A model for phase equilibria in the prehnite-pumpellyite facies

Using the method of Schreinemakers, along with other thermodynamic considerations, a phase diagram for the system CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-CO₂-H₂O was constructed. The phases prehnite, pumpellyite, calcite, chlorite, dolomite, quartz, tremolite, talc, zoisite, grossularite and vapor were considered in this construction. The results indicate that prehnite-pumpellyite facies mineral assemblages will only exist in equilibrium with a vapor phase in which the mole fraction of CO₂ is less than 0.2 at 1 kb, and less than 0.15 at 2 kb. Although talc could theoretically be a stable phase under these conditions, its common absence from rocks of this facies probably results from the existence of an enantiomorphic point which makes tremolite-calcite-CO₂ the stable assemblage at low X _{CO 2}, and the compositionally equivalent talc-calcite-CO₂ assemblage stable at moderate X _{CO 2}.     

Zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies in south central Puerto Rico

The intermediate lavas and pyroclastic rocks of south central Puerto Rico have been subjected to about four kilometers of burial. Despite shallow burial the mineralogy of these rocks has systematically readjusted. The degree of metamorphism is proportional to permeability; secondary phases appear in greater quantities in porous pyroclastics. In lavas, plagioclase and olivine phenoerysts contain a progressive sequence of alteration phases reflecting temperature and pressure conditions during alteration. The generalized sequence of appearance of secondary phases from low to high rank is as follows: 1. analcime, celadonite, chlorite, and sericite; 2. laumontite and albite; 3. prehnite; 4. pumpellyite; 5. epidote; 6. actinolite. Assemblages containing analcime, heulandite, celadonite, and laumontite belong to the zeolite facies. Remaining assemblages belong to the prehnite-pumpellyite facies.During alteration two major thresholds were crossed. First, calcium-aluminum silicates formed from materials released by decomposition of calcium feldspar. Second, clinopyroxene was decomposed in a process that added considerable mafic material to the reacting system, and made bulk rock compositions approximately equivalent to the composition of the reacting system. Comparison with other regions of similar metamorphic rank and composition indicates that zonation of such sequences on the basis of individual mineral occurrences, especially epidote, is justified only for local regions where the behavior of volatiles was uniform.Based on part of a dissertation (Jolly, 1969) presented to the faculty of the Department of Geology, State University of New York at Binghamton.     

Phase relations in garnet-bearing metabasites of prehnite-pumpellyite facies from the Darbut-Sartuohai ophiolite, Western Junggar of Xinjiang, China

Summary Previous petrogenetic grids for very low grade metamorphism do not apply to garnet-bearing prehnite-pumpellyite facies rocks. Garnet-bearing metabasites with Act – absent of prehnite-pumpellyite facies have been found in the Darbut-Sartuohai ophiolite, Xinjiang, China. Results of thermodynamic calculation in the CMASH system using the internally consistent mineral thermodynamic database of Berman (1988) show that equilibria reactions among the end-member species in mineral paragenesis of Pmp-Prh-Grs-Zo-Chl-Qtz intersect at a pressure of 4.75 kbar and temperature of 350 °C. The association of grossular-rich garnet and pumpellyite occurs at pressures and temperatures similar to the Pmp-Act facies. Based on the petrogenetic grid derived in this study, peak metamorphic conditions for metabasites from the Darbut-Sartuohai ophiolite are 310 to 330 °C, and 3.0 to 4.0 kbar, which are affected by the substitution of Fe³⁺Al₋₁. This study shows that grossular-rich garnet can appear in metabasites of the prehnite-pumpellyite facies, but it depends on the substitution between Fe³⁺ and Al in the CMASH+Fe³⁺ system.

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Zusammenfassung Phasenbeziehungen in Grandit-führenden Metabasiten (Prehnit-Pumpelleyit Fazies) vom Darbut-Sartuohai Ophiolit, westliches Junggar (Xinjiang, China) Bereits existierende petrogenetische Netze für niedrig-gradige Metamorphose k?nnen nicht auf Grandit-führende Metabasite angewendet werden. Solche Metabasite der Prehnit-Pumpellyit Fazies wurden in Darbut-Sartuohai Ophiolit gefunden. Thermodynamische Berechnungen mit dem Datensatz von Berman (1988) zeigen, dass die Endglieder der Mineralparagenese Pmp-Prh-Grs-Zo-Chl-Qtz einen invarianten Punkt bei 4.75 kbar und 350 °C bilden. Daher kommen Grossular-reicher Grandit und Pumpellyit unter ?hnlichen PT-Bedingungen der Pmp-Act Fazies vor. Anhand des petrogenetischen Netzes, das in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit berechet worden ist, konnten die Peak-metamorphen Bedingungen für den Darbut-Sartuohai Ophiolit mit 310–330 °C und 3.0–4.0 kbar ermittelt werden. Diese Bedingungen sind vom Fe³⁺Al₋₁ Austausch abh?ngig. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Grossular-reiche Granate im CAMSH-System in der Prehnit-Pumpellyit Fazies selbst bei Anwesenheit von Chlorit stabil sind.

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Received September 25, 1999; revised version accepted July 3, 2000     

Fluid-mineral equilibria in prehnite-pumpellyite to greenschist facies metabasites near Flin Flon, Manitoba, Canada: implications for petrogenetic grids

A sequence of regional metamorphic isograds indicating a range from prehnite-pumpellyite to lower amphibolite facies was mapped in metabasites near Flin Flon, Manitoba. The lowest grade rocks contain prehnite + pumpellyite and are cut by younger brittle faults containing epidote + chlorite + calcite. Isobaric temperature- X _CO2 and pressure-temperature (constant X _CO2) diagrams were calculated to quantify the effects of CO₂ in the metamorphic fluid on the stability of prehnite-pumpellyite facies minerals in metabasites containing excess quartz and chlorite. Prehnite and, to a lesser extent, pumpellyite are stable only in fluids with X _co2 <0.002. For X _co2>0.002, epidote + chlorite + calcite assemblages are stable. Our calculated phase relations are consistent with regional metamorphism in the Flin Flon area in the presence of an H₂O-rich fluid and a more CO₂-rich fluid in the later fault zones. We believe that the potential effects of small amounts of CO₂ in the metamorphic fluid should be assessed when considering the pressure-temperature implications of mineral assemblages in low-grade metabasites.     

Compositional controls on coexisting prehnite-actinolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies assemblages in the Tal y Fan metabasite intrusion, North Wales: implications for Caledonian metamorphic field gradients

Abstract The Tal y Fan Intrusion is a 110 m thick sub-concordant metabasite sheet intruded into volcaniclastic and pyroclastic rocks of Ordovician age in North Wales. Despite low grade metamorphism, primary textural zones resulting from initial cooling of the sheet are preserved and retain primary mineralogical and chemical variations which influenced the nature and extent of metamorphic recrystallization. This has resulted in a vertical sequence of secondary mineral assemblages through the intrusion. During early hydrothermal alteration K-feldspar replaced plagioclase micropheno-crysts in the marginal and contact zones, and olivine in the central zone was replaced by saponite. Subsequent regional metamorphism resulted in the development of (metastable) prehnite-pumpellyite-epidote assemblages in two sub-zones characterized by high Fe₂O₃. Elsewhere the assemblage prehnite-actinolite-epidote developed except in the contact and marginal zones where activity of CO₂ suppressed both prehnite and pumpellyite. Both assemblages contain excess albite, quartz and chlorite and, on the basis of uniform mineral compositions over the area of an individual thin section, are considered to represent buffered equilibrium assemblages indicative of prehnite-pumpellyite and prehnite-actinolite facies conditions. A metamorphic temperature of 310° C at 1.85 kbar is obtained using the P-T-X grid of Liou, Maruyama & Cho (1985), which implies a field gradient of ～ 44° C km^-1. Assuming that metamorphism relates to burial, an overburden thickness of ～ 7 km is indicated. Total maximum thicknesses, however, of Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Devonian strata, in the area, do not exceed 6 km indicating a field gradient of 52° C km^-1. These relatively high gradients may possibly be related to concealed late Caledonian intrusions, or alternatively may result from high heat flow as a consequence of crustal thinning, rapid sedimentation and intense magmatic activity in a marginal basin setting.     

Elemental mobility during zeolite facies metamorphism of the Tertiary basalts of eastern Iceland

Major and trace element analyses are reported for 70 lavas from the Tertiary succession of eastern Iceland. The low grade regional metamorphism responsible for the zeolite zones appears to have caused significant mobilization of some elements, particularly Si, Mg, K, Rb, Sr and light rare earth elements (LREE). In contrast, values for Ti, P, Zr, Y, Nb, Ta, Hf and some of the rare earth elements show a high degree of correlation and this is taken to imply that these elements have been relatively unaffected by metasomatic transport. The demonstrated mobility of Sr and LREE suggest that Sr isotopic and rare earth data obtained from the eastern Iceland lavas must be interpreted with caution.     

鄯善-丘陵交界区域三间房组沉积相特征

通过对鄯善—丘陵交界区域110口井的录井、测井及分析化验资料的综合分析,认为三间房组发育辫状河三角洲及湖相沉积。共识别出两种相、3种亚相、8种微相。三间房组沉积早期（第5砂组-第3砂组）,形成了一套进积-退积的沉积序列;伴随着湖平面下降,辫状河三角洲前缘及湖泊沉积逐渐减少,平原沉积逐渐增加,至第4砂组第1小层（S41）沉积时期,全区均为平原沉积;之后湖平面逐渐上升,辫状河三角洲平原沉积减少、前缘沉积增加;物源主要来自南部。三间房组晚期沉积（第2砂组-第1砂组）为一套进积序列,由辫状河三角洲前缘沉积逐渐演变为平原沉积,研究区除了受来自南东-南部物源的影响外,也有来自北方的沉积物源供给。     

Pumpellyite from zeolite facies metabasites of the Horokanai ophiolite in the Kamuikotan zone,Hokkaido, Japan

Pumpellyite occures in zeolite facies metabasites of the Horokanai ophiolite in the Kamuikotan zone, Hokkaido, Japan, filling veins or amygdules, replacing igneous plagioclase or clinopyroxene or olivine, and occupying the matrix. Its composition and pleochroism vary greatly even within a single sample, but appear to be related to its mode of occurrence. Thus, the most Al-rich pumpellyite with pale green to green pleochroism develops in pseudomorphs after plagioclase, whereas the most Fe^*-rich variety with deep green to brown pleochroism occurs in the matrix. In low-grade metamorphic rocks which commonly contain relict minerals, chemical equilibrium is attained only locally. This results in the correlation of the composition of pumpellyite with its mode of occurrence, such as the precursor phases which are replaced by pumpellyite. On the other hand, among pumpellyites occurring in similar mode and coexisting with Ca-zeolite (laumontite or wairakite), epidote, chlorite and quartz, the Al content tends to be enriched in the wairakite-bearing metabasites over the laumontite-bearing metabasites. It follows that the composition of pumpellyite is also dependent upon the temperature of metamorphism.     

Experimental study of T - X_{CO_2 } boundaries of metamorphic zeolite facies

The \(T - X_{CO_2 } \) conditions of reactions: Lom = Pr + Mont + Qz + H₂O and Lom + H₂O + CO₂=Ca + Mont + Qz limiting the laumontite stability field that represents the zeolite facies of regional metamorphism have been experimentally studied at P _s=1000 bars. The stability of laumontite has been confirmed at very low carbon dioxide contents in the solution. The boundaries of metamorphic zeolite facies were experimentally and thermodynamically found to be (to a first approximation): temperature range ～200–270 ° C, maximum total pressure (P _s) up to 2500 bars, maximum carbon dioxide pressure up to 40 bars.     

Biostratigraphy and depositional facies of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary strata in Amakusa-Shimojima,Kyushu, Western Japan

The Upper Himenoura Subgroup exposed in the island of Amakusa-Shimojima, Kyushu, Japan shows an example of the terminal Cretaceous stratigraphic record in the circum Pacific region. This sequence is a part of the Upper Cretaceous intra-arc basins of southwest Japan. Four cycles of upward coarse-graded facies are recognized. Each cycle consists of a basinal mud facies in the lower part and a tide-dominated shallow marine to brackish coarse clastic facies in the upper part. Biostratigraphic correlation chiefly based on ammonites, inocerami and trigoniids indicates that this sequence is Campanian to Maastrichtian in age. The occurrence of the above three fossils decreases upward and is terminated at the top of the sequence, being replaced by a molluscan assemblage similar to the Danian. This suggests that the sedimentation may have continued to the very end of the Cretaceous period and possibly to the beginning of the Tertiary.     

贵州碳酸盐岩相与岩溶地下水赋水条件关系研究

贵州碳酸盐岩相控制了碳酸盐岩的类型和分布,碳酸盐岩又是岩溶地下水的储集岩,因此,碳酸盐岩相与岩溶地下水赋存条件存在一定的关系。通过野外调查和现场取样等手段,采用岩矿鉴定、化学分析、抽真空注煤油法和充气法、井下电视成像法等测试技术,选取贵州具有代表性的三个地层二叠纪茅口组(P2m)开阔台地相石灰岩地层、寒武纪娄山关群(∈2-3ls)局限台地相白云岩地层、三叠纪青岩组(T2q)台地边缘相(生物礁相)礁灰岩地层,从岩石的化学成分和结构特征等方面对不同岩相碳酸盐岩的赋水条件进行定性分析。同时运用层次分析方法和原理,对不同岩相碳酸盐岩的赋水条件进行定量评价。通过定性和定量评价得出贵州碳酸盐岩相与岩溶地下水赋水条件的关系为:台地边缘相礁灰岩的赋水条件优于开阔海台地相的石灰岩,开阔台地相的石灰岩的赋水条件优于局限台地相白云岩。该研究结果对指导贵州省岩溶地下水的勘探、开发利用及保护具有重要意义。     

Complex chemical zoning in eclogite facies garnet reaction rims: the role of grain boundary diffusion

In metapelites of the Saualpe complex (Eastern Alps) continuous 10 µm to 20 µm wide garnet reaction rims formed along biotite-plagioclase and biotite-perthite interfaces. The pre-existing mineral assemblages are remnants of low pressure high temperature metamorphism of Permian age. The garnet reaction rims grew during the Cretaceous eclogite facies overprint. Reaction rim growth involved transfer of Fe and Mg components from the garnet-biotite interface to the garnet-feldspar interface and transfer of the Ca component in the opposite direction. The garnets show complex, asymmetrical chemical zoning, which reflects the relative contributions of short circuit diffusion along grain boundaries within the polycrystalline garnet reaction rims and volume diffusion through the grain interiors on bulk mass transfer. It is demonstrated by numerical modelling that the spacing of the grain boundaries, i.e. the grain size of the garnet in the reaction rim is a first order control on its internal chemical zoning.     

牯牛潭组与庙坡组的界线

<正> 牯牛潭组和庙坡组是张文堂(1962)命名建立的,标准剖面位于湖北宜昌分乡镇西侧的牯牛潭。牯牛潭组以灰岩与瘤状灰岩为主,厚约20m;庙坡组为页岩夹灰岩,厚约2m,页岩的出现为庙坡组的开始。长期以来这一观点被广大地质工作者所接受。70年代初南京地质古生物研究所西南队在湖北宜昌黄花场重测奥陶系剖面时,在牯牛潭组顶部约0.5m厚的地层中发现了三叶虫Birmanites hupeiensis Yi,Lonchodomas brevicis Lu,     

基于BP神经网络的测井相分析及沉积相识别

测井相分析是研究地层沉积相的一种手段。利用基于BP神经网络的测井相分析进行沉积相识别研究,首先将已知地区地层剖面划分为有限的测井相,通过对岩心及其对应的沉积相进行研究,用数学方法及知识推理确定各个测井相到沉积相的映射转换关系,并利用这种关系,建立沉积相库。在此基础上,运用MATLAB中的工具箱建立BP神经网络模型,把已知沉积相的测井曲线特征作为样本进行训练学习,并将提取的测井曲线特征进行分类识别,从而确定地层的沉积相。应用表明,BP神经网络能够快速完成沉积相识别,可靠性较高,可以用于测井相分析及沉积相研究。     

The boundary between Cambrian and Precambrian

Generally, the Olenellus -bearing beds and associated fauna have been regarded by Russian geologists as occurring in the upper one-third of a continuous sedimentary sequence which was unfossiliferous below and which rested on crystalline basement. Presumably early fossil groups began producing carbonate skeletal material at different times and migrated so as to arrive in various areas earlier or later than elsewhere. Hence, paleontological identification of the Lower Cambrian boundary requires knowledge, now lacking, of vertical distribution of the skeleton-producing organisms, of the conditions of their emergence, and of related sedimentary facies. Previously used physical criteria for the recognition of the Cambrian-Precambrian boundary are unsatisfactory. It is suggested that this boundary be determined by absolute dating. The author reviews recent findings on geologic age, absolute age, and faunal content of many formations in the Siberian Platform and adjacent regions that bear on this problem. — C. G. Tillman.     

Observations on the association between mercury and organic matter dissolved in natural waters

Dissolved mercury in estuarine waters from the Mississippi Delta and Florida Everglades is associated with dissolved organic matter which has the properties of fulvic matter found in soils. Ultrafiltration of water samples demonstrated that mercury and dissolved organic carbon are selectively enriched in the < 500 molecular size cut-off fraction. A decrease in high molecular weight dissolved organic matter with increasing salinity in the Everglades exerts a partial control on the mercury content of these estuarine waters.     

盐湖相生油岩中某些地球化学参数与沉积环境的关系

柴达木盆地西部第三系盐湖相沉积生油岩中，含有丰富的碳酸盐岩，局部层段还含有盐岩、石膏和芒硝。生油岩中生物标志化合物的组成和分布与沉积环境有着密切的关系。沉积环境中盐度的增加可以抑制Ｔｍ向Ｔｓ的转化，反映母源输入的参数甾烷Ｃ_２７／Ｃ_２８十Ｃ_２９比值，随岩石中Ｃｌ－离子含量的增加而增大。成熟度参数藿烷Ｃ_３１Ｓ／Ｒ及甾烷Ｃ_２９ββ／αα＋ββ比值随岩石中碳酸盐含量的增加而减小，表明碳酸盐对甾烷和藿烷的差向异构化反应存在着迟缓效应。     

麻粒岩相变质流体及麻粒岩相岩石成因

流体在麻粒岩相地钵形成过程中所扮演的角色是有争议的。麻粒岩相变质流体目前的研究成果可归纳为碳变质模式、无流体变质模式和高盐度流体变质模式。碳变质模式强调幔源CO2在麻粒岩形成过程中起着非常重要的作用，这一模式在许多麻粒岩相地体得到了肯定。但碳、氧稳定同位素的不均一现象、峰期矿物组合热力学计算结果以及富CO2流体对硅酸盐的搬运能力低使碳变质受到了质疑。无流体变质模式强调部分熔融降低H2O活度的绝对重要性，但却无法解释普遍存在的麻粒岩相原生富CO2包裹体。而高盐度流体变质模式的确有潜在的优势，如低H2O活度、较强的碱金属、LILE及硅酸盐的搬运能力，但这一理论需要进一步证实。     

贵州长顺代化石炭系中间界线的沉积相研究

在碳酸盐微相的详细研究基础上，贵州长顺代化下、上石炭统剖面由下至上可分出５个主要沉积相：盆地相、开阔海陆架相、下斜坡相、中斜坡相和上斜坡相，下、上石炭统界线处于连续沉积的中斜坡相内。     

Evolution of Albian-Cenomanian floras of Northeast USSR and the association between their composition and facies conditions

We consider the evolution of Albian-Cenomanian floras of the Northeast USSR for both coal-bearing and "non-coal" deposits, taking the evolution of paleofloras in single-facies (coal-bearing) deposits as a base. In general, the taphofloras have been assigned to the sequence from which the plant remains were collected. During Albian-Cenomanian time the angiosperms migrated from higher to lower levels. The observed decrease in the role of angiosperms during Cenomanian (Arkagala) time after their "expansion" during Albian time (in the Toptan and Arman suites) is explained by their establishment at different topographic levels. We show parallel increase in the role of conifers and angiosperms in the floras from the coal-bearing deposits from the Albian to the Cenomanian. A temperature minimum occurred during Arkagala time. It is likely that old, pre-Albian angiosperms may be found in sediments of the intermontane basins. In analyzing the level of evolution of the floras on the Early - Late Cretaceous boundary, especially the angiosperms, one must take into account the facies in which they are present. —Authors.