系泊船非线性波浪力时域计算:二维模型

为找到具有工程实用价值的港口系泊船波浪力的时域计算方法,建立了在港口中存在系泊船时非线性波浪力时域计算的垂直二维耦合模型:用Boussinesq方程计算船的两侧的外域,用欧拉方程计算船底面下的内域,两域在交界面处的连接条件是流量连续和压力相等.将复平面内的边界元方法应用于所研究问题,对耦合模型进行了验证.进行了相关模型实验,实验结果与数值计算结果比较表明这两种数值计算模型都具有满意的精度,但耦合模型的计算效率要远远高于边界元方法的计算效率.本耦合模型的数学处理简单,可适用于工程计算.     

A 3-D time-domain coupled model for nonlinear waves acting on a box-shaped ship fixed in a harbor

A 3-D time-domain numerical coupled model is developed to obtain an efficient method for nonlinear waves acting on a box-shaped ship fixed in a harbor. The domain is divided into the inner domain and the outer domain. The inner domain is the area beneath the ship and the flow is described by the simplified Euler equations. The remaining area is the outer domain and the flow is defined by the higher-order Boussinesq equations in order to consider the nonlinearity of the wave motions. Along the interface boundaries between the inner domain and the outer domain, the volume flux is assumed to be continuous and the wave pressures are equal. Relevant physical experiment is conducted to validate the present model and it is shown that the numerical results agree with the experimental data. Compared the coupled model with the flow in the inner domain governed by the Laplace equation, the present coupled model is more efficient and its solution procedure is simpler, which is particularly useful for the study on the effect of the nonlinear waves acting on a fixed box-shaped ship in a large harbor.     

A Time-Domain Coupled Model for Nonlinear Wave Forces on A Fixed Box-Shaped Ship in A Harbor

A 2-D time-domain numerical coupled model is developed to obtain an efficient method for nonlinear wave forces on a fixed box-shaped ship in a harbor.The domain is divided into an inner domain and an outer domain.The inner domain is the area beneath the ship and the flow is described by the simplified Euler equations.The other area is the outer domain and the flow is defined by the higher-order Boussinesq equations in order to consider the nonlinearity of the wave motions.Along the interface boundaries between the inner domain and the outer domain,the volume flux is assumed to be continuous and the wave pressures are equal.Relevant physical experiment is conducted to validate the present model.It is shown that the numerical results agree with the experimental data.Compared with the coupled model with the flow in the inner domain governed by the Laplace equation,the present coupled model is more efficient and its solution procedure is more simple,which is particularly useful for the study on the effect of the nonlinear wave forces on a fixed box-shaped ship in a large harbor.     

Domain decomposition and matching for time-domain analysis of motions of ships advancing in head sea

A domain decomposition and matching method in the time-domain is outlined for simulating the motions of ships advancing in waves. The flow field is decomposed into inner and outer domains by an imaginary control surface, and the Rankine source method is applied to the inner domain while the transient Green function method is used in the outer domain. Two initial boundary value problems are matched on the control surface. The corresponding numerical codes are developed, and the added masses, wave exciting forces and ship motions advancing in head sea for Series 60 ship and S175 containership, are presented and verified. A good agreement has been obtained when the numerical results are compared with the experimental data and other references. It shows that the present method is more efficient because of the panel discretization only in the inner domain during the numerical calculation, and good numerical stability is proved to avoid divergence problem regarding ships with flare.     

港口内靠码头系泊船运动的计算

本文以英国南海岸处Ｓｈｏｒｅｈａｍ港内系泊船为例，研究了港口内靠码头系泊船运动的数值计算问题。该船的实船实验和模型实验已经完成，为验证本文计算结果提供了依据。运动方程在时域内求解。在计算船体脉冲响应函数时，引入了船体阻尼系数在频率很低时的渐近表达式和一迭代算法。分析了港内共振波浪和其对船体的作用力。讨论了靠码头系泊船运动的非线性特征。计算结果与实验结果符合很好。     

开孔沉箱在斜向入射波作用下受力研究

应用透空壁内流体速度与壁两侧的压力差成正比的线性模型,研究了斜向波与无限多个开孔沉箱的相互作用.依照结构物的几何形状,把整个流域分成无限多个子域,在每个子域内应用特征函数展开法对速度势进行展开.对于沉箱内的波浪运动,引入相位差概念;在构造反射波模型时,考虑了结构物的几何形状影响.列举出物理模型实验结果与数值实验结果的比较,可以看出两者吻合较好.进一步的数值计算验证表明,当孔隙系数无限大时,开孔墙前后的速度非常接近.在低频入射波作用下,垂直于沉箱的水平力随角度的变大而减小,平行于沉箱排列方向的力则变大.     

The motions of a ship in swallow water

A general formulation is given of the hydrodynamic forces on a ship, oscillating about a state of rest in 6df in response to excitation by a harmonic wave in shallow water. A method is described to obtain a numerical approximation of the velocity potential, describing the flow around the moving ship by means of a distribution of discrete three-dimensional sources.With this method it is possible to take the influence of a quay into account.Calculated values of wave excited forces, hydrodynamic coefficients and motions of a 200,000 tdw tanker in shallow water are presented and compared with experimental results.     

Time domain simulation of side-by-side floating bodies using a 3D numerical wave tank approach

The coupled system of two side-by-side fixed and/or floating bodies interacting with a large amplitude nonlinear wave is studied using a direct time domain solution method. The numerical model is based on a three-dimensional mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian (MEL) method under certain simplifying approximations permitting Rankine panel scheme to be implemented over a time-invariant boundary surface to solve the boundary value problem for the unknown velocity potentials. A 4th order Adams–Bashforth–Moulton scheme is used for time marching of rigid-body motion histories of the individual bodies and evolution of the free-surface including the gap region in which large resonant fluid motions occur. A systematic study has been carried out to evaluate the performance of the developed time domain method in simulating the forces and motions as well as the fluid motion in the gap region for the two body system under various arrangements and in different wave-headings. At first, the computed numerical results have been validated and verified with computational and experimental results available in literature for standard geometries such as vertical truncated cylinders and rectangular boxes. Secondly, effectiveness of the damping lid model which is introduced to suppress wave resonance in the gap region is investigated including its influence on maximum sway forces on fixed and floating rectangular barges in side-by-side configurations. Thirdly, comparative studies on absolute and relative motion response for two cases (two rectangular barges, and a FLNG-FPSO + shuttle tanker) in side-by-side arrangement are detailed to bring out the importance of nonlinearities arising due to steep nonlinear incident waves. Finally, coupled motions of the two-body system of an FPSO and a shuttle tanker floating in side-by-side configuration in a steep nonlinear wave field are studied in which the two bodies are connected through hawsers, and also the FPSO is moored to the ground. Additionally there is a fender between the two bodies.     

开孔沉箱与斜向波作用的理论研究和实验验证

应用透空壁内流体速度与壁两侧的压力差成正比的线性模型,研究了无限多个开孔沉箱在斜向波作用下的反射问题。整个流域被分成无限多个子域,在每个子域内应用特征函数展开法对速度势进行展开。对于沉箱内的波浪运动,根据沉箱位置引入相位差概念。在构造反射波模型时,考虑了结构物几何形状周期性的影响。结果表明,当孔隙系数无限大时,开孔墙前后的速度非常接近,反射系数符合能量守恒定律。在低频入射波作用下,沉箱越短,其反射系数越小,反射系数随着角度的变大而减小。     

偏心环空螺旋流的PIV测试研究

首次将PIV技术应用于测试偏心环空幂律流体紊流螺旋流速度场,设计了一套可调偏心度的垂直环空管道实验装置。实验为不同浓度的聚丙烯酰胺水溶液在偏心度分别为40％和80％的垂直环空管道内做螺旋流动的PIV实验。得到了轴向速度影响规律：压力梯度一定时,黏滞性的减小或内管转速的增加将使轴向速度增大;流量一定时,黏滞性的减小或内管转速的增加都将使宽间隙处紊流核心区的轴向速度减小;偏心度的增大可以使紊流核心区轴向速度减小;当其它条件相同时,轴向速度随着压力梯度或流量的增加而增大。PIV实验结果与PHOENICS数模结果吻合良好。证明了PIV技术对幂律流体偏心环空螺旋流速度场进行测试是可行的、有效的。     

An efficient hybrid integral-equation method for point-absorber wave energy converters with a vertical axis of symmetry

To assist in the prototyping and controller design of point-absorber wave energy converters (WECs), an easy-to-implement hybrid integral-equation method is presented for computing the frequency-domain hydrodynamic properties of bodies with a vertical axis of symmetry in waves. The current hybrid method decomposes the flow domain into two parts: an inner domain containing the body and an outer domain extending to infinity. The solution in the inner domain is computed using the boundary-element method, and the outer-domain solution is expressed using eigenfunctions. Proper matching at the domain boundary is achieved by enforcing continuity of velocity potential and its normal derivative. Body symmetry allows efficient computation using ring sources in the inner domain. The current method is successfully applied to three different body geometries including a vertical truncated floating cylinder, the McIver toroid, and the coaxial-cylinder WEC being developed in the authors’ laboratory. In particular, the current results indicate that, by replacing the flat bottom of the coaxial-cylinder WEC with the Berkeley-Wedge (BW) shape, viscous effect can be significantly reduced with only minor negative impact on wave-exciting force, thus increasing WEC efficiency. Finally, by comparing to experimental measurements, the current method is demonstrated to accurately predict the heave added mass and wave-exciting force on the coaxial-cylinder WEC with BW geometry. If a viscous damping correction factor is used, the heave motion amplitude can also be accurately computed.     

完全非线性波浪与二维固定结构物作用的IGN-BEM耦合分析模型

为高效准确地对完全非线性波浪与二维固定结构物的相互作用进行模拟分析,建立了二维完全非线性时域耦合模型。耦合模型将计算域划分为靠近结构物的内域和远离结构物的外域,每个区域均采用满足完全非线性自由水面边界条件的波浪模型进行求解。在内域使用Laplace方程描述流体运动并采用高阶边界元法（BEM）对其进行求解;而在没有结构物的外域,波浪运动的控制方程为Irrotational Green-Naghdi（IGN）方程并采用有限元法（FEM）对其进行求解。内域和外域通过一段重叠区域进行耦合,从而实现模型间变量的传递。首先利用耦合模型分别对规则波的传播、直墙前立波的生成以及相关物理模型试验进行模拟,数值结果与精确解和试验结果的良好吻合验证了耦合模型耦合方式的合理性以及处理非线性问题的准确性;然后使用耦合模型模拟分析了波浪与固定结构物间的相互作用,并将结果与线性解析解以及完全非线性BEM模型的结果进行了对比分析,进一步证明了耦合模型的正确性与高效性。     

开孔墙对减小波浪载荷效果的CFD分析

极限波浪载荷是导致海上结构物疲劳失效的主要载荷之一。固定在海洋基础结构物上的直立开孔墙对减小波浪载荷具有一定的效果。基于不可压缩黏性流体流动理论和N-S方程,采用VOF与Level-set相结合追踪自由表面的方法,首先建立数值波浪水槽,然后对开孔墙本身的开孔率和开孔墙与直立墙之间的相对距离,在降低反射系数和波浪力两个方面进行分析。研究结果表明,开孔墙可以明显降低作用在结构物上的波浪力,开孔墙本身的开孔率和与直立墙的相对距离会对其产生明显影响;不同波浪参数下会存在一个最佳的开孔率,但是不同波浪参数时最佳开孔率会略有不同;当开孔墙和直立墙的相对距离在0.2到0.3之间时,开孔墙的消波减载效果最佳。研究结果可为海洋工程相关设计提供一定的参考。     

Wave run-up on a coaxial perforated circular cylinder

This paper describes a plane regular wave interaction with a combined cylinder which consists of a solid inner column and a coaxial perforated outer cylinder.The outer perforated surface is a thin porous cylinder with an annular gap between it and the inner cylinder.The non-linear boundary condition at the perforated wall is a prime focus in the study;energy dissipation at the perforated wall occurs through the resistance to the fluid across the perforated wall.Explicit analytical formulae are presented to calculate the wave run-up on the outer and inner surfaces of the perforated cylinder and the surface of the inner column.The theoretical results of the wave run-up are compared with previous experimental data.Numerical results have also been obtained:when the ratio of the annular gap between the two cylinders to incident wavelength(b-a)/L≤0.1,the wave run-up on the inner surface of the perforated cylinder and the surface of inner column can partially or completely exceed the incident wave height.     

The dynamics of wave induced ship motions in shallow water

The analytical method developed by Svendsen (1968) for a forced heave motion is extended to the general problem of wave induced heave, roll and sway motions of a long ship at a depth of water which is only slightly larger than the draught of the ship. This corresponds, for example, to the situation of a fully loaded ship in a harbour area.After linearization of the problem, the water motion is considered for each of the three individual motions and for the wave reflection-transmission problem for a fixed ship. The ensuing results for the forces on the ship are then synthesized to form the equations of motion, which are presented with all coefficients given, including mooring forces.Analytical and numerical results are given for the three components of motion, for the associated resonance frequencies, and for the hydrodynamic masses and moments of inertia. Finally, the assumptions used are analyzed and evaluated by comparison with measurements and with other results for a special case.     

波浪作用下涵洞式直立堤水体交换特性研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟和物理模型试验结合的方式,开展涵洞式直立堤在波浪作用下的水体交换研究。CFD数值模拟采用VPM (volume-average/point-value method)-THINC (tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing)/QQ (quadratic surface representation and Gaussian quadrature)模型,并在此基础上提出一种能够标记涵洞内外水体变化的双液相流体体积模型(VOF)方法,定性及定量描述涵洞内外水体的交换特性;物理模型试验主要用来验证数值模型的准确性。研究表明,在波浪的作用下,涵洞内部会形成一股往复振荡的水流,对水体交换起到重要的作用。该振荡流主要受到涵洞高度、波浪周期以及波高的影响,涵洞深度对其影响不大。在波浪长时间的作用下,涵洞式直立堤能有效地增强港池内外水体交换。     

浮基多体系统自激运动响应的时域分析方法

浮基多体系统上部机构作业时不仅存在多体系统内部各物体间的耦合作用 ,还存在浮基与流场间的耦合作用。本文将浮基在流场中引起的辐射势表示为浮基加速度与时域规范化速度势乘积的卷积形式 ,导出流体动压力及静水系泊恢复力与浮基运动的关系。使用多刚体力学的凯恩方法得到系统的动力学方程。最后给出了在时域中数值求解系统运动响应的具体步骤     

Ship motions and sea loads in restricted water depth

The influence of the sea bottom on ship motions and sea loads is examined. It is described how to calculate the vertical motions and loads for a ship with non-zero forward speed in regular waves by use of sttip theory and fluid finite element method. Results of such calculations are shown. The effects of shallow water are significant as is seen from several figures.     

Wave radiation by a uniform cylinder in front of a vertical wall

In this paper, an exact analytical method is developed for the problem of wave radiation by a uniform cylinder in front of a vertical wall. Based on the image principle, the hydrodynamic problem of a cylinder in front of a vertical wall is transformed into the equivalent problem of double cylinders in unbounded fluid domain. Consequently, an analytical method of eigenfunction expansion is adopted to calculate the radiation of the cylinder due to the motion in surge, sway, roll and pitch, respectively. Moreover, numerical analysis has been carried out in detail in order to discuss the influences of the distance between the cylinder and the vertical wall and water depth on the added mass and radiation damping of the cylinder. It is shown that added mass and damping of the cylinder in front of a vertical wall are evidently different from those in case of the cylinder in unbounded fluid domain from the numerical results. It is also found that the added mass and radiation damping oscillate with wave number, and the oscillating frequency increases with the increasing of the distance between the cylinder and the wall.