Sea surface heights obtained from Modular Ocean Model simulation and comparison with Topex/Poseidon data for the Indian Ocean

The Modular Ocean Model (MOM) is perhaps the most versatile ocean model available today for the simulation of the large scale circulation of the ocean. The Topex/Poseidon altimeter which has been operating since September 1992 has been providing sea surface heights (SSH) of the accuracy of 5–10 cms with a repeat cycle of 10 days. We examine in this paper, the SSH in the Indian Ocean obtained from a global simulation of MOM with a resolution of 1° in the longitude, 1/3° in the latitude between 30°S and 30°N and 20 levels in the vertical with climatological windforcing and restoring conditions on temperature and salinity. They are compared with the SSH from the Topex/Poseidon altimeter after suitable filtering in the time domain to remove smaller time and length scales. In addition, unfiltered data from both sources are analysed by estimating the cross-spectral density to find the coherence and crossphase at different frequencies. The agreement between the two, over most of the Northern Indian Ocean, especially the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal is quite good.     

Late Holocene (~ 2 ka) East Asian Monsoon variations inferred from river discharge and climate interrelationships in the Pearl River Estuary

A sediment core from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) was analyzed for grain size and organic geochemistry parameters (TOC and δ¹³C_org). The results showed that high mean grain-size value and increased sand content were correlated with the high TOC and negative δ¹³C_org. These results indicated high river runoff in the PRE area. Peak river discharge occurred during the periods 1900–1750, 1500–1600, 1400–1200, 1000–900 and 750–600 cal yr BP. The main changes recorded in grain-size distributions, TOC contents, and δ¹³C_org variations appear to be directly related to monsoon precipitation in the sediment source area. An increased East Asian summer monsoon rainfall (EASM) and/or an enhanced East Asian winter monsoon rainfall could result in the increasing of monsoon rainfall. Typhoon related rainfalls could act as positive influence on precipitation levels. The study of the correlations between the rainfall records and ENSO activities revealed a close relationship between the monsoon rainfall in the PRE and the tropical Pacific variations. The frequent occurrence of ENSO might result in the southern migration of the EASM rain belt and lead to more typhoon-derived rainfall in the PRD during the late Holocene.     

不同来源区洪水对黄河下游流量-含沙量关系的影响

根据1950-1960年及1974-1985年实测洪峰水沙资料,分析了不同来源区洪水对黄河下游花园口、高村、艾山、利津水文站流量 含沙量关系的影响,以河口镇至龙门区间、马莲河和北洛河总来水量占三门峡、黑石关、小董总水量的20%或25%以上作为中游粗沙来源区洪水,以河口镇至龙门区间、马莲河和北洛河总来水量占三门峡、黑石关、小董总水量的20%或25%以下作为细沙来源区或少沙区洪水。这样,黄河下游花园口、高村、艾山、利津水文站平均流量 平均含沙量关系可分为以增加平均含沙量为主和以增加平均流量为主的两个区。同时,河口镇至龙门区间、马莲河和北洛河的洪水,大大增加了黄河下游平均来沙系数和平均含沙量,并导致全下游河段的必然淤积。     

新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990-2010年土地利用/覆被及景观格局的变化特征

采用新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990、2000和2010年的Landsat-TM影像数据和中巴资源卫星数据, 结合GIS技术, 分析了喀什噶尔河流域近20 a土地利用/覆被及景观格局动态变化特征, 并对其变化原因进行探讨. 结果显示: 在1990-2010年喀什噶尔河流域耕地、建设用地、盐碱地、水域湿地、裸土地和其他未利用地面积呈不断增加趋势, 变化幅度分别为73.92%、51.44%、24.27%、10.24%、6.47%和2.98%; 林地、草地和沙地面积减少, 变化幅度分别为-4.13%、-17.16%和-0.73%; 裸石岩砾面积近20 a基本维持不变. 利用转移矩阵可知, 流域新增耕地面积主要来自于16.46%的草地和3.36%的林地; 新增建设用地主要来自于1.46%的耕地和0.22%的草地; 新增水域湿地面积主要来自于0.18%的草地; 新增盐碱地面积主要来自于0.28%的草地. 1990-2010年的20 a里喀什噶尔河流域耕地和水域湿地分布趋于集中, 景观优势度增强, 且斑块之间的联系不断增强. 林地和草地面积减少, 景观趋于破碎化, 景观优势度降低. 喀什噶尔河流域土地利用类型及景观指数的变化受人口、经济、政策和技术的多重影响, 导致流域耕地面积增加、植被退化. 因此, 合理利用流域水土资源对流域生态环境安全十分重要.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄河河口段水中全氟化合物的初步研究

以近年来备受关注的持久性有机污染物———全氟化合物为研究目标物,黄河河口段为目标研究区域,应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄河河口段河水、自来水和浅层地下水中的19种全氟化合物含量,描述研究该区域水体中全氟化合物的污染水平和分布规律,并探讨水体中全氟化合物的来源。结果表明,全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸是黄河河口段水体中最主要的全氟化合物,黄河水中的全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸浓度分别为1.61～4.20ng/L和2.04～3.36 ng/L。浅层地下水中各待测物检出率都很低;自来水中全氟丁酸和全氟辛酸的浓度分别为1.62～3.24 ng/L和4.66～9.34 ng/L;自来水与黄河水中全氟化合物的组成特征明显不同。东营地区黄河水中全氟辛烷磺酸的浓度与国内其他北方城市相比浓度相当,明显低于长江水和珠三角地表水;全氟辛酸的浓度与呼和浩特市周边河水以及北京官厅水库中浓度相当,相比国内其他地区处于较低水平。     

Physils and organic matter-base palaeoenvironmental records of the K/Pg boundary transition from the late Cretaceous-early Palaeogene succession of the Um-Sohryngkew River section of Meghalaya,India

A continuous, shallow marine succession of the Um-Sohryngkew River section is distinct as it contains late Maastrichtian-early Danian planktonic foraminiferal zones and the K/Pg boundary, although K/Pg transition events remain inconclusive. Physils divide entire succession in to lower, middle and upper sub-divisions and represent anomalous values of redox-sensitive elements (δCe, La/Yb and Gd/Yb) in biozone CF3. Organic matter when analyzed show TOC and C spikes in biozone CF3. Illite thermometry also revealed sudden increase in the palaeo-temperature (>140 °C) for yellowish brown 1–2 mm thick organic rich clay layer in biozone CF3. Interestingly, conspicuous increase in the short chain n-alkanes and fatty acids is observed in the biozone CF3, although, long chain n-alkanes (C₂₇–C₃₃) derived from terrestrial plants show low abundance throughout the succession.High amount of combustion derived fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a) anthracene PAH compounds found in the biozone CF3 are analogous to those reported from the K/T boundary sections of Stevns Klint, Gubbio, Woodside Creek and Arroyo el Mimbral. The pyrolitic signatures of these organic macro-molecules reflect global fire, caused distress to biota (during the deposition of biozone CF3 layer) which is coincidental with the well documented Ce anomaly layer, but, preceded by planktonic foraminiferal change in biozone P0 and PGE anomaly bearing layer in the biozone CF2. These organic macro-molecules reflect global fire, induced by the heat supplied by the late Cretaceous Abor and/or Deccan extrusions perhaps linked with the K/T transition events as later initiated prior to the K/Pg boundary, however, the main episode of Deccan volcanic activity occurred ∼300 ky earlier or at the K/Pg boundary itself. The deposition of 1–2 mm thick, yellowish brown, smooth (with conchoidal fracture) pyrite nodules and micro-spherules bearing organic rich clay layer marked with the decrease in the carbonate content (2.43%) that lies at the contact between the silty mudstone and grey calcareous shale located in the biozone CF3 of this succession coincides with the first appearance of Pseudoguembelina hariaensis representing age of 66.83–65.45 Ma is also related to the India’s collision with the Eurasia and Burma andextrusion of Abor volcanic.These events also endorse succeeding events such as anomalous concentration of platinum group of elements and concentration of spherules during biozone CF2, which are other end Cretaceous events before the advent of the K/Pg boundary.