山东朱崖黄土裂缝的成因及其地震地质意义

山东朱崖一带Q_22—Q_32黄土中发育了许多构造裂缝。有封闭的张性裂缝、快速张裂的裂缝、缓慢持续张裂的裂缝及有摩擦面的压扭性裂缝,后两种裂缝形成时间晚。裂缝的的产状、力学特征与现代区域构造应力场有较好的相关性。 朱崖黄土裂缝的形成与其所处的构造部位有关。朱崖位于NW向的无棣—青州(益都)活动构造带内,历史上NW向断裂与NE向断裂的交叉点上发生了六次中、强地震,朱崖位于NE向淄河断裂与活动的NW向淄博—朱崖断裂交叉点上,是应力易于集中、构造活动明显的部位     

渭河盆地地裂缝群发机理及东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡构造成因研究

利用渭河盆地2001—2008年高精度GPS监测资料,结合区域构造特点建立了渭河盆地有限元动力学模型,基于此研究了区域现今地壳应力场特征,深入分析了构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发之间的内在关系,首次基于空间大地测量定量的揭示出了区域构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发的内在动力学联系,及盆地东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡的根本成因.研究结果表明:渭河盆地现今地壳应力场差异性显著,主要呈现出中、东部以NW-SE向拉张为主,西部则以NW-SE向压缩应力为主,整体具有相对左旋运动趋势,与区域以往长期构造变形具有较好的继承性;分析揭示出区域NW-SE向拉张构造应力正是盆地内中、东部地裂缝群发的力源机制,而盆地内差异性构造应力场也正是导致盆地东、西部地裂缝发育不均衡的根本原因所在,由此进一步证实了渭河盆地地裂缝的强构造属性,其是由活断层在上述力源机制作用下,以蠕滑形式错断地层使土层破裂而形成的.本文研究结果为盆地地裂缝灾害防治、城市安全建设提供了重要信息.     

Paleo-environmental and volcano-tectonic evolution of the southeastern flank of Mt. Etna during the last 225 ka inferred from the volcanic succession of the ‘Timpe’, Acireale, Sicily

The tectonic escarpments locally known as ‘Timpe’ cut a large sector of the eastern flank of Etna, and allow an ancient volcanic succession dating back to 225 ka to be exposed. Geological and volcanological investigations carried out on this succession have allowed us to recognize relevant angular unconformities and volcanic features which are the remnants of eruptive fissures, as well as important changes in the nature, composition and magmatic affinity of the exposed volcanics. In particular, the recognition in the lower part of the succession of important and unequivocal evidence of ancient eruptive fissures led us to propose a local origin for these volcanics and to revise previous interpretations which attributed their westward-dipping to the progressive tectonic tilting of strata. These elements led us to reinterpret the main features of the volcanic activity occurring since 250 ka BP and their relationship with tectonic structures active in the eastern flank of Etna. We propose a complex paleo-environmental and volcano-tectonic evolution of the southeastern flank of Mt. Etna, in which the Timpe fault system played the role of the crustal structure that allowed the rise and eruption of magmas in the above considered time span.     

汾渭地裂缝与现代地震活动

近年来在汾渭地区出现地裂缝101处,其空间分布62%受活断层控制,20%是区域性黄土构造节理破裂面这些弱剪切强度带的扩展,18%是重力和湿陷等非构造型地裂缝。调查中发现,汾渭盆地中地下水位、水温异常、现代小震活动与地震活动都有4年一次的周期性起伏,它们是区域构造应力不断加强的信息。地下水对区域应力活动最敏感,故最早出现异常高潮,断裂再破裂并发震要有一定过程,而震源破裂传到地表造成地裂缝又要一定时间,所以汾渭盆地地震和地裂活动高潮分别滞后地下水异常1至2年。      

雷州半岛地裂缝及其构造蠕变成因

从1969年开始,雷州半岛每年或隔年频繁发生地裂缝,论述了雷州半岛地裂缝的分布特征．指出区内的地裂缝主要与地质构造、地壳活动（海岸抬升）相关,也和邻区强震、中强地震及区内的小震和微震部分相关．认为区内的地裂缝主要属构造蠕变地裂缝。推测与1969年其邻区阳江发生的6.4级强震对本区构造活动的激发并改变其地壳活动性有关。     

The fissure swarm of the Askja volcanic system along the divergent plate boundary of N Iceland

Divergent plate boundaries, such as the one crossing Iceland, are characterized by a high density of subparallel volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures, collectively termed rift zones, or fissure swarms when extending from a specific volcano. Volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures in the fissure swarms are formed during rifting events, when magma intrudes fractures to form dikes and even feeds fissure eruptions. We mapped volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures in a part of the divergent plate boundary in northern Iceland. The study area is ~1,800 km², located within and north of the Askja central volcano. The style of fractures changes with distance from Askja. Close to Askja the swarm is dominated by eruptive fissures. The proportion of tectonic fractures gets larger with distance from Askja. This may indicate that magma pressure is generally higher in dikes close to Askja than farther away from it. Volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures are either oriented away from or concentric with the 3–4 identified calderas in Askja. The average azimuth of fissures and fractures in the area deviates significantly from the azimuth perpendicular to the direction of plate velocity. As this deviation decreases gradually northward, we suggest that the effect of the triple junction of the North American, Eurasian and the Hreppar microplate is a likely cause for this deviation. Shallow, tectonic earthquakes in the vicinity of Askja are often located in a relatively unfractured area between the fissure swarms of Askja and Kverkfjöll. These earthquakes are associated with strike-slip faulting according to fault plane solutions. We suggest that the latest magma intrusions into either the Askja or the Kverkfjöll fissure swarms rotated the maximum stress axis from being vertical to horizontal, causing the formation of strike-slip faults instead of the dilatational fractures related to the fissure swarms. The activity in different parts of the Askja fissure swarm is uneven in time and switches between subswarms, as shown by a fissure swarm that is exposed in an early Holocene lava NW of Herðubreið but disappears under a younger (3500–4500 BP) lava flow. We suggest that the location of inflation centres in Askja central volcano controls into which part of the Askja fissure swarm a dike propagates. The size and amount of fractures in the Kollóttadyngja lava shield decrease with increasing elevation. We suggest that this occurred as the depth to the propagating dike(s) was greater under central Kollóttadyngja than under its flanks, due to topography.     

Magma type and tectonic position of the Una-Una Island,Indonesia

On April 29, 1960, 19h. 32m. 13s. G.M.T. an earthquake took place originating SE of the Una-Una volcano, Celebes. In July 1960 an expedition visited the island to record the continuous aftershocks, its volcanology, and petrology. Due to the lack of a vertical component in the seismograph the exact direction of the epicenter could not be determined with certainty, but correlation between the seismograms in Djakarta and those recorded in the island, reveals two values for the epicenter, viz. 00° 21′ S - 121° 38′ E and 00° 15′ S -121° 40′ E with SE-NW direction. The absence of pP waves on the seismograms of Djakarta, Lembang and Medan stations suggests that these are shallow earthquakes. The survey for a new topographic map of the island of Una-Una reveals nine solfatara fields, one fumarole and six secondary, probably phreatic, eruption holes. The recent temperatures of the solfatara fields are somewhat higher than those before the earthquake. The collected samples are biotite andesite vitrophyres, biotite hypersthene andesites, and microdiorites. The difference between the Una-Una rocks, the andesites from other orogenic areas and trachytes from the hinterland volcanoes in Indonesia is clearly demonstrated on a Niggli-Becke projection diagram. The Una-Una rocks show transition between trachytes and andesites. Thep value of the rocks according to Rittmann’s method places them in the medium alkaline series. The petrology and chemistry of the volcanics, geological data from Una-Una and Togean islands, and the bathymetric map of the region suggest that this volcano lies outside the orogenic belt and that it occupies the intersection of two basement fissures of NE-SW and SE-NW directions. Summit observations of the volcano show similar directions for the volcanic fissures. The close relationship between tectonic earthquakes and volcanism was also demonstrated during the activity in 1898 in which the eruption was preceded by tectonic earthquakes. This, plus the presence of several epicenters SE of Una-Una indicate that both volcanic and seismic features may be associated with weak zones c. q. faults. The extinct volcanism in the Togean ridge can be explained by thickening of the earth crust caused by strong and continuous tectonic stress which is active since Tertiary time. The same tectonic condition was also responsible for the en échelon arrangement of the islands and the convexity of the Togean arc toward the hinterland.     

河北平原地区地震地裂缝活动的相关性分析

通过分析河北平原区1970年到2000年大于2.0级地震的地震频发图、震中分布图及震源深度分布图,得出研究区地震发生的特征;同时对研究区的地裂缝活动规律进行了分析,发现该区构造地裂缝的形成、发育和活动与地震和断层活动有密切的成生关系,地震活动高潮和地裂缝活动高潮相对应,但是不同步。     

Performance of the Yangbi MS 6.4 earthquake disaster in different geomorphic units in Yunnan

An M_S 6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi, Yunnan province, on May 21, 2021. According to related investigations, the macro-epicenter of the earthquake is 6 km northwest of Yangbi County, and the seismogenic structure is the NW-trending Weixi-Qiaohou fault. The earthquake area is located in the hinterland of the Hengduan Mountains in the northwest of Yunnan province, a region dominated by high and medium-high mountains, with deep canyons and tectonic basins in between. Various geomorphic features are derived from drastic topographic changes and huge geological differences in the earthquake area. There are a variety of buildings in the earthquake-affected zone, including civil and brick-wood structures ones with weak seismic performance, as well as brick-concrete and frame ones with better seismic performance. This paper summarizes and analyzes different characteristics of the earthquake in different geomorphic units through field investigations of different buildings and geological disasters in the affected area. The results show that under the same earthquake intensity, the damage to most buildings (located in slope areas or rooted in weak strata) is amplified by the earthquake. The earthquake has exerted an obvious propagation effect along the direction of the seismogenic structure. Moreover, local ground fissures will aggravate the damage to the buildings even without surface dislocation. Thus, we suggest that attention should be paid to the ground fissures caused by the slope effect. The fissure areas may also be the disaster spot of collapses and landslides in case of a high-magnitude earthquake.     

空间大地测量GPS揭示的汾渭盆地及其邻域现今地壳应变场变化特征

利用汾渭盆地及其邻域2001—2007年与2009—2011年高精度GPS监测资料,基于区域构造特点,采用块体运动应变模型结合数理统计假设检验法,建立了区域合理的地壳运动应变模型,基于此定量研究了区域现今地壳应变场及其变化特征,特别是2008年汶川强震对汾渭盆地区域变形特征的作用影响,同时从盆地整体上分析了盆地内多发的地裂缝灾害与区域整体构造变形特征之间的内在关系.研究结果表明:经统计检验判断,选择合理的区域地壳运动应变模型,对获取真实反映区域实际构造变形特性的应变参数具有重要的作用;2008年汶川强震对青藏东边缘地块及渭河盆地西侧局部地区应变场造成一定的影响,但是震后上述区域并没有出现显著的应变积累而是呈现出应变量值较震前减小的特征,分析其原因可能是因为此区域并不是强震造成的库仑应力显著增加区,在震后2009—2011年时间段内处于构造应力场的松弛调整期;汶川强震没有显著改变研究域现今整体的构造变形背景特征,区域地壳构造活动特征仍具有较好的继承性;基于研究域构造块体具有各向同性连续弹性变形的前提,初步推断整个汾渭盆地内多发的地裂缝灾害可能是区域NW—SE向拉张应力场作用下的地表破裂响应.     

Prehistoric dyke trends on Mount Etna; implications for magma transport and storage

The distributions and alignments of over 200 prehistoric dykes exposed in the walls of the Valle del Bove caldera on Mount Etna have been plotted, and samples collected from some 10% of those occurring in the southern wall. Important tectonic trends are reflected by the dykes, along which magma movement was facilitated prior to the formation of the caldera. Close directional relations between the dyke trends and the orientations of historic fissures on the volcano, point to the existence of a plexus of interconnecting subsurface fissures immediately to the south-east of the summit. A model is envisaged within which magma enters this «clearing house» from depth, and is distributed via fissures to other parts of the volcano including the summit region. Here, the interaction of fissures with the conduits of the summit craters is put forward as a mechanism to explain the behaviour of recent activity.     

2016年阿克陶MS 6.7地震地表破裂特征和帕米尔现代构造应力场初步分析

帕米尔高原位于地中海－喜马拉雅地震带上,晚新生代以来随着印度板块向欧亚板块持续不断地挤压汇聚,其构造运动是欧亚大陆最强烈的地区。高原腹地发育一系列近SN向正断层,包括近SN向的塔什库尔干正断层所处的帕米尔中部现代区域的构造应力场以EW向水平拉张为主。2016年11月25日发生的阿克陶M_S 6.7级地震的发震构造为塔什库尔干断层分支的NWW向木吉盆地北缘断层,其具有右旋走滑兼正断性质。地震在震中附近产生同震地表形变带,全长约1km,呈近SN－NNE向水平拉伸,发育近EW—NWW向的张裂缝,为地震破裂的产物,张裂缝的最大水平拉伸位移量和最大垂直位移量分别为46cm和16cm。地表破裂带中的NE和NW向张剪裂缝只是连接贯通这些雁列的张裂缝,其水平相对位移量取决于张裂缝的水平拉伸量和张裂缝之间的几何关系。地表形变带表现的拉张性质与帕米尔高原腹地区域现代应力场最大主压应力为垂直向基本一致,可能与深部热物质上涌造成的上地壳拉伸有关。而地表形变带呈近SN向水平拉张,与区域近EW向拉张应力场之间存在显著差异,这可能是木吉盆地北缘右旋走滑正断层阶区局部应力场调整的结果。     

InSAR技术用于西安地区1992~1993年间活动地裂缝的定位研究

西安地裂缝是一种典型的地质灾害,自首次出现至今已有近半个世纪.基于活动地裂缝造成的形变去相干特征,通过分析滤波后的差分干涉图的伪相干图来提取活动地裂缝的位置信息.采用两幅ERS影像对西安地区1992～1993年间的活动地裂缝进行了定位研究,通过与该时间段工程地质调查的地裂缝位置比较发现二者有很强的一致性.通过该时间段地裂缝水准对点监测资料比较发现活动地裂缝区域易于产生相位解缠粗差,因此在后续采用差分InSAR获取地裂缝不连续形变信息时需要特别注意.     

The Kverkfj?ll fissure swarm and the eastern boundary of the Northern Volcanic Rift Zone, Iceland

Rift zones at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland consist of central volcanoes with swarms of fractures and fissures extending away from them. Fissure swarms can display different characteristics, in accordance with their locations within the ∼50-km-wide rift zones. To better discern the characteristics of fissure swarms, we mapped tectonic fractures and volcanic fissures within the Kverkfj?ll volcanic system, which is located in the easternmost part of the Northern Volcanic Rift Zone (NVZ). To do this, we used aerial photographs and satellite images. We find that rifting structures such as tectonic fractures, Holocene volcanic fissures, and hyaloclastite ridges are unevenly distributed in the easternmost part of the NVZ. The Kverkfj?ll fissure swarm extends 60 km north of the Kverkfj?ll central volcano. Holocene volcanic fissures are only found within 20 km from the volcano. The Fjallgarear area, extending north of the Kverkfj?ll fissure swarm, is characterized by narrow hyaloclastite ridges indicating subglacial volcanism. We suggest that the lack of fractures and Holocene volcanic fissures there indicates decreasing activity towards the north in the easternmost part of the NVZ, due to increasing distance from the long-term spreading axis. We argue that arcuate hyaloclastite ridges at the eastern boundary of the Northern Volcanic Rift Zone are mainly formed during deglaciations, when three conditions may occur; firstly, eruption rate increases due to decompression of the mantle. Secondly, the high tensile stresses accumulated during glaciations due to lack of magma supply may be relieved as magma supply increases during deglaciations. Thirdly, faulting may occur during unloading due to differential movements between the thinner and younger Northern Volcanic Rift Zone crust and the thicker and older crust to the east of it.     

基于GIS与ANN耦合技术的地裂缝灾情非线性模拟预测系统——以山西榆次地裂缝灾害为例

现代地裂缝在世界许多国家普遍存在 ,已成为当今世界范围内的主要地质灾害之一。本文在详尽分析了山西榆次地裂缝的各个致灾因子的基础上 ,利用GIS技术建立了地质学意义上的专题层 ;然后采用人工神经网络技术构建出了地裂缝灾害活动性的评价模型 ,并建立了地裂缝活动性的评价系统 ,对榆次地裂缝进行了灾害活动性评价 ,为榆次市城建和国土规划等部门的正确决策提供了重要的科学依据     

中低温对流型地热系统中氢同位素的变化

中低温对流型地热系统在阐明地区构造活动性、地热资源形成与分布、水-岩相互作用以及有用元素富集成矿等方面具有十分重要的意义。而水作为地热系统的载体,研究其同位素变化机制是分析此系统中水-岩相互作用和地热水来源的必要前提。文中统计了中国大陆前人发表的167个温泉水与同一地区冷水的氢同位素(δD值)资料,并讨论了这些温泉水与区域活动构造的空间分布关系。结果表明,温泉水δD值均低于同一地区冷水,且91.11%的温泉发育于活动构造周边。文中还对造成温泉水δD值低于冷水的原因进行了分析: 主要是水由地表向地下渗透的过程中,水分子H-D同位素产生分馏作用(深循环作用),且分馏速率与温度相关,温度越高H-D分馏作用越明显; 其次,对于围岩中含高岭土矿物的地区,水与高岭土的H-D同位素也可能发生交换反应,从而降低温泉水中D同位素的含量。     

The tectonic settings and seismogenic tectonics of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>5.7 Jiujiang earthquake in 2005, Jiangxi Province,China

The M5.7 Jiujiang earthquake in 2005 was a mid-strong one, stronger than expected to occur in the region. This paper discusses the neo-tectonic settings of this earthquake, and it is thought that the earthquake region is located in the transitional belt, a potential area inducing weak to moderately strong earthquakes, between two large different tectonic units. The results of the reconnaissance work and on-the-spot investigation after earthquake indicate that the occurrence of the M5.7 Jiujiang earthquake is closely related with the NE-trending fault on the western margin of Ruichang Basin. From its controlling to the landforms and Quaternary depositions, geological profiles, ESR dating, etc., the activity of the Dingjiashan-Langjunshan fault bounding the basin is discussed. It suggests that this fault displays an active one in Middle Pleistocene by the outcrop. Based on the activity of the fault, and the direction and location of the ground fissures, the isoseismal lines and the nodal plane of the focal mechanism solution, it is inferred that the Dingjiashan-Langjunshan fault is the seismogenic tectonics of the M5.7 Jiujiang earthquake, and the intersection point between this fault and the active NW ones is the possible origin of location of this earthquake. Our study shows that this earthquake is not an event exceeding expectation, and that the active and invisible characteristics of the causative fault are typical in the eastern area of China. Supported by the National Development and Reform Commission (Grant No. 20041138) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40602019)     

长白山天池火山2002~2005年火山扰动机制研究

地震、形变、火山气体地球化学等观测结果表明2002~2005年长白山天池火山经历了1次扰动事件。长白山站地震台（CBS台）记录到了扰动事件前后连续稳定的宽频带地震观测资料。前人的观测研究结果认为长白山天池火山扰动期间的火山地震类型主要为构造型火山地震，伴随少量的谐频型地震。本文通过匹配滤波技术，对1999~2007年扰动事件前后CBS台单台三分量地震观测数据进行模板扫描，获得3763个清晰的火山地震事件，其中谐频（HS）事件125个，构造（VT）事件3618个，并发现长周期（LP）事件20个。进而将火山扰动期间火山地震事件分为3种类型：构造型事件、长周期事件和谐频型事件，并提出2002~2005年长白山天池火山扰动机制模型：深源地震-火山能量传递模型，即汪清深源地震能量释放和传递，引发长白山火山区岩石圈应力状态波动。地幔岩浆房受应力干扰后，岩浆通道打开，少量岩浆侵入地壳岩浆房。岩浆混合脱气导致地壳岩浆房升压，引起顶部岩石微破裂，产生构造型火山地震，气体和流体填充这些裂隙，从而产生LP和HS型火山地震事件。     

Seismotectonic destruction of the Earth’s crust in the zone of interaction of the northeastern side of the Baikal rift and the Aldan-Stanovoy block

The paper presents the modern structural-tectonic pattern and a tectonodynamic model of the zone of interaction of the most seismically active northeastern side of the Baikal rift zone (BRZ) and the conjugate system of seismogenic structures of the Aldan-Stanovoy block, where disastrous events with M ≥ 6.0 have been reported. Regularities in the structural formation of active faults and their kinematics are discussed. The faults form block structures accumulating significant tectonic strain. Motions between large tectonic blocks cause sudden release of the strain, which results in catastrophic events (M ≥ 6.0) with focal mechanisms of definite kinematic type.     

Fault-controlled Soil CO2 Degassing and Shallow Magma Bodies: Summit and Lower East Rift of Kilauea Volcano (Hawaii), 1997

Soil CO₂ flux measurements were carried out along traverses across mapped faults and eruptive fissures on the summit and the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano. Anomalous levels of soil degassing were found for 44 of the tectonic structures and 47 of the eruptive fissures intercepted by the surveyed profiles. This result contrasts with what was recently observed on Mt. Etna, where most of the surveyed faults were associated with anomalous soil degassing. The difference is probably related to the differences in the state of activity at the time when soil gas measurements were made: Kilauea was erupting, whereas Mt. Etna was quiescent although in a pre-eruptive stage. Unlike Mt. Etna, flank degassing on Kilauea is restricted to the tectonic and volcanic structures directly connected to the magma reservoir feeding the ongoing East Rift eruption or in areas of the Lower East Rift where other shallow, likely independent reservoirs are postulated. Anomalous soil degassing was also found in areas without surface evidence of faults, thus suggesting the possibility of previously unknown structures. Received: November 2003, revised: January 2005, accepted: January 2005