不同云微物理参数化方案对舟曲"8.8"暴雨过程模拟的影响

利用NCEP 每6h一次的1°×1°格点资料和中尺度模式WRF(V3.2),选用Kessler 方案、Lin 方案和Morrison 双参数方案等3 种云微物理参数化方案,对2010 年舟曲"8.8"特大暴雨天气进行了数值模拟试验,以分析不同参数化方案对降水特征、物理量特征和云微物理特征模拟的影响.结果表明,此次暴雨过...     

Effect of Aerosol Particles on Orographic Clouds:Sensitivity to Autoconversion Schemes

Aerosol particles can serve as cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)to influence orographic clouds.Autoconversion,which describes the initial formation of raindrops from the collision of cloud droplets,is an important process for aerosol-cloud-precipitation systems.In this study,seven autoconversion schemes are used to investigate the impact of CCN on orographic warm-phase clouds.As the initial cloud droplet concentration is increased from 100 cm^-3to 1000 cm^-3(to represent an increase in CCN),the cloud water increases and then the rainwater is suppressed due to a decrease in the autoconversion rate,leading to a spatial shift in surface precipitation.Intercomparison of the results from the autoconversion schemes show that the sensitivity of cloud water,rainwater,and surface precipitation to a change in the concentration of CCN is different from scheme to scheme.In particular,the decrease in orographic precipitation due to increasing CCN is found to range from-87%to-10%depending on the autoconversion scheme.Moreover,the surface precipitation distribution also changes significantly by scheme or CCN concentration,and the increase in the spillover(ratio of precipitation on the leeward side to total precipitation)induced by increased CCN ranges from 10%to 55%under different autoconversion schemes.The simulations suggest that autoconversion parameterization schemes should not be ignored in the interaction of aerosol and orographic cloud.     

利用GRAPES模式研究气溶胶对云和降水过程的影响

在GRAPES中尺度模式的双参数微物理方案中加入了气溶胶活化参数化过程,实现了对云滴数浓度的预报。选取不同季节两个降水过程进行模拟,并分别开展了不同气溶胶背景下的两个试验进行对比分析,研究气溶胶对云和降水可能的影响。结果表明:气溶胶浓度增加后,因为活化产生了更多尺度较小的云滴,抑制了云雨的自动转化,使大气中滞留了更多的云水,暖云降水减小;另一方面,云水的增加会使冰相粒子,尤其是雪和霰通过碰并云水等过程而增大,最后融化成雨增加冷云降水,同时冰相粒子增加会释放更多的潜热,促进上升气流的发展,进一步增加冷云降水。气溶胶对降水的影响存在空间不一致性,暖云较厚的地方暖雨过程受到的抑制明显,使地面降水减小,冷云厚度相对较厚时,冷云降水的增加会大于暖云降水的抑制,使地面降水增加。同时由于在云降水发展的不同阶段冷暖云的变化,气溶胶对降水的影响也存在着时间不一致性。     

An Attempt to Improve Kessler-Type Parameterization of Warm Cloud Microphysical Conversion Processes Using CloudSat Observations

Improvements to the Kessler-type parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes (also called autoconversion) are proposed based on a large number of CloudSat observations between Jun...     

巨核对暖云降水影响的模拟研究

利用耦合了新的暖云参数化方案的中尺度模式(MM5),研究了暖云降水中巨核的作用.在这个暖云方案里,先假定一个三模态的气溶胶正态对数分布,然后考虑对流、扩散、云滴和雨滴的核化(非核化)过程,再由气溶胶质量的预报量显式地计算出气溶胶的数浓度.选择了华北地区2005年6月25～26日的一次弱冷锋过程,并以此研究了巨核对云和降...     

用WRF模式中不同云微物理参数化方案对华南一次暴雨过程的数值模拟和性能分析

本文使用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.4中的8种不同云微物理过程参数化方案,模拟2010年5月6～7日华南一次暴雨事件,探讨不同云微物理方案对华南暴雨模拟的影响。结果表明:不同云微物理方案对不同量级降水模拟效果总体较好。WSM3方案对小到大雨和大暴雨的模拟效果最好,对暴雨的模拟最差;WDM5方案对暴雨模拟效果最好。结合TS评分和误差分析结果,整体效果最好的是WSM5方案,最差的是Lin方案。对于同一云微物理参数化方案,不同分辨率的降水模拟结果差异不大,但同一分辨率的不同云微物理参数化方案的降水结果差异较大,这说明云微物理过程比模式分辨率对暴雨模拟的影响更大。     

三参数云微物理方案中气溶胶谱函数对云滴谱影响的数值模拟研究

观测和分档方案的数值模拟都证明气溶胶的谱分布特征对云滴谱的演变有直接影响继而作用于降水的发展。目前广泛使用的总体双参数云滴谱方案因为表征云滴谱的预报量不足,在凝结过程中云滴谱呈不正常的拓宽现象。因此在参数化方案中,气溶胶谱对云滴谱的影响未有明确结论。中科学院大气物理研究所(IAP)云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室(LACS)新研发的三参数方案(IAP-LACS)通过增加的预报量克服了云滴谱的拓宽问题,提高了云滴谱模拟的准确性。为了研究在参数化方案中气溶胶谱分布特征对云滴谱的影响,本文采用新方案进行WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting mode)大涡理想性试验,验证了新方案中气溶胶对数正态谱函数中数浓度、几何半径和标准差3个参量对云滴谱演变的影响。针对3个参量的敏感性试验表明新的气溶胶活化方案和三参数云滴凝结增长方案能够描述气溶胶谱对云滴谱演变的影响规律:气溶胶数浓度对云滴谱影响最显著,数浓度越高活化生成的云滴数量越多,云滴半径越小,云滴谱趋向窄谱,气溶胶数浓度低时,云滴数量少、半径大。较大的几何半径使气溶胶谱向大粒径移动,导致大云滴生成,标准差对云滴谱的影响最不显著。     

Study of Aerosol Direct and Indirect Effects and Auto-conversion Processes over the West African Monsoon Region Using a Regional Climate Model

This study assesses the direct and indirect effects of natural and anthropogenic aerosols(e.g., black carbon and sulfate)over West and Central Africa during the West African monsoon(WAM) period(June–July–August). We investigate the impacts of aerosols on the amount of cloudiness, the influences on the precipitation efficiency of clouds, and the associated radiative forcing(direct and indirect). Our study includes the implementation of three new formulations of auto-conversion parameterization [namely, the Beheng(BH), Tripoli and Cotton(TC) and Liu and Daum(R6) schemes] in Reg CM4.4.1,besides the default model's auto-conversion scheme(Kessler). Among the new schemes, BH reduces the precipitation wet bias by more than 50% over West Africa and achieves a bias reduction of around 25% over Central Africa. Results from detailed sensitivity experiments suggest a significant path forward in terms of addressing the long-standing issue of the characteristic wet bias in Reg CM. In terms of aerosol-induced radiative forcing, the impact of the various schemes is found to vary considerably(ranging from-5 to-25 W m~(-2)).     

Aerosol Microphysical and Radiative Effects on Continental Cloud Ensembles

Aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in the current climate assessment. Much of the complexity arises from the non-monotonic responses of clouds, precipitation and radiative fluxes to aerosol perturbations under various meteorological conditions. In this study, an aerosol-aware WRF model is used to investigate the microphysical and radiative effects of aerosols in three weather systems during the March 2000 Cloud Intensive Observational Period campaign at the US Southern Great Plains. Three simulated cloud ensembles include a low-pressure deep convective cloud system, a collection of less-precipitating stratus and shallow cumulus, and a cold frontal passage. The WRF simulations are evaluated by several ground-based measurements. The microphysical properties of cloud hydrometeors, such as their mass and number concentrations, generally show monotonic trends as a function of cloud condensation nuclei concentrations.Aerosol radiative effects do not influence the trends of cloud microphysics, except for the stratus and shallow cumulus cases where aerosol semi-direct effects are identified. The precipitation changes by aerosols vary with the cloud types and their evolving stages, with a prominent aerosol invigoration effect and associated enhanced precipitation from the convective sources. The simulated aerosol direct effect suppresses precipitation in all three cases but does not overturn the aerosol indirect effect. Cloud fraction exhibits much smaller sensitivity(typically less than 2%) to aerosol perturbations, and the responses vary with aerosol concentrations and cloud regimes. The surface shortwave radiation shows a monotonic decrease by increasing aerosols, while the magnitude of the decrease depends on the cloud type.     

A numerical simulation of the effect of the number concentration of cloud droplets on Typhoon Chanchu

In recent years, an increase in the number of anthropogenic aerosol particles has raised the global mean content of aerosol particles in the atmosphere from that of preindustrial times. The indirect effects of aerosols on weather and climate cannot be ignored. In this paper, the fifth generation Pennsylvania State University (PSU)?CNational Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (MM5) is used to simulate Typhoon Chanchu (international designation: 0601), which affected the northwest Pacific. Simulations are conducted in three two-way nested domains with Mercator map projection. The horizontal grid resolutions of the three domains are 27, 9, and 3?km. A period of 60?h is simulated. Surface and rawinsonde conventional observation data and ocean wind data are additionally incorporated into the initialization data. A control (CTL) experiment is run to produce a reasonable forecast. We change the parameter of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration (CNP) in the Reisner-2 scheme of the CTL experiment (the default value is 100?cm^?3) to conduct two sensitivity experiments. They are the very clean marine (VCM) CNP experiment (CNP?=?25?cm^?3) and the severe contamination (SC) CNP experiment (CNP?=?1,000?cm^?3). We investigate the effects of the CNP on Typhoon Chanchu by comparing and analyzing the simulation results of the three experiments in terms of the track, intensity, precipitation, vertical structure, and microphysical processes. The main results show that Typhoon Chanchu slightly weakens as the CNP increases. Increasing the CCN to 1,000?cm^?3 results in less graupel, rainwater, and cloud ice but more cloud water. However, the mixing ratio of snow does not distinctly change as the CNP changes. Increasing the CCN leads a rapid decrease in the autoconversion of cloud water to rainwater. There is no autoconversion of cloud water to rainwater in a seriously polluted continental air mass. As the CNP increases, there is more condensation, evaporation, accretion of cloud water by rainwater, and precipitation fallout. Finally, a seriously polluted continental air mass can result in distinctly lower precipitation efficiency.     

云模式中气溶胶物理过程参数化方案研究概述

介绍了大气气溶胶的浓度、气溶胶的谱形等物理性质对云的微物理过程造成的影响以及目前云模式中常用到的一些气溶胶物理过程的体积水、分档等参数化方案，并评述了这些参数化方案各自的特点。提出了在设计气溶胶物理过程参数化方案时需要注意和有待解决的几个问题，建议在设计气溶胶-云相互作用的模式时，要根据不同的研究目的选择合适的参数化方案。     

云微物理参数化对东亚近海热带气旋活动模拟的影响

基于CWRF模式（Climate Extension of Weather Research and Forecast Model）结果,探讨了8种云微物理参数化方案对1986—2015年间东亚近海热带气旋的空间分布、频数及强度模拟的影响。结果发现：CWRF模式中各云微物理参数化方案模拟的热带气旋频数普遍较观测偏少,其模拟的强度相比观测也偏弱;热带气旋的空间分布和频数对云微物理参数化方案的选择较为敏感,而云微物理方案的选择对热带气旋强度的模拟影响不大;Morrison方案和Morrison-a方案模拟的热带气旋空间分布更接近于观测,但对热带气旋频数及强度的年际变化趋势模拟得较差,而GSFCGCE方案的TS评分及强度、频数的相关系数均较其他方案偏高。综合来看,采用GSFCGCE方案模拟热带气旋活动总体最优。进一步分析发现,相较于Morrison方案和Thompson方案,考虑气溶胶影响的Thompson-a和Morrison-a方案不仅可以有效提高对热带气旋频数及空间分布的模拟能力,还对热带气旋频数及强度年际变化趋势的模拟能力也有所提升。     

Impacts of aerosol chemical composition on microphysics and precipitation in deep convection

Aerosols affect precipitation by modifying cloud properties such as cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Aerosol effects on CDNC depend on aerosol properties such as number concentration, size spectrum, and chemical composition. This study focuses on the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and, thereby, precipitation in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) driven by deep convective clouds. The MCE was observed during the 1997 department of energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) summer experiment. Double-moment microphysics with explicit nucleation parameterization, able to take into account those three properties of aerosols, is used to investigate the effects of aerosol chemical composition on CDNC and precipitation. The effects of aerosol chemical compositions are investigated for both soluble and insoluble substances in aerosol particles. The effects of soluble substances are examined by varying mass fractions of two representative soluble components of aerosols in the continental air mass: sulfate and organics. The increase in organics with decreasing sulfate lowers critical supersaturation (S_c) and leads to higher CDNC. Higher CDNC results in smaller autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain. This provides more abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling, leading to more intense downdrafts, low-level convergence, and updrafts. The resultant stronger updrafts produce more condensation and thus precipitation, as compared to the case of 100% sulfate aerosols. The conventional assumption of sulfate aerosol as a surrogate for the whole aerosol mass can be inapplicable for the case with the strong sources of organics. The less precipitation is simulated when an insoluble substance replaces organics as compared to when it replaces sulfate. When the effects of organics on the surface tension of droplet and solution term in the Köhler curve are deactivated by the insoluble substance, S_c is raised more than when the effects of sulfate on the solution term are deactivated by the insoluble substance. This leads to lower CDNC and, thus, larger autoconversion of cloud liquid to rain, providing less abundant cloud liquid as a source of evaporative cooling. The resultant less evaporative cooling produces less intense downdrafts, weaker low-level convergence, updrafts, condensation and, thereby, less precipitation in the case where organics is replaced by the insoluble substance than in the case where sulfate is replaced by the insoluble substance. The variation of precipitation caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble and insoluble substances is larger than that caused by the change in the mass fraction between the soluble substances.     

青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水的数值模拟

利用NCEP FNL再分析资料为初始场,通过WRF中尺度数值模式(V3.9.1版本)对2015年8月26~27日青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水过程进行了模拟,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案和云微物理参数化方案组合对本次降水过程中降水量、环流场、雷达反射率以及云微物理特征模拟效果的影响。结果表明:WRF模式能较好地模拟出本次降水的时空变化特征,但不同参数化方案组合各有优势,总体而言,Grell-Devenyi+SUB_YLIN和Grell-Freitas+SUB_YLIN组合模拟性能最优。本次对流云降水以冰相过程为主,雪粒子贡献最大,暖云粒子对降水的影响并不明显。从云微物理过程的时间演变可看出,性能最好的SUB_YLIN方案能合理模拟降水过程中雪粒子与冰晶粒子间的转换过程,雪粒子可在凝结过程中释放潜热促使对流运动发展,也可通过融化过程促进降水发生,对流层高层冰晶粒子凝华产生的潜热释放亦为深对流的发展创造了有利条件。      

基于MET检验的青海大范围降水个例参数化方案优选

利用WRF模式不同积云对流和微物理过程参数化方案对2015年8月1—3日青海省大范围降水过程进行了模拟,并利用MET(数值模式评估系统)对本次模拟结果进行了检验,结果表明:(1)此次过程,模式存在"早报"现象,尽管大部分方案预报降水量均偏多,但从降水过程中心位置和强度来看,BMJ(积云对流)/Thompson(微物理)组合方案模拟效果较为理想,Grell/WSM5和KF/Kessler次之;Grell/WSM5从降水极值点的空间分布特征和降水量级上模拟结果较为理想。(2)就空报率和漏报率的空间分布而言,空报率远高于漏报率,空报率高值区主要分布在玉树南部和海西东北部,模式对玉树地区的预报存在较大的误差。(3)用SEDS(对称极值依赖评分)评估极端降水,Grell/WSM5对极端降水的预报效果较好。(4)主观判断降水空间分布特征无法量化预报的质量,且单一的评分指数因侧重点不同无法综合评价模式的预报能力,故选用8种评分或指标进行定量评估,其结果表明,WSM5方案(微物理)的R(相关系数)较大且RMSE(均方根误差)较小,Grell/WSM5对此次降水预报效果最好,Grell/Kessler次之。综合来看,对此次降水个例Grell/WSM5组合方案为最优组合方案,参数化方案的优选有利于客观把握模式的预报能力与预报技巧,有利于提高区域数值模式在青海高原的适用性。     

我国云降水物理飞机观测研究进展

飞机观测是云中粒子相态、分布和转化特征的重要探测技术。我国云降水物理飞机观测开始于20世纪60年代,经过60多年的发展,在飞机平台、机载测量技术、云微物理结构和降水形成机制认识等方面均取得了长足进步。发现积层混合云中对流泡区具有更高的过冷水含量,凇附增长起重要作用,符合“播撒-供给”降水形成机制,而在层云区,当云厚度较小时,过冷水含量很少,冰雪晶的凝华、聚并增长起主导作用,并不符合“播撒-供给”降水形成机制,而当云厚度较大时,过冷水含量较为丰富,凝华、聚并和凇附增长起主导作用,基本符合“播撒-供给”降水形成机制;我国北方冬季降雪过程的形成机制主要是凝华-聚并机制,只有在水汽非常充足、云较厚的情况下,凇附增长过程才具有重要作用。近年虽然在人工影响天气播撒效应、数值模式云物理过程验证、卫星及雷达遥感数据检验、对流云结构观测等方面也取得了一些进展,但仍较薄弱,亟待加强。     

CCN数浓度及参数化方案对一次层云降水过程影响的数值研究

利用中尺度WRF模式(V3.7),采用WDM6双参数微物理方案,对2014年7月26日12时—28日06时发生在华东地区的一次层状云降水天气进行数值模拟。通过改变模式中初始云凝结核(CCN)数浓度及参数化方案,进行敏感试验,对模拟结果进行对比分析。改变CCN数浓度的结果表明,CCN数浓度对降水的影响复杂、非线性,随着CCN数浓度的增大,降水量减小。云水、霰混合比始终增加,雨水混合比表现为先增加后减小再增加的趋势,冰晶混合比则与之相反,呈现先减小再增加再减小的趋势,雪晶混合比呈现先减小后增加的趋势;改变CCN参数化方案的结果表明,两者模拟降水落区有差别,三参数方案更接近实际;降水产生后,三参数方案的CCN浓度一直高于双参数方案,且数值变化不大;双参数方案的结果显示暖云降水加强,冷云降水略弱,三参数方案则显示暖云降水较弱,冷云降水较强。     

不同参数化方案对安徽一次暴雨过程模拟的影响分析

使用WRF v3.4模式对2012年7月12—14日安徽的一次暴雨进行模拟。保持其他参数如辐射、陆面过程等不变, 将不同微物理过程(Eta、Kessler、Lin方案)与积云参数方案(KF、BMJ、GD方案)进行组合成9个试验。将试验模拟结果与实况进行对比分析, 发现:微物理方案的选取对于降水的雨强、位置、雨区范围的模拟都有一定的影响。积云参数化方案对于降水的范围, 雨带的位置模拟也都有影响, 但对于雨强的影响不大。将各试验模拟的逐小时降水与实况进行比较, 发现试验Eta-GD和Lin-GD模拟降水日变化与实况更接近。通过TS评分、ETS评分和系统偏差分析, 表明试验Eta-GD在此次暴雨过程的降水模拟中表现最好。     

不同微物理方案对一次梅雨锋暴雨过程模拟的影响

中尺度模式中描述湿物理过程的方案主要有对流参数化方案和云微物理方案,当网格距达到可以分辨积云对流尺度时,云微物理方案对描述云和降水物理过程的作用将变得更为重要.利用GRAPES高分辨率中尺度数值模式对2007年7月7-9日中国梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,从降水量、雷达回波、水成物分布方面结合观测资料,分析了NCFP简...