区域城市化水平的物元可拓综合评判——以福建省为例

在建立区域城市化水平评价指标体系的基础上,运用物元可拓方法和主成分分析方法,以福建省23个主要城市为研究地域单元,建立了福建省区域城市化水平综合评判模型.模型的输出结果表明,福建省区域城市化水平总体偏低,各地区在发展水平上出现明显分层;模型的综合关联度将福建省区域城市化水平划分成4个等级,分项指标关联度则揭示了各地区城市化发展的薄弱环节.研究结果较为客观地反映了福建省城市化的实际状况,为区域城市化水平的评价提供了一种新的研究思路.     

城市化与生态环境耦合模式及判别

基于耗散结构理论,演绎出了城市化与生态环境耦合发展的五种模式。在此基础上,通过类型组合和平面几何分析建立了辩识城市化与生态环境耦合发展的判据体系,作为定量评价城市化与生态环境建设协调的依据。最后,以徐州市为研究对象,利用主成分加权合成方法分析了它的城市化与生态环境交互耦合的情况,其结果发现近10年间徐州市不仅城市化与生态环境各自的发展轨迹明显不同,而且二者耦合类型多样,并且以协调和基本协调为主。实例研究证实,该评价方法和判据体系对区域城市化与生态环境耦合模式的判别简单可行、便于应用,对于评价与协调城市化发展与生态环境保护的关系等具有一定的借鉴意义。     

城市化进程中的人居安全协调发展研究——以大连市为例

城市人居安全反映城市社会中的与人们居住生活密切相关的诸因素,以及这些因素给人们的健康和生命安全造成的影响状况。从城市人居环境的角度,提出人居安全的概念,并以大连市为例进行深入探讨。在研究大连市的人居安全和城市化发展现状的基础之上,运用主成分分析和协调度分析等方法,进一步探究两个系统之间的动态协调关系。研究结果表明：大连人居安全状况良好,可将1990-2004年的15年分3个发展阶段;大连人居安全与城市化之间关系密切,相关系数达到了0．960;大连市人居安全与城市化的协调度指数多在0．7-1．0之间,反映出协调度状况良好。     

青岛市城市化与生态环境发展协调性的定量评价

从协调性视角构建城市化与生态环境两大子系统。运用主成分分析法确定两系统的综合发展水平,然后借助模糊数学中的隶属函数,计算两者之间的协调度,进而评价城市化与生态环境发展的协调状况。结果显示:青岛市自2000年以来城市化和生态环境综合发展水平都在不断提高,但城市化发展速度明显快于生态环境;青岛市城市化与生态环境这一复合系统的协调性基本处于失调状态,初步确定生态环境发展相对滞后于城市化是导致这一状况的主要原因;同时指出青岛市经济结构重型化、工业三废排放量大、资源和能源相对短缺以及区域内部经济发展不平衡、自然条件差异性的存在制约着城市化与生态环境协调发展。     

福州城市化进程的多元分析

本文采用多元统计分析中的主成分分析(PCA)方法和相关分析(CA)方法,对20世纪80年代中后期以来的福州市城市化进程问题,以及城市化水平与产业结构演变之关系作了初步研究.结果表明:(1)自80年代后期以来,福州综合城市化水平经历一段波动发展期后,有了较快提高;(2)综合城市化水平同产业结构的调整之间有着密切联系,尤其是信息产业、电子工业、建筑业及房地产业,对福州综合城市化水平有较大促进作用.     

福州城市化进程的多元分析

本文采用多元统计分析中的主成分分析（PCA）方法和相关分析（CA）方法，对20世纪80年代中后期以来的福州市城市化进程问题，以及城市化水平与产业结构演变之关系作了初步研究。结果表明：（1）自80年代后期以来，福州综合城市化水平经历一段波动发展期后，有了较快提高；（2）综合城市化水平同产业结构的调整之间有着密切联系，尤其是信息产业，电子工业，建筑业及房地产业，对福州综合城市化水平有较大促进作用。     

试题问题与坐标图之间关系试题问题与坐标图之间关系的分析

题目城市房地产业的发展与城市化进程密切相关。图1为＂城市房地产业的发展规律示意图＂,读图可知城市化速度最快和城市发展水平最高的阶段分别是A.1、2 B.2、3C.2、4 D.3、4解析此题题干明确指出：＂城市房地产业的发展与城市化进程密切相关＂,即城市房地产业的发展是因为城市化的推动。或者说,城市房地产业的发展是为了给由农村迁往城市的人提供住房。后一种理解将城市化与房地产业的关系理想化了,但并无不妥。     

西安城市化与水资源利用关系的量化研究

基于1997-2010年的统计数据,利用统计分析软件SPSS17.0的主成分分析导出西安城市化水平综合得分,进而运用所建立的回归模型分析了西安城市化与城市用水量、用水效益、人均用水水平之间的定量关系.结果表明:西安城市化发展中,生产用水量随城市化的推进呈三次函数曲线型降低,生活用水量则相反;用水效益与城市化呈线性增长关系;人均生产用水量随城市化水平的提高呈三次函数曲线型降低,人均生活用水量则相反.据此,提出未来西安在城市化推进过程中应重视优化产业结构,发展节水技术,改善用水结构,提高用水效益,实现城市化与水资源、水环境的协调发展.     

基于城市化质量的中国城市化发展速度判定分析

通过探析城市化发展质量的内涵,建立包括城市基础实力、城市化发展协调度、城市化发展可持续水平3个维度的31个指标体系及城市化发展质量评价模型、城市化发展"质"、"量"协调性测度模型,利用联合国法修正改革开放以来中国的城市化发展速度,根据1978~2008年相关统计数据及2008年各省最新统计数据,基于对城市化质量的测度,判定改革开放以来中国城市化发展速度及2008年省际城市化发展速度的适度性。研究结果表明,1978~2008年,中国城市化发展质量指数逐渐增大,城市化发展速度与质量的协调性渐好,城市化发展速度略显滞后;省际城市化发展质量指数差异明显,从东部、中部、西部依次降低,城市化发展类型可分为质量过度滞后型、质量滞后型、协调型、速度滞后型及速度过度滞后型5种类型;人口城市化水平并不能反映城市化发展质量的真实水平,城市规模与城市化质量亦不存在对应关系;中国城市化质量各个领域发展均衡性明显不足,城市基础实力是当前城市化发展质量提升的主要动力,省域城市化发展质量较高及"质"、"量"协调性较好的地区仍存在许多不足。     

地质生态环境与城市化关联性研究——以重庆市为例

地质生态环境是承载城市的重要物质基础,与城市发展存在极其复杂的关系,从时间和空间层面上对二者演进趋势、时序规律和空间分异差异进行归纳和认识有助于促进地质生态环境与城市化协调发展。首先构建地质生态环境与城市化的指标评价体系,利用SPSS21.0软件分别获得了1990—2015年重庆市地质生态环境与城市化评价指标的主成分权重系数,及2015年重庆市38个区县若干地质生态环境指标水平与人口密度、人均GDP、城市空间发展强度、工业综合能耗等城市化指标水平的皮尔逊相关系数。借助关联耦合分析方法,从时间和空间层面获得了重庆市地质生态环境与城市化的关联度、耦合度和协调度大小。结果表明:经济城市化和绿化生态水平分别对城市化系统和地质生态环境系统的贡献份额最大; 1990—2015年重庆市地质生态环境与城市化的耦合协调水平呈现持续增长态势,关联度、耦合度和协调度从低关联—低水平耦合—严重不协调—城市化发展滞后,过渡到高关联—高水平耦合—高级协调—地质生态环境滞后阶段; 2015年重庆市38个区县地质生态环境与城市化的关联度、耦合度和协调度都存在显著的分区差异,渝西较发达地区的耦合协调程度普遍高于渝东北和渝东南远郊欠发达地区,区域经济发展水平与耦合度、协调度存在很大的空间对应关系。正确辨识地质生态环境与城市化耦合协调关系的时空演化规律和特征,通过城市规划的主动干预作用,采取适当的城市发展政策和环境保护战略对促进地质生态环境与城市化的协调可持续发展具有重要意义。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,