超声与16层螺旋CT在小肝癌诊断中的应用研究

目的:应用超声和16层螺旋CT进行小肝癌联合诊断的对照研究。方法:采用常规超声及高质量扫描模式的16层螺旋CT对18例小肝癌和17例肝脏良性小肿瘤进行对照诊断研究,所有病例均经手术病理或超声引导下穿刺证实。结果:大部分肝脏良恶性小肿瘤在超声图像上有其典型的特征,与CT和病理检查结果相符的有小肝癌14例和良性小肿瘤15例。但,超声诊断怀疑为血管瘤1例和增生结节3例,CT和病理诊断为小肝癌;超声误诊为小肝癌2例而CT和病理均诊断为硬化结节1例,另1例CT诊断与超声相符,但病理确证后为炎性假瘤。结论:超声是肝脏常规检查的首选方法,对肝脏良恶性肿瘤均有较高的检出率,但对一些不典型病例还需16层螺旋CT和病理检查以做出进一步的定性诊断,提高诊断的准确率,二者联合诊断能提高对肝脏良恶性肿瘤的早期诊断率。     

多层螺旋CT肝脏增强扫描技术的评价

目的评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描技术在肝脏增强检查中的应用价值.材料与方法 231例患者行肝脏增强扫描,对比剂的用量为1.2ml/kg,注射流率为2.5 ml/s～3.0ml/s.结果肝脏占位性病变的228例中201例动脉期、门脉期影像显示良好,占88.2%,3例肝脏外伤性病变实质期图像显示良好.结论应用多层螺旋CT进行肝脏增强扫描,采用合适的扫描参数及造影技术能获得较为满意的扫描图像.     

多层螺旋CT三维重建对小肾癌的诊断及分型

目的：根据CT扫描图像及三维重建表现,探讨多层螺旋CT扫描对小肾癌的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值,并对小肾癌进行分型。资料与方法：收集行多层螺旋CT扫描并经临床病理证实的43例小肾癌病例资料,就其CT表现进行分析并进行分型。结果：凸出型小肾癌23例,CT表现为肿瘤凸向肾轮廓之外或凸向肾盂、肾盏,增强扫描时,肿瘤内部造影剂呈明显...     

螺旋CT经下肢静脉注射造影剂增强检查参数的研究

目的:探讨患者螺旋CT经下肢静脉注射造影剂增强检查的最佳扫描参数,以便经下肢静脉注射造影剂达到经上肢静脉注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查诊断图像效果。资料与方法:收集400例患者CT增强检查资料。其中实验组200例,由于长期上肢静脉注射造成静脉血管损伤严重的患者,在进行增强CT检查中,采取经下肢静脉(脚、踝部静脉血管为主)注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查,注射速率以2.5～3.3mL/s,非离子型造影剂70～100mL,动脉期及静脉期根据组织器官均较上肢静脉注射造影剂延长延迟时间8～15s,螺旋CT扫描范围包括检查器官上下范围,病变区加扫薄层;对照组200例,经上肢肘静脉注射造影剂增强CT检查患者,依组织器官不同注射速率、非离子型造影剂量及螺旋CT扫描范围方法与实验组相同,动脉期及静脉期根据组织器官注射造影剂设定延迟时间。分析测量两组CT图像正常组织、血管及病变组织CT值和扫描曲线,进行统计学分析。结果:200例实验组经下肢静脉(脚、踝部静脉血管为主)注射造影剂螺旋CT增强检查病例与对照组200例经上肢肘静脉注射造影剂增强CT检查患者,增强检查图像质量经统计学分析相近。上肢动脉期CT值和下肢动脉期CT值配对比较,统计学分析t值为4.371,P=0.000,这两组存在显著性差异,具有统计学意义,即上肢动脉期CT值和下肢动脉期CT值存在差异。上肢静脉期CT值和下肢静脉期CT值配对比较,t值为-1.664,P=0.103>0.05,这两者的差异没有统计学意义,没有显著性差异,即上肢静脉期CT值和下肢静脉期CT值差异没有统计学意义,二者不存在差异性。结论:长期上肢静脉注射造成静脉血管损伤严重患者,经下肢静脉注射造影的增强扫描采取适当的增加延迟时间扫描完全可以达到上肢静脉注射造影剂螺旋CT增强扫描图像质量。     

多层螺旋CT体部γ刀定位扫描技术的研究

目的研究应用多层螺旋CT(MSCT)进行体部γ刀定位的CT扫描技术.材料与方法应用美国GE公司生产的Light speed plus多层螺旋CT(4层)对306例胸部占位患者、141例腹部占位患者行γ刀定位增强扫描,对比剂的用量为1.2ml/kg,注射流率为2.5mL/s～2.8mL/s,通过CT扫描所得图像制定治疗计划.结果 CT增强扫描图像可以清晰显示病灶的大小、形态,标志点清楚,靶点确定均一次到位,组织对比度和空间分辨率较高.结论应用多层螺旋CT进行体部γ刀定位,采用合适的扫描方案及造影技术能获得较为满意的定位扫描图像,是一种安全有效的定位方法.     

16排螺旋CT在颈动脉体瘤的诊断及术式选择中的研究

目的:探讨16排螺旋CT对颈动脉体瘤的诊断及术式选择的应用价值。材料与方法应用16排螺旋CT对12例彩色超声多普勒诊断颈动脉体瘤患者行CT颈部血管造影CTA(即CT增强检查),采用容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)技术处理图像。结果:12例肿瘤均位于颈总动脉分叉处,平扫为等密度或稍高密度,边界清楚,增强扫描呈明显强化,颈内外动脉分离,角度增大.结论:16排螺旋CT对于颈动脉体瘤的诊断和术式选择起着重要作用。     

MSCTU成像技术在小儿先天性肾输尿管发育异常中的临床应用

目的:探讨三聚氰胺奶粉事件超声普查发现肾输尿管不明原因积水扩张后,经多层螺旋CT尿路造影检查后找到积水原因,得出影像诊断分析结论。方法:超声筛查均无尿路结石,但肾输尿管不明原因积水扩张,所有病例行多层螺旋CT尿路造影成像技术诊断分析,15例经手术证实。结果:多层螺旋CT尿路造影成像技术诊断,60例小儿主要为先天性肾输尿管发育异常致肾输尿管积水扩张及一侧肾缺如、异位。分析CT表现,多层螺旋CT尿路造影对泌尿系发育异常的诊断正确率为98.3%(59/60),优于传统静脉肾盂造影及超声检查(p0.05)。结论:超声检查应作为一种泌尿系统先天性疾病的筛查手段,而多层螺旋CT尿路造影作为泌尿系统先天性疾病的重要检查方法。多层螺旋CT尿路造影具有快速、无创、分辨率高等优点,结合多种图像后处理技术,能直观、立体显示泌尿系的全过程,是诊断泌尿系先天发育异常的理想方法,具有极高的临床应用价值。     

腰椎间盘突出的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 评价多层螺旋CT诊断腰椎间盘突出的价值。材料与方法 对47例经手术病理证实的腰椎间盘突出多层螺旋CT图像进行分析。结果 47例中CT共发现56个椎间盘突出，多层螺旋CT诊断与手术的符合率为97％。硬膜囊前部受压36例，神经根受压、移位和增粗28例，有神经根涅没现象者16例。伴有许莫氏结节者13例，有椎间盘真空现象者8例。结论 多层螺旋CT对于诊断腰椎间盘突出有较高的价值。     

16排螺旋CT3D及MIP在肝癌APS中的临床应用

目的:探讨16排螺旋CT三维及最大密度重建技术在肝癌动门脉分流诊断中的应用价值.方法:对64例肝癌伴动门脉分流患者的16排螺旋CT增强图像进行三维及最大密度重建,并对重建图像进行观察和分析(与CT轴位图像和数字减影血管造影图像进行对照).结果:16排螺旋CT三维及最大密度重建技术能全面、直观、多方位地显示肝癌动门脉分流的影像征象,并能较好显示动门脉分流导致的血液动力学改变.结论:16排螺旋CT三维及最大密度重建作为轴位CT图像的重要后处理技术,具有无创、直观、快速显示肝癌动门脉分流各种影像征象的特点,为临床诊断和治疗肝癌动门脉分流提供可靠的依据.     

64排螺旋CT扫描在肠道肿瘤术前诊断中的临床意义

目的:探讨64排螺旋CT扫描在肠道肿瘤术前诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2013年7月至2016年5月期间我院39例肠道肿瘤患者的影像学资料。所有患者采用口服水造影检查技术,运用工作站多平面重建(MPR)方法,获得冠状面、矢状面重建,结合横断面图像,对39例肠道肿瘤患者的螺旋CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果:39例肠道肿瘤中,小肠肿瘤5例,其中腺癌2例、间质瘤2例、淋巴瘤1例;回盲部肿瘤3例均为腺癌;结肠肿瘤22例(包括升结肠11例、横结肠4例、降结肠3例、乙状结肠4例),其中腺癌17例、间质瘤4例、淋巴瘤1例;直肠肿瘤9例均为腺癌。肿瘤并发肠梗阻2例,合并肠套叠1例,肿瘤穿孔1例。肿瘤侵及深肌层28例,突破浆膜层侵犯周围脂肪间隙16例,周围淋巴结转移10例,肝转移1例。结论:64层螺旋CT对胃肠道肿瘤检出率高,能准确判断患者的病变部位和周围侵犯情况,有助于对肿瘤的定性,对术前诊断肠道肿瘤有较高的临床意义。      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.