Community structure of epibenthic meiofauna in the St. Lucia Estuarine Lake (South Africa) during a drought phase

The St. Lucia Estuary is Africa's largest estuarine system. It is a major component of the iSimangaliso (formerly Greater St. Lucia) Wetland Park, which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999. The system has been severely affected by drought conditions which have culminated in the mouth of the system being cut off from the Indian Ocean since June 2002, for a period of almost five years. This study aimed to document the dynamics of meiofauna of the system during a drought phase, since (1) the effects of droughts on estuaries are poorly documented and understood and (2) because studies of meiofauna have never been undertaken in this system before. Meiofauna samples as well as physico-chemical data were collected at representative sites in February, April, August and October 2005. The drought had a major effect on the estuary, resulting in the development of hypersaline conditions (maximum 126 at Hells Gate), and to the complete evaporation of pelagic habitats, especially in the northern regions. The meiofauna of the St. Lucia Estuary was statistically separated into two distinct spatial clusters under drought conditions. The first cluster comprised sites in the Narrows and the southern region of South Lake, while the second comprised sites in the northern regions of South Lake and False Bay. Meiofauna of cluster 1, which was least affected by the drought, comprised nematodes, polychaetes, copepods, amphipods and ostracods, all of which accounted for 97% of meiofauna in this cluster. Cluster 2 on the other hand, which was more severely affected by the drought, was dominated by nematodes and copepods, which cumulatively contributed 97% to meiofauna in this group. Taxonomic richness and diversity of meiofauna were positively correlated with water depth, while abundance was inversely correlated with water temperature. The major effects of low water levels on the meiofauna of the system occurred through a negative impact on diversity and taxonomic richness, resulting in assemblages dominated by taxa most physiologically suited to such conditions. Secondly, at the peak of the drought, there was discontinuous water flow in the St. Lucia Estuary, resulting in parts of the northern and southern regions of the system being fragmented. This could have prevented the spread of meiofaunal taxa between the different basins of the system, and also explains the spatial separation of meiofauna into distinct clusters within the estuary.     

长江冲淡水区细菌生产力研究

为了解细菌在长江口冲淡水区生态系营养动力学过程中的重要作用,笔者于1997年10月10日至20日,1998年5月14日至6月1日在观测海区以及在绿华山海域设置大水体围隔生态系实验装置进行细菌生产力的现场观测研究.结果表明,秋季观测海区平均细菌生产力(C)为(1.44±1.30)μg/(dm3·h),高值出现在测区中部的A₃,B₃和C₃站.春季测区表层细菌生产力(2.43±1.22)μg/(dm3·h)高于底层(1.01±0.43)μg/(dm3·h),高值出现在测区中部的A₃和B断面诸站.秋、春季平均细菌生产力相当于浮游植物初级生产力的23%.秋季和春季表层细菌数量分别为(5.22×108±0.88×108)个/dm3和(1.97×108±1.10×108)个/dm3.1998年5月18日至6月1日在围隔实验点的自然海区中细菌生产力变幅范围为0.13～5.79μg/(dm3·h),平均值为(2.47±1.60)μg/(dm3·h).围隔装置内加可溶性磷(PO₄3-)实验,春季细菌生产力由1.28μg/(dm3·h)增长至32.20μg/(dm3·h),其增长幅度低于秋季1.43～43.47μg/(dm3·h).油污染实验中细菌生产力由6.61μg/(dm3·h)增长至37.97μg/(dm3·h),呈逐日上升趋势.     

渤海春季浮游细菌分布与生态环境因子的关系

研究了 1 999年 4～ 5月渤海水体浮游细菌分布与生态环境因子的关系。结果显示 ,渤海春季表层水体浮游细菌含量与水温和溶解性有机碳呈正相关 ,相关系数分别为 0 .6 0 1 (P<0 .0 1 )和0 .4 0 6 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并与溶解氧含量呈负相关 ,相关系数为 0 .5 1 9(P<0 .0 1 ) ;底层水体浮游细菌含量与水温、溶解性有机碳 (dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、颗粒性有机碳 (particulate organic carbon,POC)和叶绿素 a含量呈正相关 ,相关系数分别为 0 .82 0 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,0 .6 6 1 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,0 .5 31 (P<0 .0 1 )和 0 .4 42 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并与溶解氧含量呈负相关 ,相关系数为 0 .6 5 0 (P<0 .0 1 )。表明水温和DOC、POC含量是渤海水域浮游细菌含量的主要限制因子 ,而水体中的溶解氧 (dissolved oxygen,DO)含量与浮游细菌的含量有关     

渤海湾海域浮游细菌的生态研究

研究了2004年8月份和10月份渤海湾水体中异养浮游细菌数量分布及其与生态环境因子的关系。结果显示,8月份异养浮游细菌的数量在(5.7~150)×106cfu/L,最高值出现在海河口附近的6号站位,次高值出现在11站位,此季节细菌总体分布是近岸略高,调查范围的南部比北部高;10月份异养浮游细菌的数量在(3~121)×106cfu/L,最高值和次高值出现在海河口附近的5,6号站位,此季节异养浮游细菌总体分布情况是近岸比远岸高,调查范围的南部比北部高。8月份异养细菌数与溶氧量有明显的相关性;10月份异养细菌数与溶氧量有高度明显的相关性,与生化需氧量、氨氮都有较明显的相关性。     

山东半岛北岸不同生境潮间带浮游细菌多样性研究

通过提取山东半岛北岸不同类型潮间带海水样品的总DNA,构建16S r DNA文库,利用群落相似性分析(ANOSIM)和非度量多维尺度转换排序(NMDS),探究潮间带类型对浮游细菌群落结构的影响,并对比了与近海浮游细菌群落结构的差异。分析结果显示,浮游细菌的丰度及多样性受到潮间带类型的影响,烟台养马岛泥滩、石滩、辛安河沙滩、黄河三角洲碱蓬区和天鹅湖海草区以变形菌门占优势,而黄河三角洲米草区以拟杆菌门为优势菌,其中,天鹅湖海草区浮游细菌的丰富度和多样性最高。潮间带海水中浮游细菌的组成与近海存在显著差异,潮间带浮游细菌的丰度及多样性均显著高于近海。推测季节因素、植被类型、有机质来源可能是造成潮间带不同生境与近海浮游细菌多样性差异的重要因素。     

春秋季山东南部近岸浮游细菌生态分布

分别于2007年4月(春季)和10月(秋季),对山东南部近岸海域进行了现场调查,研究了该海区浮游细菌丰度、生物量分布特征,探讨了它们与温度、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(N)、总磷(P)、硝酸盐(NO-3)、铵盐(NH+2)及活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)的相关性.结果表明:浮游细菌生物量具有一定的时间、空间分布特征,春季浮游细菌丰度及生物量要高于秋季,2个季节近岸细菌数量高于远岸区域;浮游细菌丰度及生物量与温度、DO、总P、NO-3、NH+2及PO4-P均呈显著相关关系(P<0.01),表明上述因子可能是该海域浮游细菌数量分布的主要限制因子.     

海洋异养浮游细菌生物量及生产力的制约因素

根据海洋异养浮游细菌既是分解者，又是生产者的特点，从生态学方面探讨了海洋异养浮游细菌在海洋生态系统中的作用、研究现状及细菌生物量和生产力的制约因素。认为具有重要生态学意义的海洋异养浮游细菌生物量和生产力的主要影响因素有溶解性有机碳的性质及含量、无机营养盐浓度、海水温度、微量金属元素(如铁)含量、海洋异养浮游动物的摄食能力和噬菌体的感染等。     

黄海西北部浮游细菌生物量分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

分别研究了2006年7月(夏季)和2007年1月(冬季)、5月(春季)、10月(秋季)黄海西北部海域浮游细菌生物量的分布特征,探讨了它们与温度、盐度和Chl a含量之间的关系.结果表明,研究海区平均细菌生物量春、夏、秋和冬季分别为:41.083,8.34,16.68和6.20 mg/m3.4个季节表层细菌生物量分布均呈现出从辽东半岛近岸区域向外海逐渐降低的趋势.春、秋季除浮游植物Chl a外各生态因子与细菌生物量之间均无显著性相关关系.夏、冬季与温度、盐度和Chl a含量的相关性均不显著.     

Ingestion rates and grazing impact of the brackwater mussel Brachidontes virgiliae in Lake St Lucia,iSimangaliso Wetland Park,South Africa

Bivalves feed on a combination of phytoplankton and zooplankton and have the potential to impact considerably the planktonic biomass, especially when they occur in high densities, such as in oyster and mussel beds. The brackwater mussel Brachidontes virgiliae is numerically dominant during wet phases within Africa’s largest estuarine lake, St Lucia, in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park on the east coast of South Africa. The ingestion rates and potential grazing impact of this small mussel (maximum shell length = 2.5 cm) were estimated for both the wet and dry seasons using an in situ gut fluorescence technique. Ingestion rates were higher during the wet season (5.78 µg pigment ind.^?1 d^?1) than during the dry season (4.44 µg pigment ind.^?1 d^?1). This might be explained by the increased water temperature and food availability during the wet season. Because of the patchy distribution of mussel populations, there could be higher localised grazing impact near mussel aggregations. Results showed a potential grazing impact of up to 20 times the available phytoplankton biomass at specific sites. These high grazing impacts have the potential to deplete phytoplankton stocks in the lake, especially during wet phases in the northern reaches, where mussel densities are highest. This needs to be factored into ecological models of Lake St Lucia, because the system might function differently during increased flood events.     

胶州湾异养浮游细菌对磷的吸收作用及影响因素研究

为了解异养浮游细菌在磷的海洋生物地球化学循环和海湾富营养化中的作用,于2003年6月、8月和2004年3月采用现场调查和实验室培养相结合的方法,对胶州湾异养浮游细菌的无机磷酸盐吸收量、周转时间及影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,胶州湾异养浮游细菌对无机磷酸盐的吸收量在春、夏、冬季分别为4.34,2.13,0.89×10-2μg/dm3.h,周转时间分别为39.78,29.29,6.56d,水温和有机质含量是其主要限制因子,胶州湾春季异养浮游细菌与藻类可能存在对无机磷酸盐的吸收竞争。     

南海北部及珠江口细菌生产力研究

2004年2~3月和2004年8~9月两个航次中对珠江口及南海北部海域的异养浮游细菌生物量、生产力及其调控机制进行了观测研究.结果表明,营养物质的供应对调查区域真光层水体内的细菌生物量和生产力起着主要控制作用,从而导致冬季航次珠江口-陆架-外海调查断面表层细菌生物量和生产力呈现沿盐度梯度向外海逐渐降低的特征.就南海北部调查区域而言,冬季真光层异养细菌生物量(C)平均为(712±290)mg/m2,夏季平均为(937±397)mg/m2;真光层细菌生产力(C)冬季平均为(65.1±42.8)mg/(m2·d),夏季平均(52.5±28.6)mg/(m2·d).本调查中,南海北部海区IBP和IPP比值范围是4%~96%,平均为26%,IBP和IPP比值与初级生产力呈负相关,其分布特征与新生产力f比的分布趋势相反,显示了异养细菌在真光层物质循环过程中所发挥的作用在南海近岸富营养海域和外海寡营养海域之间的差异.     

海南岛港湾演变与工程建设

海南岛沿岸多港湾，主要有3种类型的潮汐汊道型港湾：（1）沙坝-泻湖型潮汐汊道港湾主要分布在东南部海岸，以三亚港最为典型。三亚港原始岸线为基岩港湾海岸，由中生代花岗岩构成。花岗岩风化泥沙充填谷地港湾连成陆地，以沙坝-泻湖体系形式逐渐堆积成海积平原。（2）港湾型潮汐汊道主要分布在海南岛西部，起源于构造断裂带的港湾。其演化的主要因素是河流及海岸侵蚀向湾内供应的沉积物以及巨大的纳潮量形成的潮流动力。消费品流及海岸供沙使纳潮水域淤积，纳潮量相应减少，同时在口门内外形成潮流三角洲（拦门沙浅滩）。（3）溺谷型潮汐汊道主要分布在海南岛北岸、东北岸。其演化过程是：古河口溺谷，沿岸输沙发育海岸沙坝，古河口溺谷逐渐淤积衰退，潮流作用形成 口门外落潮流堆积体及涨潮带入海相细粒物质，使纳潮水域进一步淤浅缩小，目前这类汊道处于发育演化的晚期，接近汊道整体的消亡。     

Particle Dynamics and Trace Metal Reactivity in Estuarine Plumes

Iron, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn have been determined in suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected in the estuarine plume regions of the Humber (during winter, spring and summer) and Thames (winter only). Metal concentrations (w/w) were found to increase with SPM concentration and could be defined in terms of the mixing of an ambient, slow settling population, with variable proportions of a diluent population. The end-members of the particle mixing series are fine material derived from coastal erosion, which is modified seasonally by biological production, and contaminated estuarine material which is contained within the estuarine discharge or derived from local resuspension of reworked deposits by tidal currents and wave activity. Iron-normalized metal concentrations exhibited an inverse relationship with SPM concentration in the Humber region and regression analyses enabled seasonal changes in end-member compositions to be evaluated. Since the metal:Fe ratios of the ambient population did not accord with those of local cliff samples, additional sources of metal were proposed whose importance to particle composition increases with a reduction in SPM concentration. Qualitatively, the seasonal variation of end-member compositions was consistent with (i) the coupling between redox processes occurring in the bed sediment and adsorption of metals (Mn, Cu, Zn) released from the pore waters onto ambient and diluent suspended particles in the overlying water column, and (ii) adsorption of metal (Pb) by ambient suspended particles from an extraneous (atmospheric) source. In the Thames plume, an increase in Fe-normalized metal concentrations with increasing particle concentration resulted from the mixing of end-member particles and the effects of additional metal from an internal or extraneous source were less clear, possibly because of metal desorption from suspended particles traversing the salinity gradient in the outer estuary. The processes described in this study regulate the internal cycling of trace metals in estuarine plume regions and the export of metals to neighbouring shelf sea environments.     

河口海岸泥沙输移的分组数学模型研究

根据河口海岸水沙输移的特点,建立了一个新的二维分组数学模型,用来预测该区域的水沙输移过程。该模型耦合了水动力模块、泥沙输移模块和床面演变模块。其中水动力模块基于浅水方程组,综合考虑了柯氏力、床面切应力以及表面风应力的影响,引入干湿判断法处理动边界。泥沙输移模块首先将泥沙按照粒径分组,针对不同泥砂性质,对各组泥沙分别进行建模求解。床面演变模块基于质量守恒方程,实时更新床面高程以及床沙级配变化,并传递给水动力模块,更新底部边界。该模型被应用在了英国塞汶(Severn)河口,其预测的泥沙浓度和实测数据以及不分组的模型的预测结果进行了比较,结果显示,文中建立的分组模型预测的结果要明显好于不分组模型。     

广利河口拦门沙发育动态和河口航道的选择

根据现场调查和历史资料,获取了广利河口拦门沙水动力特征、海底地形和底质特征,对拦门沙的动态发育和波浪作用下拦门沙运动状态进行了分析,探讨了广利河口的航道选择方案。分析结果认为,广利河槽外航道宜从东偏南向入海。     

A Survey of Estuarine Benthic, Zoo-planktonic and Phytoplanktonic Communities of Amvrakikos Gulf, Ionian Sea

Abstract. The estuarine ecosystem of the Amvrakikos Gulf, a semi-enclosed embayment of the Ionian Sea, was surveyed at 9 stations in June, 1980. Quantitative and qualitative relationships among the phytoplanktonic, zooplanktonic and benthic populations were examined and related to environmental parameters. It was found that quantitative maxima of each of the three components occurred at different stations. When stations were grouped according to a similarity index of each community, it could be shown that the stations were very similar with regard to phytoplankton and slightly less similar with regard to zooplankton. The stations differed considerably as far as the benthos is concerned. The phytoplankton also exhibited a lower species diversity (0.08-0.82 bits-indiv.^-1) than the zooplankton (1.08-2.10 bits indiv.^-1) and the benthos (0.85-5.06 bits indiv.^-1). Differences in salinity among stations showed no significant correlation with the abundance or species diversity of phytoplankton, zooplankton or benthos.     

Numerical Simulation of Water Level Under Interaction Between Runoff and Estuarine Dynamics in Tidal Reach of the Yangtze River

The Yangtze Estuary, the largest estuary in China, is under an obvious interaction between runoff and astronomical tide. The research on the interaction is very important for the exploitation and utilization of water resources in this area. A horizontal 2D hydrodynamic numerical model is established and verified in the present study with the modeling range from Datong to the Yangtze Estuary. Based on the comparison of high water levels under the interaction between different runoff and estuarine dynamics, s...     

抚仙湖水温跃层研究

通过自动监测数据(2012-2013),研究了抚仙湖水温跃层的统计规律,给出了温跃层的出现、发展和消失的统计结果,水温跃层一般出现在5月~12月,并且随着时间推移而逐渐下移。与此同时,还分析了温跃层的层次和震动特性,水温跃层一般在40m之上,极少会出现在40m以下,并且会在凌晨出现双层现象,但是不能持久存在,很快就会恢复成单层,在白天温跃层保持单跃层并且比较稳定。该结果有利于提高对于抚仙湖的水体特征认识,加快综合利用湖泊资源的进程。     

河口大型工程对长江河口底栖动物种类组成及生物量的影响研究

2002年5-6月对长江口深水航道治理一期工程区域底栖动物进行了取样调查,研究分析了工程区域底栖动物种类组成和生物量分布特征。结果表明：①底栖生物19种,与1982-1983年和1998年相比,分别减少87.6％和20．8％．优势种为纽虫和沙蚕,出现率分别达32％和24％;②平均密度21.8个／m^2．比1998年下降65．9％;③平均生物量为5．68g／m^2(湿重)．比1982-1983年下降76．5％;④一期工程对长江河口生态系统结构已产生影响,河口底栖动物种类组成及生物量的变化与长江口深水航道治理一期工程引起的区域局部小尺度海洋水流发生改变,并导致航道沉积物受冲刷和底质属性发生改变有关。鉴于此,建议对河口大犁工程对河口生态系统的综合影响进行动态监测和生态恢复。     

Estuarine retention of larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii

Larvae of estuarine organisms continually face possible export from the parent estuary. Retention of larvae of the estuarine crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii was investigated in the upper Newport River estuary, North Carolina. All of the developmental stages occurred in the same area of the estuary with similar horizontal distributions, and the concentrations of intermediate and late stages were not greatly reduced from those of the first larval stage. This was strong evidence for the continuous retention of larvae in the upper estuary.To determine mechanisms by which retention might be effected, field studies of the vertical distributions and migrations of these larvae were made. The four zoeal stages had similar but complex vertical migration patterns, which varied from study to study. These migrations centered on the depth of no net flow, reducing longitudinal transport during development. Cross-spectral analysis of the larval migrations and the environmental cycles of light, salinity and current speed revealed that each of these external cycles affected larval depth. Megalopae of R. harrisii also migrated vertically, but they were present in much lower concentrations than the zoeal stages, an indication of a change to benthic existence in this final larval form.