南襄盆地泌阳凹陷溶孔溶洞型白云岩储层特征与分布规律

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷安棚地区核桃园组三段上部核桃园组二段广泛发育盐湖相白云岩夹天然碱沉积，溶孔溶洞型储层主要发育于含碱白云岩中，溶洞为团块状或层状天然碱溶蚀形成，溶孔主要为星散状天然碱溶蚀形成，少量为泥质白云岩中的粘土级钠长石溶蚀成因。溶孔溶洞型白云岩储层在纵向上分布于盆地由砂泥岩相→白云质泥岩-泥质白云岩过渡相→白云岩相→含碱白云岩相→天然碱相演化序列的含碱白云岩相中，横向上与天然碱相邻。层位上主要集中在核桃园组二段的第3亚段，其次是核桃园组三段上部和核桃园组二段第2亚段，平面上分布于云2井、云3井和泌100井等地区。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷源岩特征及低熟油分布规律研究

未-低成熟油的发现及其成因研究是近年来油气地球化学的重要进展之一, 从源岩的基本特征入手, 分析辽河盆地低熟油的生成能力, 将原油划分为六类: 未熟-低熟降解稠油、未熟未降解稠油、低熟降解稠油、低熟未降解稀油、正常稀油和成熟降解稠油.研究表明, 未-低熟油的分布受深度、生油洼陷的构造带及断层输导能力的控制.      

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部宜川—黄龙地区奥陶系风化壳储层发育特征

综合利用地震、测井和岩心等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地东南部宜川—黄龙地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层进行了分析,认为该区具岩溶储层标志特征。岩心分析测试表明:该区风化壳储层岩石类型为含膏白云岩及次生灰岩;储集空间为白云岩溶蚀孔洞、次生灰岩相对孤立溶孔和裂缝;储层整体较为致密,孔隙度为0.30%~11.54%,平均值为3.90%,渗透率为(0.002~15.450)×10~(-3)μm~2,平均值为0.710×10~(-3)μm~2。储层形成受顺层岩溶作用影响,综合古地貌、沉积相、裂缝等条件认为,宜川古潜台西侧区域为古地貌较高部位,顺层岩溶储层较为发育,是后期勘探开发的有利区。     

塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集特征与白云岩成因探讨*

塔里木盆地油气资源丰富,在寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩中发育有优质储集层。在野外地质观察、岩心观察与分析、常规薄片和铸体薄片观察鉴定基础上,详细研究了塔里木盆地寒武—奥陶系碳酸盐岩的储集特征,划分了储集空间类型,并对不同储集空间形成与演化做了初步分析。碳酸盐岩储集层的储集空间可分为孔、洞、缝3大类,进一步又划分为粒内孔、粒间孔、晶间孔、铸模孔、生物格架孔、孔洞、洞穴、构造缝、压实压溶缝和溶蚀缝10小类。溶洞与裂缝为最有效的储集空间。碳酸盐岩的原始储集空间经历了多期成岩作用改造,另外后期构造活动也提供了大量裂隙通道,有效储集空间绝大部分为次生成因,溶蚀作用很大程度上改善了储集性能。碳酸盐岩储集层分为裂缝—孔隙型、裂缝—孔洞型和裂缝型,其中裂缝—孔洞型为最有效的储集层。在寒武系和下奥陶统发育了不同成因的白云岩：寒武系白云岩主要形成于蒸发潮坪/潟湖有关的潮上和潮间带,属于准同生期产物;下奥陶统白云岩主要属于回流渗透/混合水白云岩化产物,另外在下奥陶统礁滩石灰岩部分白云岩化,属于交代白云岩化产物。在盆地深部奥陶系中同时发育有交代成因白云岩,属于晚期埋藏白云岩化产物。     

未熟—低熟油研究现状与存在的问题

目前存在多种未熟-低熟油成烃机理的说法，但现有未熟-低熟油生烃模式能否用于指导勘探仍然有待于进一步检验。富类脂可溶有机质生烃被认为是未熟-低熟油生烃模式之一，但依据舀烷(特别是甲藻舀烷)的分布特征，东营凹陷牛庄洼陷南斜坡沙四段富藻类未熟-低熟页岩与八面河油田的原油几乎没有可比性，充分说明低演化阶段的藻类类脂物并非该区原油的主要成烃母质。未熟-低熟油田总与邻近的有利生油凹陷相伴以及某些未熟-低熟油的混合成熟度性质，暗示未熟-低熟油区的成熟油贡献，该结论已为中国两个典型未熟-低熟油田即东营凹陷八面河油田与苏北盆地金湖凹陷的最近研究结果所证实。现有资源量计算方法不太适用于未熟-低熟油，这可能导致了部分油田未熟-低熟资源量计算结果偏高。生物标志物标样定量技术是识别原油未熟-低熟性及油源追踪的有效途径，在油气勘探过程中还应加强地化与地质的有机结合。     

二连盆地宝勒根陶海凹陷烃源岩生物标志化合物特征与油源对比

二连盆地宝勒根陶海凹陷虽然取得了很好的勘探成果,但油气成藏基础研究还非常薄弱。依据生物标志化合物特征对烃源岩进行分类,在此基础上开展油族划分和油源对比研究。地球化学特征表明,研究区有效烃源岩可划分为三类:第一类烃源岩为腾格尔组一段（K₁bt₁）中上部“高有机质丰度、低成熟度、高C₂₇甾烷相对含量、高伽马蜡烷含量、低Pr/Ph比值”烃源岩;第二类烃源岩为K₁bt₁下部“高有机质丰度、中等成熟度、中等C₂₇甾烷相对含量、中等伽马蜡烷含量”烃源岩;第三类烃源岩为阿尔善组（K₁ba）“较高有机质丰度、较高成熟度、低C₂₇甾烷相对含量、低伽马蜡烷含量、高Pr/Ph比值”烃源岩。依据生物标志化合物特征,油砂中的原油可划分成4个油族:油族1为K₁bt₁未熟油,原油来源于第一类烃源岩;油族2为K₁bt₁成熟油,原油来源于第二类烃源岩;油族3为K₁bt₁未熟油与K₁bt₁成熟油的混合油,原油来源于第一类烃源岩和第二类烃源岩;油族4为K₁bt₁成熟油与K₁ba成熟油的混合油,原油来源于第二类烃源岩和第三类烃源岩。从油气来源预测有利区,K₁bt₁烃源岩所指向的有利区的面积为26.85 km2,K₁ba烃源岩所指向的有利区面积为79.30 km2。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段沉积特征及其控储效应*

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段(简称“马四段”)是下古生界天然气风险勘探的重点层位。文中基于岩心、薄片观察,结合地层对比、沉积结构描述等,并运用岩石结构组分测井解释和井震结合古地貌恢复等手段,对鄂尔多斯盆地马四段沉积时期古地貌、沉积特征和储集层展布进行了详细分析。结果表明: (1)受控于沉积期隆坳相间的古地貌格局,马四段发育大量台地内丘滩微相,其易于发生准同生溶蚀和白云石化作用,是储集层发育的有利相带;(2)马四段储集层以(藻)砂屑白云岩和粉—细晶白云岩为主,储集空间主要为粒间孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔等;(3)纵向上,储集层主要分布于马四₂亚段和马四₁亚段;平面上,马四段储集层主要分布于台地内低凸起带和台缘带;(4)储集层的发育受控于3个因素,其中古隆起部位发育的有效丘滩体是储集层形成的物质基础,高频层序控制的准同生溶蚀作用是储集层形成的关键,白云石化是储集层后期保存的重要因素。马四段沉积时期碳酸盐岩台地内隆坳相间的古地貌控制了丘滩相带和白云岩储集层的展布,这一新认识为鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界天然气勘探提供了有力支撑,也为碳酸盐岩台地沉积储集层的研究提供了新思路。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系颗粒滩白云岩储层特征及主控因素

基于岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析和地球化学分析,结合岩相古地理研究,认为鄂尔多斯盆地中东部奥陶系盐下发育三套颗粒滩白云岩储层,分别为下奥陶统马家沟组马二段、马四段和马五_(7+9)亚段。马二段颗粒滩环台内洼地分布,马四段和马五_(7+9)亚段颗粒滩环台内洼地以及滩间次级洼地两侧的相对隆起带分布。白云岩储集空间类型主要为粒间孔、晶间(溶)孔、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝。三维CT分析表明,白云岩储层具有优良的储渗性能。颗粒滩白云岩主要为浅埋藏蒸发海水渗透回流交代成因。白云岩储层的发育主要受控于三个因素:层序格架控制的颗粒滩分布,表生岩溶作用,构造裂缝系统。     

羌塘盆地毕洛错地区古油藏地球化学特征与油源对比

羌塘盆地是一个大型中生代海相沉积盆地,盆地内发育多套烃源岩,并发现多处古油藏和油气显示,确定古油藏油源对油气勘探至关重要.为明确古油藏油源,对古油藏和烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析.研究表明古油藏可分为2类:Ⅰ类古油藏整体处于成熟-高成熟阶段,C₂₄四环萜烷丰度较高,三环萜烷丰度低,C₂₉规则甾烷占有一定优势,C₂₉藿烷含量较高,体现出以陆源有机质贡献为主的特征.Ⅱ类古油藏整体处于低成熟-成熟阶段,以C₂₃三环萜烷为主峰,低丰度C₂₄四环萜烷,C₂₇规则甾烷占优势,表明母质来源以低等水生生物为主.油源对比表明,两类古油藏来源于不同的烃源岩,Ⅰ类油藏来自于上三叠统扎那组烃源岩,Ⅱ类油藏主要为下侏罗统曲色组烃源岩的贡献.      

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层特征*

探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法。应用露头、岩心、薄片分析及储集层物性测试及压汞实验方法开展了碳酸盐岩储集层岩性、孔隙结构及物性研究,应用储集层流动带指标FZI开展了储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法研究。马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层岩石类型主要为岩溶角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、膏盐溶蚀角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、含膏盐或膏盐质白云岩、粉晶—细晶白云岩、残余结构中晶—细晶及粗晶—中晶白云岩、次生灰岩、泥晶灰岩及白云岩,发育洞穴、溶洞、孔隙及裂缝4种储集空间,主要发育晶间孔型、裂缝型、裂缝—晶间孔型、裂缝—晶间孔—溶洞型4类储渗类型。依据流动带指标将储集层划分为6类岩石物理相及24类亚相,据此将储集层分为5类7亚类：一类储集层是天然气赋存的优质储集层,主要分布于马五₁、马五₄及马五₆段;二、三类储集层是马家沟组主要储集层类型,以孔隙为主的二₁、三₁类储集层主要分布于马五₁—马五₆段,以裂缝为主的二₂、三₂类储集层主要分布于马四段;四类储集层物性差,见于各段;五类为非储集层。研究结果表明,基于岩石物理相的储集层研究方法是揭示碳酸盐岩储集层特征及开展储集层定量分类与评价的有效途径。     

On the origin of oil-field water in the Biyang Depression of China

We have surveyed groundwater samples collected from oil and gas reservoirs in the Biyang Depression of China and quantitatively analyzed the chemical features of those samples using the proportional coefficients. Three different proportional coefficients, namely the de-calcium–magnesium, the boron–calcium–magnesium, and the chloration coefficients have been calculated. These three coefficients reflect the strength of de-calcium–magnesium reaction, the trace elements concentrations, and the degree of diagenesis of the oil-field water, respectively. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions are found to be very low in the groundwater of the Biyang Depression. The concentration of anion in the oil-field groundwater changes greatly with the salinity of groundwater in the Biyang Depression. In low salinity oil field, bicarbonate is generally the dominating anion; but when salinity increases, sulfate gradually replaces bicarbonate to become the dominating anion. However, in high salinity oil field, chloride is the dominating anion. Bromine, iodine, and boron are found to be relatively rich in oil-field water of Biyang Depression. The results show that extensive dolomite deposited near the center of the depression was resulted from de-calcium–magnesium reaction, and the degree of diagenesis of the oil-field water and concentrations of trace elements increase with buried depth in the reservoir.     

河南省泌阳凹陷安棚地区古近系核桃园组含碱地层层序特征及其意义

泌阳凹陷位于南襄盆地东南缘,为一西北浅、东南深的陆相断陷型盆地,其沉降中心安棚地区古近纪发育巨厚的白云岩地层,主要天然碱矿层赋存于核桃园组核三段上部和核二段下部,并与白云岩地层密切相关。基于岩心、录井与地震等资料,该区古近系核桃园组含碱岩系地层划分为3个二级旋回,进一步划分为8个三级旋回。所含天然碱矿层位于基本层序顶部、二级或三级旋回的上部,含碱岩系地层层序由(纹层状)白云岩到天然碱矿层规律性变化。根据天然碱矿层垂向变化规律进行找矿预测和钻探中预判矿层位置,已经取得较好效果。同时根据该区盐类矿产沉积旋回的研究,一级旋回顶部有钾盐的显示,预示该区有寻找钾盐的可能。     

Geochemical features and origin of natural gas in heavy oil area of the Western Slope,Songliao Basin,China

The Western Slope of the Songliao Basin is rich in heavy oil resources (>70 × 10⁸ bbl), around which there are shallow gas reservoirs (∼1.0 × 10¹² m³). The gas is dominated by methane with a dryness over 0.99, and the non-hydrocarbon component being overwelmingly nitrogen. Carbon isotope composition of methane and its homologs is depleted in ¹³C, with δ¹³C₁ values being in the range of −55‰ to −75‰, δ¹³C₂ being in the range of −40‰ to −53‰ and δ¹³C₃ being in the range of −30‰ to −42‰, respectively. These values differ significantly from those solution gases source in the Daqing oilfield. This study concludes that heavy oils along the Western Slope were derived from mature source rocks in the Qijia-Gulong Depression, that were biodegraded. The low reservoir temperature (30–50 °C) and low salinity of formation water with neutral to alkaline pH (NaHCO₃) appeared ideal for microbial activity and thus biodegradation. Natural gas along the Western Slope appears mainly to have originated from biodegradation and the formation of heavy oil. This origin is suggested by the heavy δ¹³C of CO₂ (−18.78‰ to 0.95‰) which suggests that the methane was produced via fermentation as the terminal decomposition stage of the oil.     

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷赵凹安棚油田深盆油(气)藏

泌阳凹陷赵凹安棚油田深层系部分油(气)藏属于深盆油(气)藏,即深盆致密砂岩油(气)藏。利用深盆气藏理论和分析方法,通过对其成藏要素分析,发现其深层系油(气)藏具有深盆油气藏的典型特征。构造呈现单斜背景上的鼻状,自西北向东南生油中心倾没;赵凹安棚油田深层系内油水分布较为复杂,在横向连续储层内,出现了油水关系倒置的深盆油(气);储层属非均质低渗透储层;从深盆油(气)观点看,属一种动态致密砂岩油(气)藏;地层压力异常低,甚至负异常压力。在泌阳凹陷勘探程度极高油区,如果进行思想变革,就能实现资源的突破。     

羌塘盆地优质烃源岩和白云岩储油层的层位与分布

藏北羌塘盆地历经石油部门和地调部门25年的地质调查和石油勘探,因为迄今没有发现工业油气藏,目前对其勘探前景和勘探目标的认识争议很大。本文试图根据地表和浅钻发现的优质烃源岩和含油白云岩的分布,对下一步圈定富烃凹陷位置和聚焦勘探目标提出一些认识。研究表明：（1）根据油气勘探的源控论思路,以毕洛错和西长梁等地的侏罗系海湾或台沟相油页岩沉积为标识,根据地震勘探划分的构造单元,首先优选富烃凹陷;（2）同时,参考双湖地区隆鄂尼、昂达尔和鄂斯玛等地地表出露的布曲组白云岩油层,开展地震攻关,引进中国南方白云岩储层勘探的经验和方法,标定南羌塘和北羌塘坳陷区白云岩的空间分布,以白云岩作为重点勘探目标,力争实现羌塘盆地油气勘探的战略突破。     

Dolomite and nahcolite formation in organic rich sediments: isotopically heavy carbonates

High positive C isotopic ratios in many carbonates coincide with high organic carbon contents. Nahcolites in the Green River oil shales have carbon isotopic ratios up to +20%. Some samples of organic rich Monterey and Pismo Formation dolomites also are ¹³C-rich (δ¹³C to +14%.). Combining the observations of unusual isotopic ratios and organic richness has led to proposed mechanisms of formation of nahcolites and dolomites. Bacterial fermentation produces ¹³C-rich carbon dioxide which in the organic rich sediments is formed in large amounts. This leads to chemical reasons for the occurrence of dolomite rather than calcite and nahcolite rather than trona in some shallow burials.     

The role of “excess” CO2 in the formation of trona deposits

The prevailing theory for the formation of trona [Na₃(CO₃)(HCO₃) · 2(H₂O)] relies on evaporative concentration of water produced by silicate hydrolysis of volcanic rock or volcaniclastic sediments. Given the abundance of closed drainage basins dominated by volcanics, it is puzzling that there are so few trona deposits and present-day lakes that would yield dominantly Na–CO₃ minerals upon evaporation. Groundwater in the San Bernardino Basin (southeastern Arizona, USA and northeastern Sonora, Mexico) would yield mainly Na–CO₃ minerals upon evaporation, but waters in the surrounding basins would not. Analysis of the chemical evolution of this groundwater shows that the critical difference from the surrounding basins is not lithology, but the injection of magmatic CO₂. Many major deposits of trona and Na–CO₃-type lakes appear to have had “excess” CO₂ input, either from magmatic sources or from the decay of organic matter. It is proposed that, along with the presence of volcanics, addition of “excess” CO₂ is an important pre-condition for the formation of trona deposits.     

Tight oil play characterisation: the lower–middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin,Northwest China

The lower–middle Permian Lucaogou (P₂l) Formation is a “sandwich-type’’ combination of source rocks and reservoirs that is considered to be a potential tight oil reservoir in the Jimusar Sag (JS). We investigated the P₂l Formation using a designated workflow to assess its potential as a viable tight oil reservoir play using geological, petrographical, petrophysical, and geochemical characterisation of core samples. The results showed that the P₂l source rocks have a widespread distribution (up to 1500 km²), a huge thickness (up to 160 m), a relatively high abundance of organic matter (averaging 3.12 wt%), a good sapropelic quality, and a moderate thermal maturity. The reservoir consists mainly of dolomites and siltstones, predominantly characterised by secondary dissolved pores, with medium–high porosity (averaging 9.1%) and relative low permeability (averaging 0.26 mD), high abundance of brittle minerals (averaging 87.1%), and low abundance of clay minerals (averaging 11.2%) with low water sensitivity. The results demonstrate that in the JS area the P₂l Formation has great potential for tight oil production with its considerable hydrocarbon expulsion quantities, good oil storage capability, and reservoir frackability potential and provide a basis for further evaluation of the tight oil potential of the P₂l Formation in the wider Junggar Basin and for identifying similar plays elsewhere.     

烃源岩之下岩性油藏成藏模拟实验及其机制分析

在总结松辽盆地北部三肇凹陷扶余油层和杨大城子油层地质特征的基础上,设计了烃源岩之下岩性油藏实验模型;通过物理模拟实验,再现了烃源岩之下岩性油藏的形成过程,对油气运移的受力状态进行分析,探讨了烃源岩之下岩性圈闭中油气聚集成藏的机制.实验结果及实例表明,该类油藏的形成须满足两个地质条件,即上覆优质烃源岩具有足够超压和有断裂沟通烃源岩与下伏砂体,超压是油气向下运移的动力,断裂则是其主要运移通道,这对寻找烃源岩之下岩性油藏具有重要的指导意义.     

The role of hydrothermal fluids in sedimentation in saline alkaline lakes: Evidence from Nasikie Engida,Kenya Rift Valley

Saline alkaline lakes that precipitate sodium carbonate evaporites are most common in volcanic terrains in semi‐arid environments. Processes that lead to trona precipitation are poorly understood compared to those in sulphate‐dominated and chloride‐dominated lake brines. Nasikie Engida (Little Magadi) in the southern Kenya Rift shows the initial stages of soda evaporite formation. This small shallow (<2 m deep; 7 km long) lake is recharged by alkaline hot springs and seasonal runoff but unlike neighbouring Lake Magadi is perennial. This study aims to understand modern sedimentary and geochemical processes in Nasikie Engida and to assess the importance of geothermal fluids in evaporite formation. Perennial hot‐spring inflow waters along the northern shoreline evaporate and become saturated with respect to nahcolite and trona, which precipitate in the southern part of the lake, up to 6 km from the hot springs. Nahcolite (NaHCO₃) forms bladed crystals that nucleate on the lake floor. Trona (Na₂CO₃·NaHCO₃·2H₂O) precipitates from more concentrated brines as rafts and as bottom‐nucleated shrubs of acicular crystals that coalesce laterally to form bedded trona. Many processes modify the fluid composition as it evolves. Silica is removed as gels and by early diagenetic reactions and diatoms. Sulphate is depleted by bacterial reduction. Potassium and chloride, of moderate concentration, remain conservative in the brine. Clastic sedimentation is relatively minor because of the predominant hydrothermal inflow. Nahcolite precipitates when and where pCO₂ is high, notably near sublacustrine spring discharge. Results from Nasikie Engida show that hot spring discharge has maintained the lake for at least 2 kyr, and that the evaporite formation is strongly influenced by local discharge of carbon dioxide. Brine evolution and evaporite deposition at Nasikie Engida help to explain conditions under which ancient sodium carbonate evaporites formed, including those in other East African rift basins, the Eocene Green River Formation (western USA), and elsewhere.