海岸风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的垂向分布模式

通过对河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘风沙流的野外实地观测与室内风洞模拟实验数据的数值模拟,探讨了我国典型海岸沙丘风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布模式。结果表明,河北昌黎黄金海岸沙丘表面风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的垂向分布特征并不一致,其中细沙和中沙符合典型的指数递减分布规律,但粗沙则为负幂函数分布。究其原因,主要与不同粒径组沙粒输沙量的分布高度及运动方式差异有关。在实际非均匀沙床面上,粗沙主要集中分布于沙丘表面4cm高度内湍流发育的近地表层,运动方式以蠕移为主,沙丘表面湍流的主导作用使其输沙量随高度的变化满足负幂律关系,但中沙和细沙则以跃移运动为主,跃移沙粒输沙量的垂向分布呈现指数递减特征。     

风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布实验研究

在非均匀沙床面上, 风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布, 是非均匀风沙运动研究的重点。研究首先通过风洞实验, 收集了风洞中垂线垂向输沙量分布沙样, 然后对集沙沙样进行了沙粒粒度分析实验, 实验分析结果得出了不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布规律, 基于稳定平衡风沙跃移运动模型和本文实验结果, 最后数值模拟研究了不同粒径组沙粒输沙量垂向分布, 与沙粒起跳速度和角度之间的关系。本文研究结果得出, 在非均匀风沙流中, 粗粒径组沙粒垂向输沙量上部符合指数递减分布但近床面区偏离指数分布, 呈现为偏大型分布, 粗粒径组对应的沙粒起跳速度和角度分布均为指数函数; 细粒径组沙粒垂向输沙量在整 个高度上均符合指数递减规律, 细粒径组沙粒对应的起跳速度分布为指数函数, 起跳角度分布为高斯函数。沙粒的平均起跳速度, 在0.4u*~2.2u* 之间变化, 随着气流风速(u*) 和沙粒粒径的增加而减小。     

蠕移沙粒流体起动风速的实验研究

 设计制作了能够有效避免沙槽下风端沙粒塌陷的蠕移沙粒集沙仪,并分析了该集沙仪中集沙槽的高度和厚度对单宽蠕移输沙率实验测量结果的影响,给出了集沙槽的合理高度和厚度;利用该集沙仪在风洞中测量了不同风速下的单宽蠕移输沙率,外推给出了沙粒的流体起动风速。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙粒胶结体的粒度特征

对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙粒胶结体进行溶蚀分散获取组成沙粒,采用激光粒度仪分析粒度成分,并与区域内沙丘沙、垄间平地沙和风沙流输沙的粒度特征进行对比,分析沙粒胶结体的粒度特征。结果表明：（1）沙粒胶结体中沙粒粒径呈多峰态分布,垄间平地沙呈双峰态分布,而沙丘沙和风沙流输沙呈单峰态分布;（2）沙粒胶结体内沙粒分选性较差,偏度属正偏,平均粒径（3.17 Φ）介于沙丘沙（3.10 Φ）和垄间地沙（3.28 Φ）、风沙流输沙（3.67 Φ）之间;（3）沙粒胶结体中沙物质主要组分为细沙和极细沙,与沙丘沙、垄间平沙地沙一致,而与风沙流输沙（极细沙和粉沙）不一致。与沙丘沙、垄间平地沙以及风沙流输沙相比,沙粒胶结体中粉沙、黏土和中沙相对富集,是现代地表物质的混合物;（4）与沙丘沙、垄间平地沙和风沙流输沙相比,沙粒胶结体内沙粒的蠕移-跃移、跃移-悬移截点粒径均偏细,蠕移组分所占比重很高。从组成颗粒的粒度组成来看,沙粒胶结体的形成受局地沙源和风动力的共同影响,是特殊环境条件下现代地表过程的产物。     

沙粒起动风速的影响因素研究

通过对风场中沙床表面沙粒的受力分析,建立了坡面沙粒起动风速的理论公式,并将计算结果与已有实验研究结果进行了比较,结果表明,给出的理论计算公式是正确的。在此基础上,详细讨论了坡角、风向角、荷质比、电场力以及空气上升力对坡面沙粒起动风速的影响。其结果是：坡角一定时,沙粒的起动风速随风向角的增大而增大;风向一定时,背风坡沙粒的起动风速随坡角的增大而变小;弱电场中电场力对沙粒起动风速几乎没有影响,强电场中随着沙粒荷质比的增大,起动风速明显减小;空气上升力明显使沙粒起动风速减小。     

风速正弦变化下的非平稳跃移风沙流模拟

 采用有限体积法模拟了风速正弦变化下的一维非平稳跃移风沙流发展过程。考虑风沙流跃移系统的4个子过程,沙粒的流体起动、沙粒的运动、击溅过程和沙粒对风场的反作用。给出在风速正弦变化时,风速变化频率和振幅对于沙粒输运的影响以及输沙率、风速廓线、床面剪切应力以及起跳沙粒数的变化规律。结果表明,输沙率随着振幅增大而增大,随着周期增大而减小;在初始的overshoot现象之后,床面剪切应力变化很小,但起跳的沙粒数随风速呈现类正弦周期变化。     

半湿润地区风沙流结构的定量研究：以豫北沙地为例

暖温带半湿润地区豫北沙地相同下垫面不同风速下0—20cm高度内总输沙量随2米高处风速增大而增加:Q_(0—20)=7.488002—3.045697V 0.309797V~2;输沙率Q_L随2米高处风速增大而以Q_L=3.743841—1.5228816V 0.153897V~2,函数形式增加。上层(4—20cm)、中层(2—4cm)、下层(0—2cm)输沙量随2米高处风速增大而以不同函数形式增加,各层占输沙量百分数随2米高风速增大分别成增加、波动、减小趋势;各层输沙量随总输沙量增加而以不同函数形式增大。观测结果表明:半湿润地区豫北沙地0—20cm高度内风沙流中10％输沙量在4—7cm范围内随风速大小变动。     

基于高速摄影技术的风沙流输沙通量剖面的风洞实验测量

风沙研究者非常重视对输沙通量随高度变化特征的研究,并为寻找可靠的测量手段付出了不懈的努力。基于高速摄影技术获得的沙粒平均水平速度与沙粒数的垂直剖面,推导了较低风速下环境风洞内输沙通量的垂直剖面。结果表明：沙粒平均水平速度随高度呈幂函数增加,颗粒浓度随高度的算数平方根呈指数衰减。由颗粒平均水平速度剖面与浓度剖面的乘积可获得输沙通量剖面。所获得的输沙通量随高度变化曲线在距床面1~3 mm处均有一个明显的拐点,拐点上方输沙通量随高度呈指数衰减。在床面与拐点之间输沙通量没有明显的变化趋势,这可能是由于气流中颗粒间的碰撞以及颗粒与床面碰撞的影响。平均跃移高度和相对衰减系数是描述输沙通量随高度变化的两个重要参数,两者有着很好的相关性,表明了随着风速增加和沙粒粒径减小跃移颗粒可以达到更大的高度,随着风速减小与粒径增大,输沙通量迅速衰减。     

偏西风作用下敦煌月牙泉金字塔沙山顶部风沙流初步观测研究

金字塔沙山丘体高大,形态复杂,坡面风沙动力过程实地观测困难,至今尚无坡面风沙流野外观测数据。通过新研制自动集沙仪,对偏西风作用下敦煌月牙泉北侧金字塔沙山顶部风沙流进行了实时观测,共观测8组近地表51.4 cm高度内输沙数据,各观测时段中2 m高度平均风速7.46～14.15 m·s^-1,各组观测时长18~95 min。结果表明：偏西风纵向气流作用下金字塔沙山风沙流结构与平坦地表一致,即输沙量随高度增加呈单一的指数规律递减,且风沙流主要在近地表30 cm高度内输移。风沙流结构特征值λ以大于1为主,且随风速增大而增大,表明金字塔沙山坡面过程主要表现为风蚀过程。偏西风作用下金字塔沙山风沙流中沙粒以细沙为主,平均粒径随高度增加而减小;沙山迎风坡沙粒从坡脚到沙脊线逐渐粗化,风蚀作用增强,细沙从而随风沙流搬运至沙山顶,对金字塔沙山多以细沙为主的格局形成起重要作用。     

不同防沙措施的风沙流及其携沙粒度垂直分异特征

为揭示不同防沙措施影响下风沙流结构及其携沙粒度变化规律,采用木质和尼龙网2种材料制作方格沙障、单行沙障、双行沙障与挡沙墙4种防沙措施模型,利用风洞实验对防沙措施前后风沙流结构进行测定,并结合Mastersizer3000激光粒度分布仪对沙样进行粒度组成分析。结果表明：（1） 不同防沙措施迎风侧风沙流垂直分布与未设置防沙措施时基本相似,输沙量随高度的增加而减小,88%以上的输沙量集中在0~10 cm高度层;而背风侧输沙量随高度表现为先增大后减小的变化规律,且随着沙障规格的减小、高度的增加、行间距的变窄、孔隙度的降低输沙量集中范围逐渐向上偏移,输沙量峰值出现的位置由高度较低的透风型方格沙障（7 cm）上移至高度较高的不透风型挡沙墙（26 cm）,且近地表0~10 cm高度层积沙量越少。（2） 受不同防沙措施影响,不同高度层沙粒粒度特征差异显著,整体表现出随着高度的增加沙粒的平均粒径逐渐减小的变化规律,细沙和中沙主要分布在近地表5~25 cm层,而近地表0~5 cm层则分布有细沙、中沙和粗沙,峰值出现在0.300 mm附近,平均含量约为12.09%;粒度参数变化受防沙措施规格变化影响较小,更多表现在高度层的差异,不同防沙措施各高度层沙粒分选性较好、极正偏,峰度随防沙措施参数的密集化由宽平向中等、尖窄变化,由方格沙障（0.990）、单行沙障（0.990）、双行沙障（0.996）向挡沙墙（1.086）变化,且上述变化规律随指示风速的增大逐渐增强。     

河北坝上高原土壤风蚀物垂直分布的初步研究

根据河北坝上高原农田土壤风蚀物的观测与采样分析结果,风蚀物含量随高度的增加,在0~20 cm高度内以指数函数规律递减,反映了以跃移质为主的风沙流结构;在20~100 cm高度内以幂函数规律递减,反映的是悬移质为主的风沙流结构。在风蚀物粒度组成中,随高度增加,砂级颗粒含量减少而粉砂及粘土含量增多;随风速与输沙率的增加,砂级颗粒含量增多而粉砂及粘土含量减少。对风蚀物各粒级含量与高度的相关分析表明:易以迁移形式运动的粒径0.25~0.1 mm土粒百分量以幂函数形式向上递减;沉降速度较低的粒径<0.1 mm土粒百分含量成幂函数形式向上递增。此外,风蚀物平均粒径随高度变细且在50 cm处细于0.1 mm,因此,土壤颗粒成为悬移物质而上升到50 cm以上高度时可能搬运到较远的地区。     

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: q_h=aexp(−h/b), where, q_h is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, q_h, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase.     

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WIND-BLOWN SAND FLUX IN THE SURFACE LAYER,TAKLAMAKAN DESERT,CENTRAL ASIA

The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in a 40-cm flow layer above the ground surface was investigated through laboratory wind-tunnel tests and field measurements on the mobile dune surface during sand storms in the Taklamakan Desert of China. Results show that vertical distribution of the horizontal mass flux of drifting sand is a discontinuous function of height. More than 90% of the total material is transported in the flow layer from the surface to 14 cm. From 2 to 4 cm above the surface, a distinct transition zone occurs wherein mixed transport by creep, saltation, and suspension becomes saltation and suspension. The flow layer from 14 to 15 cm represents a further transition from saltation to suspension, where the distribution curves of the transport rate against height converge. The basic natural exponential function cannot describe well the vertical distribution of the saltation mass flux in the Taklamakan Desert. As a function of height, saltation mass flux follows a function q_salt = a'Z^-bZ, and the distribution of suspension mass flux fits the power function very well. A total transport rate from surface creep to saltation and suspension in the measured flow layer, which is directly proportional to the effective wind speed squared (V - V_t)², can be predicted by integrating Q = a'Z^-bZ + cZ^-d. The height distribution of the average quantities of transported materials varies as an exponential function of wind speed, and deceases with the increase in total transport quantity. Higher wind speed results in a higher transport rate and a higher vertical gradient for the particle concentration. The increment of relative transport quantity in the higher flux layer increases as wind speed increases, which generates a higher concentration of drifting particles in the upper flow layer. [Key words: aeolian geomorphology, aeolian transport, horizontal sand flux, sand dune, vertical sediment distribution, Taklamakan Desert.]     

Grain size and transport characteristics of non-uniform sand in aeolian saltation

Size frequency distributions of sediment particles in a wind tunnel containing a bed of non-uniform sand are investigated by re-interpreting existing experimental data using particle-size analysis. Each particle sample is classified into one of eight groups according to its size grading. The analysis reveals that the modal shape of the particle-size frequency distributions of the saltating sand at different elevations or longitudinal distances is similar to that of the mixed sand in the bed once the boundary layer is fully developed. The standard deviation of the grain-size frequency distribution increases with increasing elevation above the bed then stays constant, whereas its skewness decreases. The mean grain size decays exponentially with elevation. The aeolian sand mass flux is determined for each size grading at different vertical and horizontal measurement locations. The vertical profile of aeolian horizontal mass flux depends on the size grading. The distribution of the sand transport rate according to the mean grain size in each grading fits the normal distribution. A parameter w_i is defined to reflect the likelihood of saltation for sand particles of the i-th size grading, and the mean sand size corresponding to the maximum value of w_i is found to be 0.2 mm. In addition, wind velocity strongly influences the magnitudes of the particle-size distribution and the sand mass flux distribution in both vertical and longitudinal directions.     

野外近地表风沙流脉动特征分析

基于风沙流实时测量系统对流沙地表的输沙强度以及不同高度风速进行实时测量所获得的数据,分析野外实际风场中的风沙流脉动特征。结果表明:沙粒的存在削弱平均流场,但对风速的高阶统计矩和分布形式影响不大,不同高度、不同来流平均风速条件下,风沙流中风速仍近似符合高斯分布;瞬时输沙强度服从指数分布,滞后风速约1 s,脉动强烈;30 min输沙强度平均值和脉动标准差均随平均风速的增大而呈幂函数增加,但随风速脉动强度的变化呈先增大后减小的趋势。这意味着脉动风速对输沙率具有重要影响,需要在输沙率预测公式中予以考虑。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地表风沙流结构特征

在国家林业局磴口荒漠生态站长期监测的基础上,利用多种积沙仪,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘流动沙丘、油蒿半固定沙丘、白刺半固定沙丘、油蒿固定沙丘、白刺固定沙丘5种典型下垫面近地面（0～100 cm）的风沙流输沙量进行了实地观测和对比分析。结果表明：（1） 输沙率（q）随高度（h）增加呈幂函数（q=ah^-b,R²≥0.8409）规律衰减,随风速（v）增大呈幂函数（q=av^b,R²≥0.9256）规律增加,42.8%～70.7%的输沙量分布在10 cm高度内,67.6%～90.0%的输沙量分布于30 cm高度内。当地表植被盖度达到40%以上时,输沙率下降至无植被覆盖地表输沙率的6.6%以下,可有效阻止地表风蚀。（2） 沙物质主要由粒径为50～250 μm的细沙和极细沙构成,各高度层风蚀物粒度组成服从单峰态分布,峰值在100～250 μm。随高度增加,风蚀物粒径范围趋于变窄,粒径趋于更细。（3） 起沙风多出现在WSW和NW方向,占全年起沙风的53.19%。风沙流中跃移输沙、蠕移输沙的空间分布在理论上应与风向频率分布基本一致,差异性主要由各方位风的强度和持续时间等因素导致。研究结果可为该区域防沙工程设计提供理论参考。     

二维沙丘迎风坡沙粒跃移运动的数值模拟

为了研究沙丘迎风坡面上沙粒的跃移运动,本文根据风工程和空气动力学的最新理论,给出了沙丘迎风坡面上风场的空间分布规律,在此基础上对沙粒跃移运动进行了数值计算。由于沙丘周围流场情况较为复杂,各处的风速廓线也不同,故选取不同的坡面位置进行跃移计算,其中各处的起沙率由已有的实验结果或拟合公式给出。计算结果表明：从坡脚到坡顶,平均风速加速比和摩阻风速逐渐增加,到沙丘顶部达到最大值;同时沿坡面向上,各截面处单宽输沙率和距离当地地面相同高度处输沙浓度逐渐加强,这与已有文献报道的结果吻合良好。     

非均匀沙的跃移计算

 为研究更加接近实际情况的风沙运动,并为实验研究提供一些理论分析和数值资料,本研究用数值计算的方法模拟了几种不同粒径分布方式相应的风沙跃移运动。分别计算了沙粒为单一粒径,以及粒径数学期望为该值时的伪随机分布和均匀分布共7种情况下的风沙跃移运动。计算结果表明,对于相同风速,气流对单一粒径组成的均匀沙的携带能力较弱,而对由多粒径组成的非均匀沙的携带能力较强。同时,因沙粒粒径组成的改变导致当跃移运动达到饱和时,风沙流饱和层的高度和沙粒的跃移长度、高度均有所变化。     

Experimental investigation of the concentration profile of a blowing sand cloud

Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to establish the mean downwind velocity and transport rate of different-sized loose dry sand at different free-stream wind velocities and heights, as well as to investigate the vertical variation in the concentration of blowing sand in a cloud. Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) technology was used to measure the vertical variation in mean downwind velocity of a sand cloud in a wind tunnel. The results reveal that within the near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed using an exponential function. In general, the mean downwind velocity increases with height and free-stream wind velocity, but decreases with grain size. The vertical variation in mean downwind velocity can be expressed by a power function. The concentration profile of sand within the saltation layer, calculated according to its flux profile and mean downwind profile, can be expressed using the exponential function: c_z=ae^−bz, where c_z is the blown sand concentration at height z, and a and bare parameters changing regularly with wind velocity and sand size. The concentration profiles are converted to rays of straight lines by plotting logarithmic concentration values against height. The slope of the straight lines, representing the relative decay rate of concentration with height, decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and grain size, implying that more blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase.