Composition and formation settings of the siliceous-volcanogenic complexes of the Nizhneussuriisk segment,Kiselevka-Manoma terrane,West Sikhote Alin

This paper reports new data on the mineralogical-petrographical composition, genetic types of sedimentary rocks, and geochemical features of the volcanic rocks of the Snarsky area of the Nizhneussuriisk segment of the Kiselevka-Manoma accretionary complex, which is developed on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Ussuri River. The Middle Jurassic-Aptian sedimentary rocks of the area are represented by pelagic radiolarian cherts, semipelagic siliceous-clayey deposits, subordinate shallow limestones, volcanomictic conglomerates, and turbidite sandstones. The basalts of the area are represented by alkaline basalts resembling within-plate ocean-island basalts and N-MORB-type tholeiitic basalts. Rock associations of two physicogeographical and geodynamic settings are distinguished: the pelagic setting with within-plate alkaline volcanic rocks and the hemipelagic one with volcanic edifices of spreading basalts.     

中国东南部晚中生代-新生代玄武岩与壳幔作用

中国东南部的火山活动在早中生代时期仅有很小规模,晚中生代最早的、较大规模的岩浆活动始于中侏罗世早期,至早白垩世是火山岩浆活动的鼎盛期,在近100个Ma的时间内形成了大面积分布的晚中生代火山-侵入岩,而在新生代则以面积较小的玄武岩浆喷出活动为主,局限分布于沿海一带。以晚中生代湘南、赣南和闽西南的近EW向火山岩带和浙、闽沿海地区的近NNE向火山岩带,以及新生代近NNE向火山岩带为研究对象,对这些火山岩的地球化学特征对比研究,结合时空分布,讨论了它们的起源及其与壳幔相互作用的关系,以及它们形成的构造环境,其结果显示,EW向晚中生代火山岩带（180～170Ma）的西段玄武岩独立产出,且明显属碱性系列;而中段和东段玄武岩和流纹岩伴生,其中的玄武岩均为亚碱性系列的拉斑玄武岩。它们形成于板内拉张构造环境,是中国东南部特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域转换、晚中生代大规模岩浆作用的序幕。研究表明,该火山岩带自西向东表现出不同程度的壳幔相互作用,玄武岩在成岩过程中有少量陆壳组分加入。NNE向晚中生代火山岩带（130～90Ma）主要为流纹质岩石,安山岩和玄武岩很少。即使是双峰式火山岩也以酸性岩为主,玄武岩仅占全部火山岩体积的30％以下。其中的玄武岩主要属钙碱性系列,少数属拉斑系列。它们形成于火山弧构造环境,是中国东南部受太平洋构造域影响发生大规模火山岩浆作用的主旋律。其中玄武岩岩浆成分受到了较高程度的陆壳物质混染,同时代的中性火山岩是由底侵的玄武岩岩浆和陆壳物质来源的酸性岩浆发生岩浆混合作用而形成的,反映了强烈的壳幔相互作用。NNE向新生代火山岩带,分布在浙闽沿海,以碱性系列玄武岩为主,均含幔源包体,并受NNE向大陆边缘断裂构造的控制。它们形成于板内裂谷环境,是中国东南沿海由晚中生代火山弧构造环境转换为新生代板内裂谷环境的标志,起源于软流圈地幔,并有EMII岩石圈地幔的混合组分,但基本没有受到陆壳物质的混染。     

Basalts of the Pantalassa ocean in the Samarka terrane, Central Sikhote Alin

Basalts developed on the right bank of the Matai River belong to the Samarka terrane (Central Sikhote Alin), which is a fragment of the Jurassic accretionary prism. They associate with Carboniferous-Permian reef limestones, Permian pelagic cherts, Jurassic hemipelagic cherty-clayey deposits, and terrigenous rocks of the near-continental sedimentation area. The petrogeochemical features of the basalts provide insight into the character of the volcanism in different settings of the ancient Pantalassa ocean. In terms of chemistry, the Carboniferous-Permian basalts are similar to the within-plate ocean-island basalts related to plume mantle sources. They were presumably formed in an oceanic area with numerous islands and seamounts. The Permian basalts associated with cherts are tholeiitic in composition and were formed from depleted mantle in a spreading center located in the pelagic area. The Jurassic basalts are of plume origin and, in terms of geochemistry, occupy an intermediate position between OIB and E-MORB. They were presumably formed in a convergent zone in a geodynamic setting of rapid oblique subduction.     

IBM型洋内弧的形成机制:以祁秦增生杂岩带为例

岛弧的形成和演化对于理解板块构造和大陆生长有重要意义.祁连山-西秦岭一带发育两条不同类型的弧岩浆岩带,其北侧为北祁连增生杂岩带,由蛇绿岩、高压变质岩和大陆型弧岩浆岩带组成,形成时代为520~440 Ma.岩浆岩以中酸性火山岩-侵入岩为主,部分地区发育典型双峰式火山岩.南侧为祁秦增生杂岩带,由寒武纪蛇绿岩（525~490 Ma）和奥陶纪IBM型洋内弧岩浆岩（470~440 Ma）组成,蛇绿岩以拉脊山-永靖洋底高原型蛇绿岩为代表,蛇绿岩的上部熔岩部分由夏威夷型苦橄岩、板内碱性玄武岩和板内拉斑玄武岩组成,为大洋板块内部地幔柱活动产物.洋内弧岩浆岩以高镁玄武岩、玄武安山岩、高铝安山岩、玻安岩为主,局部发育赞岐岩.祁秦增生杂岩带的蛇绿岩和弧火山岩组合很好地说明洋底高原与海沟碰撞和俯冲带阻塞是造成俯冲带起始和新的洋内弧形成和发展主要因素.      

Geology and geodynamic evolution of the high-P/low-T Maksyutov Complex, southern Urals, Russia

The high-pressure/low-temperature Maksyutov Complex is situated in the southern Urals between the Silurian/Devonian Magnitogorsk island arc and the East European Platform. The elongated N-S-trending complex is made up of two contrasting tectono-metamorphic units. Unit 1 consists of a thick pile of Proterozoic clastic sediments suggested to represent the passive margin of the East European Platform. The overlying unit 2, composed of Paleozoic sediments, volcanic rocks, and a serpentinite mélange with rodingites, is interpreted as a remnant of the Uralian Paleo-ocean. Devonian eastward subduction of oceanic crust beneath the Magnitogorsk island arc resulted in an incipient blueschist-facies metamorphism of unit 2 indicated by lawsonite pseudomorphs in the rodingites. While unit 2 was accreted to the upper plate, subduction of the continental passive margin caused the high-pressure metamorphism of unit 1. Buoyancy-driven exhumation of unit 1 into the forearc region led to its juxtaposition with unit 2 along a retrograde top-to-the-ENE shear zone. Further exhumation of the Maksyutov Complex into its present tectonic position was accomplished by later shear zones that were active as normal faults and are exposed along the margins of the complex. At the western margin a top-to-the-west shear zone juxtaposed a low-grade remnant of a Paleozoic accretionary prism (Suvanyak Complex) above the Maksyutov Complex. Along the eastern margin a top-to-the-east shear zone and the brittle Main Uralian Normal Fault emplaced the Maksyutov Complex against the Magnitogorsk island arc in the hanging wall.     

东天山大南湖岛弧带石炭纪岩石地层与构造演化

详细的地质解剖工作表明,东天山地区大南湖岛弧带石炭纪出露4套岩石地层组合,即早石炭世小热泉子组火山岩、晚石炭世底坎儿组碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩、晚石炭世企鹅山组火山岩、晚石炭世脐山组碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩。根据其岩石组合、岩石地球化学、生物化石、同位素资料以及彼此的产出关系,认为这4套岩石地层组合的沉积环境分别为岛弧、残余海盆、岛弧和弧后盆地。结合区域资料重塑了大南湖岛弧带晚古生代的构造格架及演化模式。早、晚石炭世的4套岩石地层组合并置体现了东天山的复杂增生过程。     

Stratigraphy and structure of the central East Sakhalin accretionary wedge (Eastern Russia)

The East Sakhalin accretionary wedge is a part of the Cretaceous-Paleogene accretionary system, which developed on the eastern Asian margin in response to subduction of the Pacific oceanic plates. Its formation was related to the evolution of the Early Cretaceous Kem-Samarga island volcanic arc and Late Cretaceous-Paleogene East Sikhote Alin continental-margin volcanic belt. The structure, litho-, and biostratigraphy of the accretionary wedge were investigated in the central part of the East Sakhalin Mountains along two profiles approximately 40 km long crossing the Nabil and Rymnik zones. The general structure of the examined part of the accretionary wedge represents a system of numerous east-vergent tectonic slices. These tectonic slices. tens to hundreds of meters thick. are composed of various siliciclastic rocks, which were formed at the convergent plate boundary, and subordinate oceanic pelagic cherts and basalts, and hemipelagic siliceous and tuffaceous-siliceous mudstones. The siliciclastic deposits include trench-fill mudstones and turbidites and draping sediments. The structure of the accretionary wedge was presumably formed owing to off-scraping and tectonic underplating. The off-scraped and tectonically underplated fragments were probably tectonically juxtaposed along out-of-sequence thrusts with draping deposits. The radiolarian fauna was used to constrain the ages of rocks and time of the accretion episodes in different parts of the accretionary wedge. The defined radiolarian assemblages were correlated with the radiolarian scale for the Tethyan region using the method of unitary associations. In the Nabil zone, the age of pelagic sediments is estimated to have lasted from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (Barremian); that of hemipelagic sediments, from the early Aptian to middle Albian; and trench-fill and draping deposits of the accretionary complex date back to the middle-late Albian. In the Rymnik zone, the respective ages of cherts, hemipelagic sediments, and trench facies with draping deposits have been determined as Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (middle Albian), middle Aptian-middle Cenomanian, and middle-late Cenomanian. East of the rear toward the frontal parts of the accretionary wedge, stratigraphic boundaries between sediments of different lithology become successively younger. Timing of accretion episodes is based on the age of trench-fill and draping sediments of the accretionary wedge. The accretion occurred in a period lasting from the terminal Aptian to the middle Albian in the western part of the Nabil zone and in the middle Cenomanian in the eastern part of the Rymnik zone. The western part of the Nabil zone accreted synchronously with the Kiselevka-Manoma accretionary wedge located westerward on the continent. These accretionary wedges presumably formed along a single convergent plate margin, with the Sakhalin accretionary system located to the south of the Kiselevka-Manoma terrane in the Albian.     

Diverse tectonic settings of formation of the metaigneous rocks in the Jurassic metamorphic accretionary complexes (Refahiye,NE Turkey) and their geodynamic implications

Two isolated metamorphic accretionary complexes of Jurassic age, the Refahiye and Kurtlutepe metamorphic rocks, crop out as tectonic slices within the coeval suprasubduction-zone ophiolite at the southern margin of the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), close to the ?zmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture. The Refahiye metamorphic rocks are made up of greenschist, marble, serpentinite, phyllite and minor garnet amphibolite, garnet micaschist and metachert. The whole unit was metamorphosed under garnet-amphibolite-facies conditions and strongly retrogressed during exhumation. The Kurtlutepe metamorphic rocks consist of subgreenschist-facies metavolcanics, metavolcaniclastics, marble, calc-phyllite, and minor serpentinite and metachert. Metabasites in the Refahiye metamorphic rocks are represented by four distinct geochemical affinities: (i) cumulate “flavor,” (ii) alkaline oceanic island basalt (OIB), (iii) enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) and (iv) tholeiitic island arc basalt (IAB). On the other hand, the Kurtlutepe metavolcanic rocks display only tholeiitic to calc-alkaline island arc geochemical affinities. The metabasic rocks with OIB affinities were interpreted as parts of the accreted oceanic islands, and those with E-MORB affinities as parts of accreted ridge segments close to oceanic islands and/or plume-distal mid-ocean ridges with a mantle previously metasomatized by plume components. The metabasic rocks with IAB affinities might have been derived from the overlying suprasubduction ophiolite and/or arc domain by a number of tectonic or sedimentary processes including tectonic slicing of accretionary complex and overlying fore-arc ophiolite, juxtaposition of the magmatic arc with subduction zone by strike slip faults, submarine gravity sliding and debris flows or subduction erosion. However, totally recrystallized nature of the metabasic rocks together with field relations does not allow any inference on the processes involved. The Kurtlutepe metavolcanic rocks might represent collided and accreted oceanic island arc with the subduction zone. Attempted subduction of an intraoceanic island arc may also explain the magmatic lull during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous in the Eastern Pontides.     

Geochemistry of Archean Metavolcanic Rocks from Kadiri Schist Belt, Andhra Pradesh, India

The basic volcanic group exposed in the Kadiri schist belt includes high Mg-basalt, basalt, basaltic andestite and dacite. The basalts are tholeiitic in composition and high Mg-basalts, basaltic andesites and dacites show calc-alkaline affinity. Major and trace element characteristics suggest that the volcanic suite has been derived from an initial tholeiitic magma which has given rise to an early basaltic type and a later calc-alkaline type of rocks. An island arc and active continental margin tectonic setting was inferred for these rocks.     

Mid–Cretaceous Episodic Magmatism and Tin Mineralization in Khingan-Okhotsk Volcano–Plutonic Belt, Far East Russia

Abstract: Age of magmatism and tin mineralization in the Khingan‐Okhotsk volcano–plutonic belt, including the Khingan, Badzhal and Komsomolsk tin fields, were reviewed in terms of tectonic history of the continental margin of East Asia. This belt consists mainly of felsic volcanic rocks and granitoids of the reduced type, being free of remarkable geomagnetic anomaly, in contrast with the northern Sikhote‐Alin volcano–plutonic belt dominated by oxidized‐type rocks and gold mineralization. The northern end of the Khingan‐Okhotsk belt near the Sea of Okhotsk, accompanied by positive geomagnetic anomalies, may have been overprinted by magmatism of the Sikhote‐Alin belt. Tin–associated magmatism in the Khingan‐Okhotsk belt extending over 400 km occurred episodically in a short period (9510 Ma) in the middle Cretaceous time, which is coeval with the accretion of the Kiselevka‐Manoma complex, the youngest accretionary wedge in the eastern margin of the Khingan‐Okhotsk accretionary terranes. The episodic magmatism is in contrast with the Cretaceous‐Paleogene long–lasted magmatism in Sikhote–Alin, indicating the two belts are essentially different arcs, rather than juxtaposed arcs derived from a single arc. The tin‐associated magmatism may have been caused by the subduction of a young and hot back‐arc basin, which is inferred from oceanic plate stratigraphy of the coeval accre‐tionary complex and its heavy mineral assemblage of immature volcanic arc provenance. The subduction of the young basin may have resulted in dominance of the reduced‐type felsic magmas due to incorporation of carbonaceous sediments within the accretionary complex near the trench. Subsequently, the back‐arc basin may have been closed by the oblique collision of the accretionary terranes in Sikhote–Alin, which was subjected to the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene magmatism related to another younger subduction system. These processes could have proceeded under transpressional tectonic regime due to oblique subduction of the paleo‐Pacific plates under Eurasian continent.     

柴北缘赛坝沟增生杂岩组成与变形特征

柴北缘构造带由高压-超高压变质岩、蛇绿岩、增生杂岩、火山-岩浆弧及前寒武纪中-高级变质岩共同构成。该构造带内的"滩间山群"岩石组合与构造属性复杂,其岩性包括中基性火山岩、碎屑沉积岩以及超基性岩和中酸性侵入岩,普遍遭受低绿片岩相变质作用和强烈构造变形。结合区域资料和地质填图结果,综合分析认为该构造带东段赛坝沟地区的"滩间山群"由火山-岩浆弧、增生杂岩、蛇绿岩三个不同构造单元岩石组成。其中增生杂岩主要是一套深海-半深海沉积组合,夹玄武岩、灰岩、硅质岩等块体,自南而北总体呈现出来自洋壳、海山和海沟环境的大洋板块地层的岩石组合特征,同时呈现与日本西南部增生杂岩极为相似的岩石组合类型。该套组合构造变形强烈,主要表现为2期构造变形。其中第一期构造变形(D1)主要表现为双冲构造和同斜紧闭褶皱,断层和褶皱轴面主体倾向为NE,形成于大洋俯冲阶段;第二期构造变形(D2)主要表现为不对称褶皱和S-C组构,可能是晚期柴达木与祁连地块发生陆-陆碰撞过程中形成的,形成时间为440～400Ma。空间上,该增生杂岩与出露于其北侧的蛇绿岩、火山-岩浆弧共同构成了相对完整的沟-弧系统,指示了寒武-奥陶纪时期,柴北缘地区曾发生古洋盆向北俯冲造山作用。     

Geochemistry and tectonic significance of metamorphic sole rocks beneath the Beyşehir–Hoyran ophiolite (SW-Turkey)

The Beyşehir–Hoyran ophiolite is situated in the western part of the Tauride belt (SW Turkey) and crops out at two localities north of the lake Beyşehir. It mainly comprises harzburgitic peridotites that were tectonically emplaced to their present position during the Late Eocene. The ophiolites themselves are tectonically overlain by either slope basin deposits with lava blocks (Eğirler formation) or massive Triassic limestone blocks (Deliktaş formation). High-grade sub-ophiolitic metamorphic rocks, i.e. epidote amphibolite, amphibolite, and pyroxene amphibolite, together with minor quartzite and calcschist, are observed at the base of the ophiolite sequence, where they occur as thin tectonic slices with an inverted metamorphic gradient. Average P–T conditions of 630–770 °C and c. 6 ± 1.5 kbar are calculated for the metamorphism of the amphibolites by conventional geothermobarometry, corresponding to a burial depth of 18–20 km. Both the sub-ophiolitic metamorphic rocks and the overlying mantle tectonites were intruded by isolated tholeiitic (Nb/Y = 0.041–0.108) diabase dikes, which do not transect the tectonic contact between the two units. Geochemical investigations of the amphibolites of the sub-ophiolitic rock suite show two different geochemical affinities, with the first group being alkaline in character (Nb/Y = 1–3.86) and the second one being tholeiitic (Nb/Y = 0.064–0.13). REE patterns, trace element plots and tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams indicate that the most probable protoliths for alkaline amphibolites are within-plate type alkali basalts, whereas those of the tholeiitic group resemble tholeiitic island arc basalts. Similarities between the geochemical characteristics of the amphibolites and those of the volcanic rocks of the Eğirler formation strongly suggest that the latter are the protoliths of the amphibolites.     

Geology and geochemistry of metabasalts of Shimoga schist belt,Dharwar Craton: implications for the late Archean basin development

The late Archaean Shimoga schist belt in the Western Dharwar Craton, with its huge dimensions and varied lithological associations of different age groups, is an ideal terrane to study Archean crustal evolution. The rock types in this belt are divided into Bababudhan Group and Chitradurga Group. The Bababudhan Group is dominated by mafic volcanic rocks followed by shallow marine sedimentary rocks while the Chitradurga Group is dominated by greywackes, pillowed basalts, and deep marine sedimentary rocks with occasional felsic volcanics. The Nb/Th and Nb/La ratios of the studied metabasalts of the Bababudhan Group indicate crustal contamination. They were extruded onto the vast Peninsular Gneisses through the rifting of the basement gneiss. The Nb/Yb ratios of high-magnesium basalts and tholeiitic basalts of Chitradurga Group suggest the enrichment of their source magma. Based on the flat primitive mantle-normalized multi-element plot with negative Nb anomalies and Th/Ta-La/Yb ratios, the high-magnesium basalts and tholeiitic basalts are considered to have erupted in an oceanic plateau setting with minor crustal contamination. The high-magnesium basalts and tholeiitic basalts formed two different pulses of same magma type, in which the first pulse of magma gave rise to high-magnesium basalts which were derived from deep mantle sources and underwent minor crustal contamination en route to the surface, while the second pulse of magma gave rise to tholeiitic basalts formed at similar depths to that of high-magnesium basalts and escaped crustal contamination. The associated lithological units found with the studied metavolcanic rock types of Bababudan and Chitradurga Groups of Dharwar Supergroup of rocks in Shimoga schist belt of Western Dharwar Craton confirm the mixed-mode basin development with a transition from shallow marine to deep marine settings.     

西南三江造山带火山岩—构造组合及其意义

岩石构造组合是指表示板块边界或特定的板块内部环境特征的岩石结合。中国西南“三江”造山带的火山岩可划分为五种火山岩－构造组合：洋脊型／准洋脊型组合，岛弧及陆缘弧组合，碰撞型组合，碰撞后组合及陆内拉张型组合。阐述了各种火山岩－构造组合的特点及构造含义。对在造山带火山岩岩石－构造组合分析中经常遇到的一些问题，如“构造岩片”研究方法、地球化学判别图解的使用条件、准洋脊型火山型组合的构造含义、蛇绿岩带－火山弧的成对性、岩浆作用的同步性和滞后性、以及火山岩的深部“探针”作用等问题进行了讨论。     

滇西北羊拉乡贝吾玄武岩形成的大地构造环境探讨

贝吾玄武岩为滇西北金沙江蛇绿混杂岩带中的一个岩块。通过详细的野外调查和岩石地球化学研究认为,贝吾玄武岩为低钾拉斑玄武岩,分异程度较低,大离子亲石元素相对于高场强元素富集,稀土总量低,轻稀土略富集,整体特征介于正常洋脊玄武岩与岛弧玄武岩之间,为似洋中脊玄武岩。其类似于岛弧玄武岩的富集特征表明了成岩过程中俯冲作用的存在,综合岩性组合、构造特征和地质背景分析,认为其属前弧玄武岩,形成于初始俯冲的洋内弧环境。     

Preliminary geochemical study of volcanic rocks in the Pang Mayao area, Phrao, Chiang Mai, northern Thailand: tectonic setting of formation

The least-altered, Permian mafic volcanic rocks from the Pang Mayao area, Phrao District, Chiang Mai Province, part of Chiang Rai–Chiang Mai volcanic belt, have been analyzed and are found to be mid-ocean ridge and ocean–island basalts. The mid-ocean ridge basalts occur as lava flows or dike rocks. They are equigranular, fine- to medium-grained and consist largely of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine. These basalt samples are tholeiitic, and have compositions very similar to T-MORB from the region where the Du Toit Fracture Zone intersects the Southwest Indian Ridge. The ocean–island basalt occurs as pillow breccia, and lava flows or dike rocks. They are slightly to moderately porphyritic, with phenocrysts/microphenocrysts of clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and/or Fe–Ti oxide. The groundmass is very fine-grained, and made up largely of felty plagioclase laths with subordinate clinopyroxene. These basalt samples are alkalic, and chemically analogous to those from Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaiian Chain. These mafic volcanic rocks may have been formed in a major ocean basin rather than in a mature back-arc basin.     

北祁连走廊南山加里东俯冲杂岩增生地体及其动力学

北祁连走廊南山加里东火山岛弧带前缘为弧前俯冲杂岩增生地体。它由多重的增生火山岛弧、复理石增生楔、高压变质滑脱带及蛇绿岩残片组成，为早古生代古祁连洋壳自ＳＷ往ＮＥ俯冲于阿拉善地块之下的结果。俯冲过程的高压变质阶段经历了中温高压的初期、降温增压的主期而进入降压增温的驰后期。提出了４５０－５００Ｍａ期间，中祁连地块向北俯冲、阿拉善地块向南增生的海沟后退的俯冲动力学模式。     

Enriched and depleted arc basalts, with Mg-andesites and adakites: A potential paired arc-back-arc of the 2.6 Ga Hutti greenstone terrane, India

The ∼2.6 Ga Hutti greenstone belt is one of several Neoarchean greenstone terranes of the eastern Dharwar Craton. There are prevalent mafic volcanic flows with subordinate felsic volcanic units and siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. All lithologies show variable intensities of submarine hydrothermal alteration, polyphase deformation and greenschist to amphibolite grade metamorphism, yet pillow, cumulus, and other primary volcanic features are locally preserved. Well exposed interlayered metabasalts, Mg-andesites (MA), and felsic flows outcrop along an 11 km sector in the SE of the terrane. Based on combined petrographic and geochemical characteristics, two tholeiitic basalt populations have been identified within the metabasalts: (1) those with enriched LREE at 20-50 times chondrite, and (2) an depleted LREE population at 12-20 times chondrite. The former has fractionated LREE, where (La/Sm)_N = 1.2-1.7, but flat HREE, and negative anomalies at Nb, P, and Ti relative to neighbouring REE. The latter has lower absolute abundances of compatible and incompatible elements, mildly fractionated LREE, smaller anomalies at Nb, P, and Ti, with (Gd/Yb)_N = 1.1-1.6. Several samples have the “N-MORB” signature of LREE depletion coupled with positive Nb anomalies. On the Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb discrimination diagram depleted basalts plot near the MORB field whereas enriched basalts overlap the backarc and arc fields, consistent with a paired arc-back-arc. Mg-andesites feature SiO₂ 57-61 wt.%, multielement pattens similar to enriched basalts, coupled with Cr, Co, Ni contents greater than “normal” andesites. Felsic volcanic rocks are characterized by low Y, high (La/Yb)_N, and Zr/Sm, but low Nb/Ta, with zero to positive Eu anomalies, thus conforming to most of the compositional criteria of Archean and Phanerozoic adakites. Similar associations of enriched and depleted arc basalts, with adakites, are known from Neoarchean greenstone terranes of the Superior Province. During intraoceanic subduction, slab dehydration-wedge melting generated arc basalts whereas slab melting-wedge hybridization, generated adakites and Mg-andesites.     

西藏中冈底斯扎布耶茶卡北部晚侏罗世则弄群火山岩的锆石U-Pb年代学及其成因意义

冈底斯带晚中生代构造演化模式一直存在争议。此次研究了中冈底斯带扎布耶茶卡北部区域则弄群火山岩的野外特 征和锆石U-Pb年龄。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,扎布耶茶卡北部则弄群火山岩主要喷发于154.2~142.1 Ma。研究首次获得 晚侏罗世的则弄群火山岩年龄为154 Ma,比前人提出的则弄群火山岩浆活动起始时间（130 Ma） 提前了24 Ma,据此将则 弄群的时代定为晚侏罗世至早白垩世。根据研究获得的最新年代学数据,结合冈底斯带火山岩的前人研究资料,显示冈底 斯带中生代弧火山岩具有从南向北逐渐年轻的趋势。因此,最早期南冈底斯弧中生代火山岩可能与新特提斯洋板片北向俯 冲有关,晚侏罗世至早白垩世的中冈底斯带弧火山岩受到了新特提斯洋板片北向俯冲和班公湖-怒江洋板片南向俯冲的双 重影响,早白垩世中期的北冈底斯带弧火山岩则与班公湖-怒江洋板片的南向俯冲密切相关。研究成果为冈底斯带晚中生 代构造演化模式提供了火山岩方面的新证据。     

Cretaceous Rocks of the Penzhina Bay: Mineralogy,Petrography, and Geodynamic Sedimentation Conditions

Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanosedimentary rocks from northwestern Kamchatka are considered. The stadial analysis has revealed variable impacts of three major provenances upon the Cretaceous Penzhina sedimentary basin. The provenances were composed of volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks (Uda–Murgal island arc and Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt) and granitic–metamorphic rocks (the mature Asian continental margin). Sediments were largely accumulated owing to the erosion of island-arc volcanics during reactivation of the Uda–Murgal island arc (Hauterivian–Barremian) or the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt (middle Albian–Cenomanian). Eroded granitic–metamorphic rocks of the mature Asian continental margin (Berriasian–Valanginian) or Asian metamorphic–volcanic rocks (Santonian–Campanian) were supplied to the basin during tectonically quiet periods (Berriasian–Valanginian and late Cenomanian–Campanian). Compositional changes in provenances were related to active tectonic processes at the continental margin, including evolution and closure of the Uda–Murgal island-arc system and origin of the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanic belt. The postsedimentary modification of Cretaceous rocks deposited in forearc trough beyond the tectonically active accretionary prism is characterized by a low degree of clastic component alteration.