基于垂直带谱的太白山区山地植被遥感信息提取

遥感数据因其全覆盖的优势被广泛应用于山地植被信息的调查和研究。为了实现山区植被类型的高精度提取,本文以太白山区为实验区,结合山地植被的垂直地带性分布规律,利用太白山植被垂直带谱、高分辨率遥感影像（GF1/GF2/ZY3）和1:1万的数字表面模型（Digital Surface Model, DSM）数据,进行了多层次、多尺度的影像分割,构建了具有植被垂直带谱信息的地形约束因子,并据此进行样本选择和面向对象的分类,分类总精度达92.9%,kappa系数达到0.9160。该方法相比于未辅以垂直带谱信息的分类,总精度提高了10%。研究结果表明,分类过程中加入具有垂直带谱信息的地形约束因子,能显著地提高样本选择的效率和准确率,为后续的植被分类提供了精度的保证。通过人机交互的方式,将垂直带谱知识应用到分类中,可以有效地提高山地植被分类的精度。     

Digital Spectra and Analysis of Altitudinal Belts in Tianshan Mountains, China

Based on the framework of the geo-info spectra of montane altitudinal belts, this paper firstly reviews six classification systems for the spectra of mountain altitudinal belts in China and considers that detailed regional study of altitudinal belts is the key for reaching standardization and systemization of mountain altitudinal belts. Only can this further identify and resolve problems with the study of altitudinal belts. The factors forming the spectra of altitudinal belts are analyzed in the Tianshan Mountains of China, and a digital altitudinal belt system is constructed for the northern flank, southern flank, the heartland, and Ili valley in the west. The characteristics of each belt are revealed with a summarization of the pattern of areal differentiation of altitudinal belts.     

Regional-scale identification of three-dimensional pattern of vegetation landscapes

The altitudinal pattern of vegetation is usually identified by field surveys,however,these can only provide discrete data on a local mountain.Few studies identifying and analyzing the altitudinal vegetation pattern on a regional scale are available.This study selected central Inner Mongolia as the study area,presented a method for extracting vegetation patterns in altitudinal and horizontal directions.The data included a vegetation map at a 1∶1 000 000 scale and a digital elevation model at a 1∶250 000 scale.The three-dimensional vegetation pattern indicated the distribution probability for each vegetation type and the transition zones between different vegetation landscapes.From low to high elevations,there were five vegetation types in the southern mountain flanks,including the montane steppe,broad-leaved forest,coniferous mixed forest,montane dwarf-scrub and sub-alpine shrub-meadow.Correspondingly,only four vegetation types were found in the northern flanks,except for the montane steppe.This study could provide a general model for understanding the complexity and diversity of mountain environment and landscape.     

山地垂直带谱数字识别的技术实现和图谱构建

山地垂直带谱是地学信息图谱的一个重要组成部分。"带谱数字识别"就是利用现代数字方法和数据,对客观存在的山地垂直自然带谱进行提取,获取比较完备的山地垂直带连续图谱模式。这是从传统山地垂直带研究走向地学信息图谱研究的重要步骤,有助于使我们对山地垂直谱的认识上升到地学信息图谱的高度。本文探索MATLAB语言快速、准确地实现各种识别算法,结合VB.NET构建的用户操作界面,实现带谱的信息提取、分类集成和多样化表达。山地垂直自然带谱的数字识别分为3种不同的模式:山系单侧、山体单峰和山体多峰;依据各自不同的识别算法,可以得到山地连续的带谱模式。本文全面介绍了数字带谱、带谱数字识别的含义,以及数字识别模型的原理、算法和原型系统等实现过程。     

中国山地垂直带信息系统的设计与开发

本文收集了大量翔实的山地垂直带资料,建立了我国山地垂直带数据库,创建了山地垂直带谱"数字引擎".使垂直带谱数字化成为可能。采用ArcObject组件开发技术及Visual Basic,自主开发中国山地垂直带信息系统(1.0)。该系统是一个面向对象(山地垂直带谱)的地理信息系统;以山地垂直带"数字引擎"为系统内核,在功能上实现了山地垂直带分布与地理空间区域的联接,同时实现了大范围内选择多个区域进行数据分析的功能。系统界面友好,易操作,显示直观、明了,为自然地理和生态学家者提供了一个比较丰富的山地垂直带谱数据集和有效的分析工具。标志着山地垂直带谱研究进入了数字时代。     

山地垂直带谱信息系统应用分析与技术改进

山地垂直带信息系统虽实现了山地垂直带谱的首次数字集成,但系统中还存在标识不清、垂直带颜色不易变动、大量带谱显示时可视程度较差等问题。本文以山地垂直带谱空间可视化为研究对象,探讨系统的技术改进,包括山地垂直带谱图形数据的立体标识、翻转页面、颜色可定制、数据轴可操作等功能的实现。山地垂直带信息系统空间可视化功能的进一步完善,不仅可以有效地管理山地垂直带谱数据,而且可方便直观地显示山地垂直带谱数据,有效地集成山地垂直带谱数据并且充分地发掘山地垂直带谱空间变化规律,也为建立界面友好的世界山地垂直带信息系统奠定了基础。     

秦巴山地山体基面高度的提取及分布

秦巴山地是中国的南北分界线,也是黄河和长江的分水岭,其山体效应的定量化影响秦巴山地山体垂直带的分布格局、非地带性因素的作用强度和机理,以及中国暖温带和北亚热带的具体位置的确定。山体基面高度是影响山体效应最重要和关键的地形因子,其定量化和数字化提取是秦巴山地山体效应定量化研究的重要内容。本研究针对秦巴山地山体效应的定量化研究,使用30 m分辨率的STRM-1数据,分别基于山体特征线和流域分区2种方法提取了秦巴山地的山体基面高度分区,并根据地形起伏度和坡度,确定基面范围,计算了山体基面高度值。结果表明：① 基于山体特征线的方法将秦巴山地分为93个基面高度分区,基于流域分区的方法将秦巴山地分为209个基面高度分区,根据2种分区结果提取的基面高度值相差不大且均体现了秦巴山地地势的特点;② 秦巴山地山体基面高度从东向西呈阶梯状递增的趋势;③ 从南到北,秦巴山地的东段和中段均呈先增高后降低的趋势,即从大巴山向北至汉江谷地降低,再向北至秦岭升高;④ 山地的不同侧翼的山体基面高度不同,秦岭南坡的基面高度（1000~1809 m）明显高于北坡（850~1300 m）。秦巴山地山体基面高度与其植被带分布上限联系密切,实现山体基面高度的数字化提取,为山体效应的定量化研究提供了重要的技术支持。     

车载LiDAR点云中道路绿化带提取与动态分析

道路绿化带是城市园林绿地系统重要组成部分,具有重要的生态和环境服务功能,道路绿化带信息的精细分类与提取以及绿化带的动态分析对于道路信息化管理具有重要意义。本文提出基于车载LiDAR技术的道路绿化带自动提取与绿植地物精细分类算法。为验证算法有效性,选取北京市丰台区某路段作为实验区域,一期试验数据采集时间为2015年6月,二期试验数据采集时间为2015年9月。将车载LiDAR点云数据作为原始数据,对原始数据进行剪裁分块等预处理,提高算法运行速度。首先对每段道路点云数据进行地面、低矮地物与高地物分类,并将低矮地物与地面点进行组合;然后通过绿化带的点云特性与空间特征,精确提取出每段点云数据中的绿化带,根据所提取的绿化带确定分类范围,利用各类地物点云的特征差别,对绿化带内地物进行详细分类;最后对比同一区域内的多期绿化带数据,从而判断绿化带面积以及绿化带中的各种地物是否发生变化。为验证算法精度,采用人工交互的方式提取绿化带,并对绿化带内各类地物进行人工分类,以此作为参照将人工统计得到的信息与自动提取出的绿化带信息以及各个分类地物信息进行对比,试验区人工提取绿化带总面积为13 027 m ²,自动提取绿化带总面积为12 749 m ²,2组数据相差278 m ²,相对误差为0.02。自动分类算法在试验区场景中杆状地物的探测率为80%,树木的探测率81.81%,灌木探测率为73.91%。对比2期绿化带数据,发现面积缩减量为129.5 m ²,另外新增3株灌木。实验结果说明了本文所述算法的准确性。     

Woody species diversity and forest structure from lowland to montane forest in Hyrcanian forest ecoregion

Alborz Mountains host Caspian Hyrcanian forest ecoregion along the northern slopes and forest steppe ecoregion in highlands. Hyrcanian forest covers the southeastern part of Caucasus biodiversity hotspot and is of great biogeographic importance. Altitudinal pattern and correlation between woody species biodiversity (DIV), forest structure ((stem density (DEN), mean basal area (MBA) and mean height class (MHC)) and disturbance (DIS) were explored along 2,400 m altitudinal gradient in Hyrcanian relict forest, Central Alborz Mountains. Vegetation changes from lowland forest (LoF) to mid- altitude forest (MiF) and montane forest (MoF) in this area. The altitudinal gradient was divided into twelve 200 m elevational belts. Point centered quarter method (PCQM) with 96 sampling points and 83 vegetation samples by plot method (PM) were used to record field data. Shannon-Wiener index and Pearson coefficient were used for diversity and correlation analysis. The results showed that DEN decreased linearly, MBA and MHC showed relatively hump shaped and DIS showed a reverse hump shaped pattern of change along altitudinal gradient. Woody species diversity decreased non-steadily from LoF to MoF. Transitional vegetations of Carpinus-Fagus and Fagus-Quercus represented higher diversity of woody taxa compared to adjacent homogenous communities. Significant correlation was observed between altitude and all parameters: DEN with MBA, DIS and DIV; MBA with DIS; MHC with DIS along with DIV; and DIS with DIV at the study area scale. Surprisingly,correlation between studied parameters differed within each vegetation type. Altitude probably acts as a proxy for human and environmental driving forces in this area. Stability of warm and wet condition, season length, soil depth along with forest accessibility probably influences the altitudinal pattern of the studied parameters. Disturbance affects forest structure and consequently diversity; especially in lowlands. The obtained results recommend using both forest biodiversity and mensuration data in management process of forest ecosystems.     

欧亚大陆山地垂直带数字集成系统的设计与应用

在欧亚大陆山地垂直带880个带谱点数据采集的基础上,设计和开发了山地垂直带数字集成系统。其功能：(1)垂直带谱可视化显示功能：实时生成垂直带地理分布图、垂直带堆积柱状图、上下限高度随经纬度变化曲线;(2)垂直带上下限提取和绝对高度和相对高度转化功能：提取山地垂直自然带分布上限和下限高度,进行垂直带的宽度和垂直带上限海拔...     

Tree population dynamics of three altitudinal vegetation communities on Mount Cameroon (1989�C2004)

Changes in permanent sample plots in the lowland,submontane and montane forests on Mount Cameroon(4,095 m above sea level),an active volcano,are described for 15 years from 1989 to 2004.Throughout the study period,the stocking level of trees with a diameter at breast height(DBH) ≥ 10 cm in the three forests were lower than in pan-tropical stands suggesting a significant impact of volcanic and human-related activities on the vegetation communities on the mountain.Annual mortality rates in the submontane and montane forests were consistent with those reported for comparable altitudinal ranges in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica.The annual mortality rate was higher in the lowland forest than other lowland sites included.Divergence between recruitment and mortality rates was large suggesting that the three vegetation communities have not reached their climax.The seven-year difference in half-life of large trees(with a DBH ≥ 50 cm) in the submontane and montane forests suggests an altitudinal effect on turnover of larger trees that in turn contributes to the frequent small stature of high altitude forests.There was little evidence of an altitudinal effect on species turnover and growth rate.This finding supports generalizations about the zero effect of growth on the stature of high altitude trees.Understanding forest dynamics is crucially important in the management of tropical montane environmentsand in this instance particularly so given the recent creation of the Mount Cameroon National Park.     

Soil and Vegetation Spectral Coupling Difference (SVSCD) for Minerals Extraction from Hyperion Data in Vegetation Covered Area

Remote sensing data have been widely applied to extract minerals in geologic exploration, however, in areas covered by vegetation, extracted mineral information has mostly been small targets bearing little information. In this paper, we present a new method for mineral extraction aimed at solving the difficulty of mineral identification in vegetation covered areas. The method selected six sets of spectral difference coupling between soil and plant (SVSCD). These sets have the same vegetation spectra reflectance and a maximum different reflectance of soil and mineral spectra from Hyperion image based on spectral reflectance characteristics of measured spectra. The central wavelengths of the six, selected band pairs were 2314 and 701 nm, 1699 and 721 nm, 1336 and 742 nm, 2203 and 681 nm, 2183 and 671 nm, and 2072 and 548 nm. Each data set’s reflectance was used to calculate the difference value. After band difference calculation, vegetation information was suppressed and mineral abnormal information was enhanced compared to the scatter plot of original band. Six spectral difference couplings, after vegetation inhibition, were arranged in a new data set that requires two components that have the largest eigenvalue difference from principal component analysis (PCA). The spatial geometric structure features of PC1 and PC2 was used to identify altered minerals by spectral feature fitting (SFF). The collecting rocks from the 10 points that were selected in the concentration of mineral extraction were analyzed under a high-resolution microscope to identify metal minerals and nonmetallic minerals. Results indicated that the extracted minerals were well matched with the verified samples, especially with the sample 2, 4, 5 and 8. It demonstrated that the method can effectively detect altered minerals in vegetation covered area in Hyperion image.     

Diversity and geographical pattern of altitudinal belts in the Hengduan Mountains in China

This paper analyses the diversity and spatial pattern of the altitudinal belts in the Hengduan Mountains in China. A total of 7 types of base belts and 26 types of altitudinal belts are identified in the study region. The main altitudinal belt lines, such as forest line, the upper limit of dark coniferous forest and snow line, have similar latitudinal and longitudinal spatial patterns, namely, arched quadratic curve model with latitudes and concave quadratic curve model along longitudinal direction. These patterns can be together called as “Hyperbolic-paraboloid model”, revealing the complexity and speciality of the environment and ecology in the study region. This result further validates the hypnosis of a common quadratic model for spatial pattern of mountain altitudinal belts proposed by the authors. The spatial pattern of altitudinal belts is closely related with moisture-related exposure effect in the Hengduan Mountains. Different combinations (spectra) of altitudinal belts and different base belt types appear in windward and leeward flanks and even in the same flanks of different ranges. This is closely related with the parallel mountain ranges of the Hengduan Mountains, which, at nearly right angle with the moving direction of prevailing moisture-laden air masses from west and east, hold up the warm and humid monsoon wind from moving into the core region and result in different moisture conditions in windward and leeward flanks. However, how to quantitatively describe the moisture-related exposure effect needs further study. In addition, the data quality and data accuracy at present also affect to some extent the result of quantitative modeling and should be improved with RS/GIS in the future.     

面向对象的森林植被图像识别分类方法

 森林植被信息提取是遥感影像分类中的难点,仅利用光谱信息难以提取森林植被的类型,本文以门头沟区森林植被占主要土地覆被类型为研究对象,选择HJ-1影像面向对象提取不同地物信息。由于研究区地形复杂,采用多尺度分割方法,对不同地物设置不同分割参数,实现不同地物分层提取。根据光谱、纹理及几何等特征选择合适的特征参数,构建隶属度函数,逐级提取研究区的土地覆被类型,并与传统的最大似然法进行对比。结果表明:面向对象的分类方法在门头沟区森林植被二级信息提取的精度为83%,与传统方法相比有了较大的提高。     

青藏高原数字照片植被覆盖度自动算法与应用

覆盖度是植被评价的重要指标,也是遥感反演的关键参数。估算植被覆盖度的常用方法是目测法,但这种方法受观测人员的主观影响。近年来有研究人员利用冬小麦垂直数字照片的HLS颜色空间的色度特征,设计了自动提取覆盖度算法,具有较高的计算精度。但青藏高原植被颜色丰富多样,下垫面背景色彩差异很大,这种常规覆盖度自动提取算法存在困难。论文分析了青藏高原地表垂直数字照片的图像颜色特征,发现超绿色算法对绿色植被比较敏感,能够增强植被和背景的灰度差异,有效抑制土壤背景干扰。并采用K均值聚类算法,设计了青藏高原植被覆盖度的自动提取软件。通过将覆盖度自动提取结果和人工监督分类进行比较,两者误差在5%以内。此外,通过分析分类后的结果图像,提出了进一步改进的方法。     

The potential contribution of wildlife sanctuary to forest conservation: A case study from binsar wildlife sanctuary

Forest vegetation of a protected area(Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary) in Kumaun region(west Himalaya) was analysed for structure,composition and representativeness across three different altitudinal belts,lower(1,600-1,800 m a.s.l.),middle(1,900-2,100 m a.s.l.) and upper(2,200-2,400 m a.s.l.) during 2009-2011 using standard phytosociological methods.Four aspects(east,west,north and south) in each altitudinal belt were chosen for sampling to depict maximum representation of vegetation in the sanctuary.Population structure and regeneration behaviour was analysed seasonally for two years to show the establishment and growth of tree species.A total of 147 plant species were recorded from the entire region of which 27 tree species were selected for detailed study.Highest number was recorded at upper(18 species),and lowest at lower altitudinal belt(15 species).The relative proportion of species richness showed higher contribution of tree layer at each altitudinal belt.The population structure,based on the number of individuals,revealed a greater proportion of seedling layer at each altitudinal belt.The relative proportion of seedlings increases significantly along altitudinal belts(p<0.05) while opposite trends were observed in sapling and tree layers.The density of sapling and seedling species varied non-significantly across seasons(p>0.05).The density values decreased in summer and increased during rainy season.As far as the regeneration status is concerned,middle and upper altitudinal belts showed maximum number of species with fair regeneration as compared to lower altitudinal belt.Overall density diameter distribution of tree species showed highest species density and richness in the smallest girth class and decreased in the succeeding girth classes.This study suggests that patterns of regeneration behaviour would determine future structural and compositional changes in the forest communities.It is suggested that the compositional changes vis-à-vis role of ‘New’ and ‘Not regenerating’ species need priority attention while initiating conservation activities in the sanctuary.This study calls for exploring other less explored Wildlife Sanctuaries in the Himalaya and across the world,to achieve overall biodiversity status in these protected areas and thus to justify their role in conserving biodiversity in the region.     

基于Gradient Boosting的车载LiDAR点云分类

车载LiDAR点云中包含地面、建筑物、行道树、路灯等丰富地物类别,自动对这些不同类别点云进行分类,对点云中目标的识别、提取及重建都具有重要意义。本文提出了一种基于Gradient Boosting的自动分类方法。该方法首先对车载激光点云进行数据预处理,然后计算点云的协方差矩阵、密度比、高程相关特征、局部平面特征、投影特征等,再计算点云特征直方图与垂直分布直方图,采用K-means方法对这两者分别进行聚类,并将其聚类类别值也作为特征,从而构建出20维的点云特征向量,应用Gradient Boosting分类方法进行自动分类。为了验证本文方法的有效性,从某城镇场景的车载激光点云数据中选取部分代表区域共144W点作为训练数据集,然后选取另一较大区域的点云共312W点作为测试数据集。使用训练好的分类器对测试数据集进行分类,分类结果总体准确率达到了93.38%,耗时631s,说明此分类方法具有较高的分类准确率,同时也具备较高的效率。     

Altitudinal Levels and Altitudinal Limits in High Mountains

In lowlands climate-specific processes due to weathering and erosion are dominant, whilst the geomorphology of mountains is dependent on the geologic-tectonic structure, i.e., the energy of erosion that increases according to the vertical. The expression "extremely high mountains" has been established as the extreme of a continuous mountain classification. It has to be understood in terms of geomorphology, glaciology and vegetation. Correspondence of the planetary and hypsometric change of forms is of great value as synthetic explanation. It is confirmed with regard to vegetation, periglacial geomorphology and glaciology. Due to the world-wide reconstruction of the snowline its paleoclimatic importance increases, too. Apart from lower limits the periglacial and glacial altitudinal levels also show zones of optimum development and climatic upper limits in the highest mountains of the earth. According to the proportion of the altitudinal levels a classification as to arid, temperate and humid high mountains has been carried out.     

利用高精度DLG进行机载LiDAR点云精度评定研究

LiDAR作为一种主动式获取高精度地表几何信息的地形图测绘技术,其获取的点云具有较高的相对精度与绝对精度,可作为无控或稀少控制条件下（无人机）航空影像高精度几何定位的地理参考数据。影像几何定位所能达到的精度依赖于几何参考数据自身的精度,因此评价LiDAR点云的精度对于将其作为地理参考实现航空影像高精度几何定位,具有较强的理论价值与实践意义。本文提出了利用高精度数字线划图（DLG）作为几何参考评定机载LiDAR点云精度的方法。首先,通过比对DLG中高程注记点的高程与LiDAR点云中对应位置处的高程,实现LiDAR点云高程精度评定;然后,通过统计LiDAR墙面点在平面上的投影点到DLG房屋矢量轮廓线的距离,实现LiDAR点云平面精度评定。实验结果证明,本文试验区域LiDAR点云平面和高程精度分别可达到7.2 cm和8.3 cm,可作为大比例尺无人机航空遥感控制数据的有效选择。     

一种基于小波变换的遥感影像道路自动提取方法

遥感影像上道路的自动提取是摄影测量与遥感、计算机视觉等领域的重要课题。本文通过对图像小波系数的分析,完成道路节点的提取。随后利用基于小波变换的边缘提取算子,对道路进行边缘提取。边缘提取出来之后,以道路节点为种子点,对道路进行Snake跟踪。为保证提取效果,对图像进行了预处理。实验表明,利用本文提出的理论与方法能为道路网的自动提取与识别提供一个可靠的依据,同时也对其他地物(如建筑物)的自动提取提供一个有价值的参考。