Seismic anisotropy of the Pacific Ocean inferred from long-period surface waves dispersion

The dispersion of surface (Rayleigh and Love) waves in the period range 40–300 s along a large number of paths, allows the estimation of both the azimuthal anisotropy and the shear-wave polarization anisotropy. The regional dispersion is determined, taking into account simultaneously its dependence with age and an azimuthal factor. The Pacific Ocean has been divided into 5 regions for Rayleigh waves and into 3 regions for Love waves. This partition discriminates the regions of extreme age which show a fast variation of dispersion with age, from the regions of intermediate age where the variation is weak. A variation of ～ 2% of Rayleigh-wave group velocity with the azimuth of the path, measured with respect to the direction of spreading is displayed, up to very long-period. On the contrary, the azimuthal anisotropy for Love waves is difficult to resolve. For Rayleigh waves, the present-day direction of plate motion seems to agree best with the direction of maximum velocity. On the other hand, the isotropic inversion of the regional dispersion curves indicates, except for young regions, a discrepancy between Rayleigh-wave and Love-wave models. With this hypothesis, SH-velocities are higher than SV-velocities for the regions older than 23 Ma, down to a depth of 300 km, which is indicative of the presence of polarization anisotropy. The latter, very weak for the young part of the ocean, increases with age and reaches 7%, for the oldest region.     

Love waves in inhomogeneous and anisotropic earth — I

Summary The frequency equation is derived for the propagation of Love waves in the earth's crust, composed of transversely isotropic layers and overlying anisotropic and inhomogeneous mantle. The exact boundary value problem is solved for a single layer and extended to multilayered media by generalizing theHaskell's technique. In fact the problem of deriving the frequency equation has been reduced to finding out the solution of the equation of motion subject to the appropriate boundary conditions. To illustrate the method, the author has derived frequency equations of Love waves for linear, exponential and generalized power law variation of vertical shear wave velocity with depth in the half space overlain by transversely isotropic inhomogeneous stratum.     

Love waves in an inhomogeneous interstratum

Summary The propagation of Love waves in an inhomogeneous interstratum, whose rigidity and density follow generalized power law variation, lying between two homogeneous half-spaces has been considered. The characteristic frequency equations have been obtained. The computational results for some special cases are presented in the form of dispersion curves showing the variation of phase and group velocity of Love waves with wave number.     

On love waves in heterogeneous media

Summary Love waves in a half space with one homogeneous elastic layer overlying a semiinfinite medium having elastic properties varying with depth has been considered. The frequency equation for small wave lengths has been obtained, considering general variation, and has been shown to involve the first three derivatives of the rigidity of the heterogeneous medium at its interface with the homogeneous layer.     

长江中下游成矿带及邻区地壳剪切波速度结构和径向各向异性

收集了安徽、江西、浙江、江苏、湖北和河南6个省的区域地震台网138个宽频地震台站以及中国地质大学(北京)在长江中下游成矿带布设的19个流动宽频地震台站的三分量背景噪声数据,利用背景噪声面波层析成像方法,获得了长江中下游成矿带及其邻区地壳三维剪切波速度结构和径向各向异性特征.首先获得了5~38s周期的瑞利波和勒夫波相速度,结果显示短周期(16s)的瑞利波和勒夫波相速度与研究区内的主要地质构造单元具有良好的相关性,但在中长周期(20~30s)瑞利波相速度显示大别造山带东部为明显低速特征,而勒夫波相速度并未表现出异常特征.研究区域地壳三维有效剪切波速度和径向各向异性结果显示:苏北盆地和江汉盆地上地壳都表现为低速和正径向各向异性特征,华北克拉通东南部也表现为正径向各向异性,这可能与盆地浅部沉积层的水平层理结构相关.大别造山带中地壳显示为弱的正径向各向异性,同时其东部下地壳显示为低剪切波速度和强的正径向各向特征,可能是由于其在造山后发生了中下地壳的流变变形,引起各向异性矿物近水平排列所导致的.长江中下游成矿带内的鄂东南和安庆—贵池矿集区中地壳弱的负径向各向异性可能是由于深部岩浆向上渗透时所产生的有限应力导致结晶各向异性矿物的垂直排列所引起的.整个长江中下游成矿带下地壳都表现出正径向各向异性特征,可能是由于在伸展拉张的构造作用力下,下地壳矿物的晶格优势水平排列所引起的.     

大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景噪声的瑞雷波和勒夫波相速度层析成像

采用与作者2014年发表的“大别-苏鲁及其邻近地区基于背景噪声的勒夫波群速度成像”文章相同的资料,用频时分析提取5 000余条瑞雷波和4 000余条勒夫波相速度频散曲线,反演得到了8—32 s的瑞雷波和勒夫波相速度分布图像．结果显示,瑞雷波与勒夫波相速度分布具有很好的一致性．8 s的相速度分布与地表构造特征相吻合,造山带与隆起区均表现为高速,盆地因其规模不同而显示不同程度的低速．随着周期的增大,大别 苏鲁的高速带由强变弱,但始终存在．16—24 s的高速可能主要受到中地壳高速的控制,而32 s的高速则可能与上地幔顶部的高速有关．比较大别造山带与苏鲁造山带的平均频散曲线,发现大别造山带和苏鲁造山带的勒夫波频散曲线均高于AK135模型计算的理论频散曲线,而瑞雷波则没有这一现象. 这可能意味着两个地区有比较强烈的径向各向异性．      

Effect of anisotropy and inhomogeneity on Love wave dispersion

Summary An analysis is carried out of the Love wave propagation in a system consisting of an anisotropic, inhomogeneous layer bounded on either side by homogeneous, isotropic solid halfspaces. The period equation is obtained, which incorporates in it the effects of a typical variation of directional rigidities and density in the layer on dispersive properties of the Love waves. The conditions for the existence of the real roots of the frequency equation is brought out in the form of limits on phase velocity values. Corresponding to these values, the frequency equation is discussed in different wave length ranges. Numerical computation is done to analyse the variation of (i) Phase and Group velocity and (ii) Amplitudes (at different depths), with wave number. Conclusions on the significant results follow in the end.     

青藏高原中部Quasi-Love波的识别及其转换点揭示的东西向方位各向异性变化

目前人们利用4种基本的地震波现象研究地震各向异性,如横波双折射、面波散射、与传播方向有关的走时异常和PS转换波震相.本文利用面波散射产生的Quasi-Love（QL）波研究青藏高原上地幔顶部的各向异性结构特征.首先利用中国地震台网昌都（CAD）台记录的地震波形资料识别出产生QL波的路径,并利用合成地震记录和垂直偏振极性分析证实所观测到的为QL波,而不是高阶振型的Rayleigh波或其他体波震相;然后由Rayleigh波、Love波和QL波的群速度估算了各向异性结构横向变化的转换点;不同周期时,转换点的位置不同,这种频率依赖性还需要进一步的模拟研究.Love波向Rayleigh波耦合（产生QL波）的转换点位置揭示了青藏高原面波方位各向异性变化特征,并以南北向构造带的东西分段性、上地幔流引起的地球内力诱导岩石形变解释了青藏高原各向异性的东西向差异性.     

Wave propagation in two layered medium under initial stresses

Summary In this paper, the frequency equation for phase velocity of waves propagated in a laminated medium consisting of two eleastic layers of finite thickness under initial stresses, has been obtained. It has been shown that when wave length becomes very small compared to the thickness of each layer, the wave approaches two Rayleigh waves at the two outer surfaces with the possibility of Stoneley waves at the interface. The propagation ofSH-waves in the composite medium under initial stresses has also been discussed. A particular case has been taken to find the velocity of Love wave in the homogeneous half space under initial compressive stresses.Biot's incremental deformation theory has been used.     

Anisotropy in the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle in southeastern Europe obtained from Rayleigh and Love surface waves

Digital seismograms from 25 earthquakes located in the southeastern part of Europe, recorded by three-component very broadband seismometers at the stations Vitosha (Bulgaria) and Muntele Rosu (Romania), were processed to obtain the dispersion properties of Rayleigh and Love surface waves. Rayleigh and Love group-velocity dispersion curves were obtained by frequency–time analysis (FTAN). The path-averaged shear-wave velocity models were computed from the obtained dispersion curves. The inversion of the dispersion curves was performed using an approach based on the Backus–Gilbert inversion method. Finally, 70 path-averaged velocity models (35 R-models computed from Rayleigh dispersion curves and 35 L-models computed from Love dispersion curves) were obtained for southeastern Europe. For most of the paths, the comparison between each pair of models (R-model and L-models for the same path) shows that for almost all layers the shear-wave velocities in the L-models are higher than in the R-models. The upper sedimentary layers are the only exception. The analysis of both models shows that the depth of the Moho boundary in the L-models is shallower than its depth in the R-models. The existence of an anisotropic layer associated with the Moho boundary at depths of 30–45 km may explain this phenomenon. The anisotropy coefficient was calculated as the relative velocity difference between both R- and L-models at the same depths. The value of this coefficient varies between 0% and 20%. Generally, the anisotropy of the medium caused by the polarization anisotropy is up to 10–12%, so the maximum observed discrepancies between both types of models are also due to the lateral heterogeneity of the shear-wave velocity structure of the crust and the upper mantle in the region.     

Seismic crust structure beneath the Aegean region in southwest Turkey from radial anisotropic inversion of Rayleigh and Love surface waves

The Turkish plate is covered by hundreds of accelerometer and broadband seismic stations with less than 50 km inter-station distance providing high-quality earthquake recordings within the last decade. We utilize part of these stations to extract the fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love surface wave phase and group velocity data in the period range 5–20 s to determine the crust structure beneath the Aegean region in southwest Turkey. The observed surface wave signals are interpreted using both single-station and two-station techniques. A tomographic inversion technique is employed to obtain the two-dimensional group velocity maps from the single-station group velocities. One-dimensional velocity–depth profiles under each two-dimensional mesh point, which are jointly interpreted to acquire the three-dimensional image of the shear-wave velocities underneath the study area, are attained by utilizing the least-squares inversion technique, which is repeated for both Rayleigh and Love surface waves. The isotropic crust structure cannot jointly invert the observed Rayleigh and Love surface waves where the radial anisotropic crust better describes the observed surface wave data. The intrusive magmatic activity related to the northward subducting African plate under the Turkish plate results the crust structure deformations, which we think, causing the observed radial anisotropy throughout complex pattern of dykes and sills. The magma flow resulting in the mineral alignment within dykes and sills contributes to the observed anisotropy. Due to the existence of dykes, the radial anisotropy in the upper crust is generally negative, i.e., vertically polarized S-waves (Vsv) are faster than horizontally polarized S-waves (Vsh). Due to the existence of sills, the radial anisotropy in the middle-to-lower crust is generally positive, i.e., horizontally polarized S-waves (Vsh) are faster than vertically polarized S-waves (Vsv). Similar radial anisotropic results to those of the single-station analyses are obtained by the two-station analyses utilizing the cross-correlograms. The widespread volcanic and plutonic rocks in the region are consistent with the current seismic interpretations of the crustal deformations.     

基于分数阶时间导数的黏弹性衰减VTI介质中平面波传播

目前在地震勘探频带范围内通常假设品质因子Q与频率无关,且呈衰减各向同性.事实上,相比较速度各向异性,介质的衰减各向异性同样不可忽视.本文将衰减各向异性和速度各向异性二者与常Q模型相结合,建立了黏弹性衰减VTI介质模型,并基于分数阶时间导数理论,给出了对应的本构关系和波动方程.利用均匀平面波分析和Poynting定理,推...     

东北地区背景噪声的Rayleigh和Love波相速度层析成像

本文利用中国数字地震台网位于东北地区的122个宽频地震台站的18个月记录的三分量连续地震噪声数据,采用互相关方法提取了Rayleigh和Love波经验格林函数,并利用时频自动分析技术获取了相应的相速度频散曲线.通过反演频散曲线,获得了Rayleigh和Love波周期为8~35s的二维相速度分布.结果表明,东北地区相速度的分布存在横向和垂向的不均匀性.短周期的相速度分布同地表地质构造密切相关,松辽盆地及山间沉积盆地呈现低速异常,而大兴安岭、小兴安岭及东部的一些山岭显示高速异常.随着周期的增加,位于中间的松辽盆地变为高低速相间,两侧的造山带呈现低速异常.这种异常的转变,可能是受构造活动或者莫霍面深度的影响.另外,在周期为20~35s频段内,Rayleigh和Love波同一周期的相速度在松辽盆地和位于吉林地区的郯庐断裂带表现不一致,表明可能存在径向各向异性.     

On the frequency equation for love waves due to abrupt thickening of the crustal layer

Summary The effect of thickening of the crustal layer in mountainous region on the dispersion curve of Love waves has been studied. Perturbation method has been applied to obtain the modified frequency equation for Love waves through the surface of separation between a semi-infinite material and a layer the thickness of which abruptly increases throughout a certain length of the path. The effect is to decrease the phase velocity of the waves particularly in the low period range. It has been pointed out that by proper study, the amount of thickening may be obtained.     

On love waves in inhomogeneous anisotropic elastic solids

Summary This paper consists of two parts. In the first part, the existence of Love waves in non-homogeneous and transversely-isotropic elastic layer over-lying a semi-infinite isotropic elastic solid has been investigated. The frequency equation for such waves has been derived. Numerical calculations giving the velocity of such waves has been made for different layer thicknesses. In the second part, a characteristic frequency equation has been calculated considering the lower boundary of the layer to be rigid. A numerical calculations has been made in this case also to represent the variation of wave number with velocity for different mode number.     

Love waves in the fiber-reinforced layer over a gravitating porous half-space

This paper aims to study the propagation of Love waves in fiber-reinforced layer lying over a gravitating anisotropic porous half-space. The closed form of dispersion equation has been derived for the Love waves in terms of Whittaker function and its derivative, which are further expanded asymptotically, retaining the terms up to second degree. The frequency equation shows that the transverse and longitudinal rigidity of reinforced material, as well as gravity and porosity of the porous halfspace have significant effect on the propagation of Love waves. The study reveals that the increment in width of reinforced layer decreases the phase velocity. For a particular width of the reinforced layer, it is also observed that the phase velocity increases with increasing porosity of the half-space, but it decreases with increasing gravity.     

Separation of equation of motion of love waves in curvilinearly anisotropic inhomogeneous medium

Summary The general problem of Love wave propagation, in a medium with cylindrical anisotropy of hexagonal type, is formulated. The method of seperation of variables is applied to examine the possibility of obtaining formal solutions for different types of inhomogeneities present in the medium. It is found that when the elastic parameters (C ₄₄ and ) are functions of bothv and the equation of motion is not separable. The use of the technique is illustrated, by considering radial inhomogeneity in an anisotropic cylindrical crustal layer, for obtaining the characteristic frequency equation of Love waves in such a medium.     

中国西部三维速度结构及其各向异性

本文用覆盖中国的358条勒夫面波路径资料,研究了10.45-113.80s范围内中国西部的三维SH波速度结构.结果表明,各构造单元的SH波速度结构均有明显的差别.作为稳定块体的塔里木盆地,壳内重力分异程度较高,上、中、下地壳厚度差别小,壳内无明显的低速层,地壳平均速度比较小;上地幔低速层埋深大且层中速度大;区内横向变化小.构造活动区如天山、青藏高原,其突出的特征是下地壳厚度大且速度大,上地幔盖层速度值相当高.这与西伯利亚、印支板块的挤压有密切的关系.青藏高原东部及其北、东边缘地区壳内存在低速层,上地幔低速层埋深浅,一些地区存在壳幔过渡层.面波各向异性研究表明,青藏高原、天山及印支板块北缘下存在明显的各向异性,以构造边缘地区及上地幔低速层附近最为突出.印度板块、西伯利亚板块与中国大陆间的碰撞引起强大的水平压力和一定的下插作用,是造成青藏高原隆起、地壳增厚、天山隆起的最根本的因素,同时也促成壳幔中辉石、橄榄石的定向排列和物质运移,因而出现明显的各向异性现象.     

基于背景噪声的川滇地区勒夫波层析成像

本文选取了川滇地区98个固定台站记录到的三分量地震背景噪声数据,采用互相关方法提取了勒夫波互相关函数,并利用自适应时频分析方法获取了勒夫波群速度频散曲线,经反演得到周期为8—30 s的勒夫波群速度分布图像.层析成像结果显示:短周期的勒夫波群速度分布图像呈明显的横向不均匀性,且与地表地质和构造特征基本一致,其中四川盆地呈不均匀的低速异常,盆地内成都平原地区的群速度相对低于盆地中部的丘陵地区,速度分界线为遂宁与峨眉山之间的连线,四川盆地内的群速度变化反映出沉积层厚度的变化情况;攀枝花地区呈高速异常,可能与古地幔活动有关,幔源物质以侵入岩和底侵岩浆的形式停留在地壳的不同深度,从而形成高速异常的特征.本文结果为了解川滇地区的构造运动提供了地震学线索,并为下一步研究地壳径向各向异性奠定了基础.      

利用随钻正交偶极子声波测井评价地层各向异性的数值研究

在随钻测井条件下,由于钻铤占据了井孔内的大部分空间,充液井孔中沿着井轴方向传播的模式波的特性与电缆测井非常不同.本文建立了随钻正交偶极子测井声学模型,采用三维有限差分方法模拟了偶极子声源在随钻条件下各向异性地层井孔内激发的声场,研究了地层的声学各向异性在随钻正交偶极子声波测井中的响应特征.数值模拟结果表明,在随钻测井条件下,对于井轴同TI地层对称轴垂直的情况,弯曲波分裂现象仍然存在,通过正交偶极子测量方式和合适的反演算法能够准确有效地确定地层的快横波方位角,可以考虑采用同正演理论相结合的反演算法来获得地层的快、慢横波速度及声学各向异性信息;对于井轴同介质对称轴呈一定夹角的TI地层井孔,情况变得非常复杂,不同井斜倾角下弯曲波的速度的变化趋势并非同对应的地层横波速度的变化趋势完全一致,不过在一定的频段内,地层横波速度仍然是弯曲波的最主要控制因素.对于本文研究的模型,当井轴同介质对称轴的夹角大于大于60°时,此时获得的弯曲波的各向异性值基本能够反映对应角度下地层横波速度的各向异性信息.