的这种传播特征从而导致长山山脉迎风坡一侧不同的降水日变化特征.     

On the Key Dynamical Processes Supporting the 21.7 Zhengzhou Record-breaking Hourly Rainfall in China

An extremely heavy rainfall event occurred in Zhengzhou, China, on 20 July 2021 and produced an hourly rainfall rate of 201.9 mm, which broke the station record for mainland China. Based on radar observations and a convection-permitting simulation using the WRF-ARW model, this paper investigates the multiscale processes, especially those at the mesoscale,that support the extreme observed hourly rainfall. Results show that the extreme rainfall occurred in an environment characteristic of warm-sec...     

The 6 h climatology of thunderstorms and rainfalls in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Plain

Friuli Venezia Giulia is a region located in the North-Eastern part of Italy. It has the Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste) on the South and the Julian and Carnic Alps surrounding it on the North. For these geographical properties thunderstorms and precipitations are common events in the plain of this region.The climatology of thunderstorms and rainfalls, considering 6 h interval periods, is studied in this work. It is shown how the thunderstorm frequency, based on the recording of at least three lightning strikes during the 6 h period, is 16%. The occurrence frequency of at least 1 mm of rain accumulated in 6 h is 24%, while that of at least 5 mm in 6 h is 14%.The daily and monthly distributions of these events are then stratified in three classes, based on their “intensity” (weak, medium and strong), and the different behaviors are analysed. Finally, an explanation for the main monthly rain frequency is sought by looking at only two sounding-derived indices and in particular at their annual cycles. The two indices (related to the potential instability and to the water vapour flux) attempt to summarize the “convective” and “flux” mechanisms for producing rain. It is found that in some particular periods of the year the rain-originating process seems well identifiable, while in many others the two processes seem to be concomitant.     

中国主雨季极端小时降水时空分布和日变化特征

基于国家级气象站逐小时降水资料,采用百分位阈值的极端降水定义方法,统计研究了中国1951—2021年4—10月小时降水时空分布和日变化特征。结果表明,中国主雨季极端降水阈值东南大、西北小,存在四个分别位于华南、环渤海、长江中下游和四川盆地的大值区,随着极端性增强,北方小时降水阈值的增大较南方更显著,大值中心北移。月尺度上,小时降水的最高频次月份由南向北从5月推迟至8月,华西地区最晚（9—10月）,随着极端性增强,最高频次月份由6月、7月推迟到7月、8月,且地区差异减小。日变化特征上,全国范围内小时降水频次占比,呈现午后到夜间的谷峰主循环和后半夜到上午的次循环,且随着极端性增强,主循环振幅增大,次循环峰值减小。不同地理位置看,四川盆地的极端小时降水峰值时刻出现在凌晨,其他三个大值区则与全国平均较为一致,日变化振幅从南到北逐渐减小,西部最大。小时降水峰值时刻具有空间聚集的特征,夜间峰值主要集中在南方沿海和华北、东北,早晨—上午峰值集中在中部、东部、西南和西北部分地区,空间分布中出现的逐渐推迟和突变特征与海陆分布和大地形密切相关。小时降水峰值时刻空间占比与频次占比的日变化特征类似,均有上午峰值平缓、夜间峰值陡峭的特征,这是因为不同站点到达夜间峰值的时刻接近,而到达上午峰值的时刻不同;两者主要区别在随着极端性增强,频次占比夜间主峰值显著增大,而峰值时刻空间占比主峰值几乎不变,这是因为频次的变化主要是由同一些站点上的次数变化导致,而非不同站点之间的差异。     

浙江省降水云系红外云图特征及其与降水量的关系

用2000~2003年GMS红外云图资料,统计分析了影响浙江省降水系统的红外云图特征及其与地面1 h降水量的关系。结果表明:降水云团的云顶亮温、1 h云顶亮温差、云顶亮温梯度和云团移动速度与地面降水强度的对应关系是非线性的,并且随季节的变化它们的关系又有明显变化;随着云顶亮温的降低,1 h降水量降水强度逐渐增大,出现强降水的机率也明显增多;浙江省内易出现2.0 mm/h(中雨)7、.0 mm/h(大雨)、15.0 mm/h(暴雨)强降水的云顶亮温指标分别为-30℃、-36℃、-41℃。     

Long-Term Trends in Pre-Summer Daytime and Nocturnal Extreme Hourly Rainfall in a Coastal City of South China

The long-term trends in the occurrence frequency of pre-summer daytime and nocturnal extreme hourly rainfall(EXHR) during 1988-2018 in Hong Kong and their spatial distributions are examined and analyzed. Despite a significant increasing trend observed in the occurrence frequency of pre-summer EXHRs during the investigated period,the increase in daytime and nocturnal EXHRs show distinct spatial patterns. Nocturnal EXHRs show uniform increasing trends over the entire Hong Kong. However, the increa...     

A Possible Dynamic Mechanism for Rapid Production of the Extreme Hourly Rainfall in Zhengzhou City on 20 July 2021

In this study, the unprecedented extreme rainfall event during 19–20 July 2021, which caused devastating flooding in Zhengzhou City and its nearby areas, is exa...     

Diurnal Variation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Western North Pacific in 2008-2010

Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Center's morphing technique (CMORPH) products obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From January 2008 to October 2010, 72 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's (JTWC) best-track record. The TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and interpolated into Local Standard Time (LST). Harmonic analysis was applied to analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obvious diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical depressions (TDs) exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude (PVA), at approximately 30%, while super typhoons (STs) contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage (more than 37%) is stronger than that in the developing (less than 20%) and sustaining (28%) stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% (less than 18%) is the highest (lowest) over the high-latitude oceanic areas (the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands). In addition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively.     

Distribution and Diurnal Variation of Warm-Season Short-Duration Heavy Rainfall in Relation to the MCSs in China

Short-duration heavy rainfall（SDHR） is a type of severe convective weather that often leads to substantial losses of property and life. We derive the spatiotemporal distribution and diurnal variation of SDHR over China during the warm season（April–September） from quality-controlled hourly raingauge data taken at 876 stations for 19 yr（1991–2009）, in comparison with the diurnal features of the mesoscale convective systems（MCSs） derived from satellite data. The results are as follows. 1） Spatial distributions of the frequency of SDHR events with hourly rainfall greater than 10–40 mm are very similar to the distribution of heavy rainfall（daily rainfall 50 mm） over mainland China. 2） SDHR occurs most frequently in South China such as southern Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi provinces, the Sichuan basin, and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, among others. Some SDHR events with hourly rainfall 50 mm also occur in northern China, e.g., the western Xinjiang and central-eastern Inner Mongolia. The heaviest hourly rainfall is observed over the Hainan Island with the amount reaching over 180 mm. 3） The frequency of the SDHR events is the highest in July, followed by August. Analysis of pentad variations in SDHR reveals that SDHR events are intermittent, with the fourth pentad of July the most active. The frequency of SDHR over mainland China increases slowly with the advent of the East Asian summer monsoon, but decreases rapidly with its withdrawal. 4） The diurnal peak of the SDHR activity occurs in the later afternoon（1600–1700 Beijing Time（BT））, and the secondary peak occurs after midnight（0100–0200 BT） and in the early morning（0700–0800 BT）; whereas the diurnal minimum occurs around late morning till noon（1000–1300 BT）. 5） The diurnal variation of SDHR exhibits generally consistent features with that of the MCSs in China, but the active periods and propagation of SDHR and MCSs difer in diferent regions. The number and duration of local maxima in the diurnal cycles of SDHR and MCSs also vary by region, with single, double, and even multiple peaks in some cases. These variations may be associated with the diferences in large-scale atmospheric circulation, surface conditions, and land-sea distribution.     

Long-Term Rainfall Variability in the Eastern Gangetic Plain in Relation to Global Temperature Change

India’s annual weather cycle consists mainly of wet and dry periods with monsoonal rains being one of the significant wet periods that shows strong spatiotemporal variability. This study includes the climatological characteristics, fluctuation features, and periodic cycles of annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall of seven river basins across the eastern Gangetic Plain (EGP) using the longest possible instrumental area-averaged monthly rainfall series (1829–2012). Understanding the relationships between these parameters and global tropospheric temperature changes and El Niño and La Niña climatic signals is also attempted.

Climatologically, mean annual rainfall in the EGP varies from 1070.5?mm in the Tons River basin to 1508.6?mm in the Subarnarekha River basin. The highest rainfall in the EGP occurs during monsoon (1188?mm). The annual rainfall in all river basins and monsoon rainfall in four river basins is normally distributed. Annual and monsoonal rainfall in the Brahmani and Son River basins show a significant decreasing long-term trend. Over the last 20 years, annual rainfall in all river basins and monsoonal rainfall in five river basins show a decreasing trend. The power spectra for all rainfall series are characterized by consistent significant wavelength peaks at 3–5 years, 10–20 years, 40 years, and more than 80 years. Short-term fluctuations with a period less than 10 years is the major contributor to total variance in annual and/or monsoon rainfall (77.6%), followed by decadal variations with a period of 10–30 years (13.1%) and a long-term trend with a period greater than 30 years (9.3%).Temperature and thickness gradients from the Tibet–Himalaya–Karakoram–Hindu Kush highlands to eight strong highs show a significant correlation with rainfall during the onset and withdrawal phases of summer monsoon in the EGP.     

基于K均值聚类的中国夏季降水日变化空间分布模式

为了获取降水日变化的空间分布模式,本文采用K均值聚类算法对中国陆地区域的夏季逐时格网降水数据进行了聚类。首先,采用K均值聚类算法对每个格网上的逐时降水数据进行聚类。然后,根据每一聚类的降水日变化峰值,将具有相似峰值时间的聚类合并成为一个分类。合并后的分类对应一种降水日变化类型,分类中的格网边界则构成了该类降水日变化的空间分布模式。研究结果表明,中国大部分地区的降水量日变化由降水频率日变化主导。此外,一些盛行夜雨区域在空间分布上表现出从西向东的分布模式,且降水日变化峰值时间表现出了从西向东逐渐延迟的现象。结合地形分析,研究发现一些夜雨区的降水峰值延迟现象与MPS环流效应导致的雨带移动现象较为一致,得出MPS(Mountain-Plain Solenoid)环流效应是导致这些地区盛行夜雨的结论。本文研究结果可为探索降水日变化的形成机理提供线索,也可为研究其他地区降水日变化提供参考。     

年最大日雨量极值分布拟合与推算

采用红河州12个站近48～58年的年最大日雨量资料,用PearsonⅢ型分布、耿贝尔分布、对数正态分布等3种概率分布模型分别进行了拟合,选择拟合最好的分布模型来估算最大给定重现期极值.结果表明:3种分布均能较好地拟合年最大日雨量的分布,在红河州12个站的拟合中,有7个站用耿贝尔分布,4个站用Pearson-Ⅲ分布,1个...     

SANDRA法对北京小时强降水扰动环流场的分型研究

利用cost733class软件中的SANDRA(Simulated ANnealing and Diversified RAndomization)客观分型方法对北京地区2007～2014年暖季5～9月的小时强降水日的500 hPa扰动位势高度场进行分型研究。结果显示,所划分的4类环流形势分别在蒙古、东北—华北地区、河套地区和俄罗斯远东地区存在扰动低压区。根据4类环流形势的质心,将2007～2014年暖季所有日划归4类,计算每类小时强降水日占各自类型总天数的百分比得出蒙古扰动低压类的小时强降水日出现概率最大。统计小时强降水日的探空廓线得出,925 hPa和850 hPa的比湿中位数分别为13.01 g kg~(-1)和10.64 g kg~(-1),这2个层级上最常出现的风向是180°～225°。     

河北省西南部逐时降水气候特征分析及雨量产品色标修订

利用河北省中南部1999～2005年95个气象站4～10月自记雨量资料,初步分析了逐时降水的统计学特征量,得到了逐时降水的空间分布特征和统计学基本规律:河北省中南部逐时降水具有明显的地理和季节分布特征,强度一般在早晨或傍晚最大,上午最弱.根据逐时降水量级分布情况,调整雷达雨量产品色标设置:小值区间间隔小,大值区间间隔大,突出显示小值降水的层次,跟踪降水中心发生、发展及移动,对降水精细化预报有一定的指导意义.     

1991~2010年中国小时暴雨时空变化格局及其与城镇化因子的空间相关分析

采用1991~2010 年小时降水数据对中国小时暴雨雨量和雨时进行研究。结果表明,在时间上,1991~2010年中国小时暴雨雨量和雨时的年累计值在波动中呈明显增加趋势。在空间上,小时暴雨雨量和雨时的高值区主要集中在中国黑龙江漠河—云南腾冲一线的东部地区,该界线以西则是低值地区,其中小时暴雨变化最为显著地区主要集中在中国东南沿海地区和西北内陆地区。中国白昼和夜晚的小时暴雨雨量和雨时在空间分布上也有类似的规律。在日变化的时间尺度上,小时暴雨雨量和雨时呈现出双峰现象,最高值均出现在17：00（北京时间,下同）,而最低值出现在12：00。同时选择表征城镇化发展水平的夜晚灯光指数、黑炭气溶胶、低能见度日数和细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度4 个因子,分别与小时暴雨雨量和雨时做空间相关分析。在全国平均水平上,4 个空间相关系数均在波动中呈明显增加趋势;而在中国气候变化区划一级分区上,空间相关系数均呈增加趋势,且增加趋势最为明显的是II 分区和III 分区。     

Zoning Evaluation of Hourly Precipitation in High-resolution Regional Numerical Models over Hainan Island

This study assesses the performance of three high-resolution regional numerical models in predicting hourly rainfall over Hainan Island from April to October for the years from 2020 to 2022. The rainfall amount, frequency,intensity, duration, and diurnal cycle are examined through zoning evaluation. The results show that the China Meteorological Administration Guangdong Rapid Update Assimilation Numerical Forecast System(CMA-GD) tends to forecast a higher occurrence of light precipitation. It un...