西藏阿里阿伊拉日居山脉第四纪冰川作用

在西藏阿里阿伊拉日居山脉南北两麓及切割山脉的各沟谷中,分布着4套早更新世以来的冰川沉积物。根据这些冰川沉积物的地层层序和冰川沉积物的电子自旋共振(ESR)年龄测定结果,将阿伊拉日居山脉南北两麓所发生的4次早更新世以来的冰川作用,分别命名为札达冰期(1161-952 ka BP)、阿伊拉日居冰期(762-730 ka BP)、学朗冰期(336-211 ka BP)和弄穷冰期(105-15 ka BP),并与青藏高原及其他地区冰期进行了对比。各次冰期的冰川性质分别为大型山岳冰川、冰帽、山麓冰川和中小型山谷冰川。全新世时期,现代冰川有过冰川推进。近期冰川则发生了明显的后退。     

Direct effect of ice sheets on terrestrial bicarbonate, sulphate and base cation fluxes during the last glacial cycle: minimal impact on atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Chemical erosion in glacial environments is normally a consequence of chemical weathering reactions dominated by sulphide oxidation linked to carbonate dissolution and the carbonation of carbonates and silicates. Solute fluxes from small valley glaciers are usually a linear function of discharge. Representative glacial solute concentrations can be derived from the linear association of solute flux with discharge. These representative glacial concentrations of the major ions are 25% of those in global river water. A 3-D thermomechanically coupled model of the growth and decay of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets was used to simulate glacial runoff at 100-year time steps during the last glacial cycle (130 ka to the present). The glacially derived fluxes of major cations, anions and Si over the glaciation were estimated from the product of the glacial runoff and the representative glacial concentration. A second estimate was obtained from the product of the glacial runoff and a realistic upper limit for glacial solute concentrations derived from theoretical considerations. The fluxes over the last glacial cycle are usually less than a few percent of current riverine solute fluxes to the oceans. The glacial fluxes were used to provide input to an oceanic carbon cycling model that also calculates changes in atmospheric CO₂. The potential change in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations over the last glacial cycle that arise from perturbations in glacial solute fluxes are insignificant, being <1 ppm.     

尼泊尔4·25地震震前冰湖制图与潜在危险性分析

由于地震灾害的影响,冰湖上游的冰滑坡、冰崩、滑坡、泥石流会进入湖泊,通过冲击波或抬高水位,造成冰川坝或冰碛坝突然垮塌导致冰湖迅速排水而形成洪水或洪水泥石流.首先基于Landsat8遥感影像通过人工目视解译的方法构建尼泊尔2015年4月25日地震震前冰湖数据,为我国和尼泊尔的抗震救灾提供重要的数据支撑.然后利用历史遥感数据解译获取研究区2015年以前的历史冰湖数据,对历史冰湖数据和2015年的冰湖数据进行地理空间分析,计算其面积变化和长度变化.最后结合尼泊尔2015年4月25日地震峰值地面加速度数据通过空间分析识别地震影响区的潜在危险冰湖.研究表明:研究区面积0.02 km~2的冰湖有1 847个,面积263.18 km~2,其中快速变化冰湖87个,位于地震影响区的潜在危险冰湖49个,应重点关注潜在危险冰湖.     

1977-1989中国冰川地质研究的新取向

中国的传统冰川地质学研究是同李四光的名字紧密相连的。１９７７年以后，现代沉积学的原理和方法在中国冰川地质学的研究中得到了广泛的应用。中国西部的自然条件易于形成突发性的泥石流。区别冰川沉积物和泥石流沉积物在沉积学上的异同是冰川地层学研究中的关键问题。解决有关中国西部冰川扩张的次数和范围等重大问题，有待于冰川地层学和冰川地貌学新手段的综合运用。     

东天山黑沟流域冰川沉积序列及OSL测年研究

黑沟源于东天山最大现代冰川作用中心博格达峰的南坡. 在第四纪冰期与间冰期旋回中,该流域的冰川均发生过多次规模较大的进退,在谷中留下了较为完整的冰川沉积序列. 这些冰川地形包含有重要的古气候变化信息,对其研究可重建黑沟流域的冰川演化史. 应用OSL对该流域的冰川沉积物进行定年,测定结果表明冰水沉积物（沙质透镜体）比冰碛物更适宜应用单片再生剂量（SAR）测年技术进行测定. 基于测得的年龄并结合地貌地层学原理可初步得出：晚第四纪期间,黑沟流域共发生了5次规模较大的冰川作用,分别为全新世期间的小冰期（16世纪以来冷期的冰进）与新冰期（距今3~4 ka的冰进）,末次冰期晚冰阶（MIS 2）与早冰阶（MIS 4）以及倒数第二次冰期（MIS 6）.     

1972-2009年念青唐古拉山西段冰湖分布及其变化特征

冰湖是研究气候变化的重要指标之一,了解冰湖分布和变化的特征,对认识冰川与气候之间关系和冰湖溃决灾害评估有着重要意义。运用遥感资料监测念青唐古拉山西段近40a来的冰湖分布及其变化,并结合DEM研究冰湖垂直分布的变化,探讨影响冰湖分布和变化的可能因素。研究结果表明:(1)研究区冰湖数量和面积近年来都呈迅速增加趋势,冰湖增加150个,冰湖面积增加4.384km2。气温升高、冰川融水增加是冰湖增多和面积增大的主要原因;(2)冰湖垂直分布变化明显,新增冰湖个数峰值位于海拔5 500～5 700m,占新增冰湖总数的61%;新增冰湖面积峰值在海拔5 400～5 700m,占新增湖总面积的44%;冰湖面积在大部分海拔高度上均呈扩张态势;(3)海拔高于5 400m的区域,1991-2009年新增的冰湖数量远多于1972-1991年。冰湖在高海拔区分布的变化对念青唐古拉山区冰川消融以及气候垂直变化具有一定的指示作用。     

博格达山北坡第四纪古冰川与新构造运动

本文以三工河为例,将该区划分为高台地冰期(Q_(p1))、洼地冰期(Q_(p2)),天池冰期(Q_(p3)~1)和力行达坂冰期(Q(_p3)~3)。对该区新构运动的性质、类型、特点作了较详细的阐述,并指出新构造运动的间歇期和波动期及其与冰期和间冰期的对应关系。最后运用深部地质资料揭示出博格达山新构造运动的源动力。     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川退缩对细菌优势种群影响的初步研究

随着全球冰川正在越来越多的地区融化, 冰川微生物资源很可能会由于冰川退缩而未被人类所发现就已受到生存的威胁而濒危.以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川消融区和末端雪样及末端土样为研究对象, 采用培养方法、分子鉴定, 研究冰川雪样优势菌群在冰川末端土样的分布状况及生理生化指标变化情况, 分析冰川细菌优势菌群在冰川退缩后适应非雪环境的能力.结果表明: 冰川末端雪样优势菌为1BW1和1BW2所代表的Pedobacter, 该属在冰川消融区雪样和冰川末端土样中未分离到; 冰川消融区雪样优势菌为2BW所代表的Acinetobacter, 该属在冰川末端雪样中的数量较少, 在冰川末端土样中的数量更少.不同采样位点16S rRNA序列相似性高的菌株其生理生化特征比相同采样位点的大.因此, 冰川冰退缩可能会引发冰川雪样中的优势种群不能适应新环境而灭绝. 应加强冰川细菌资源利用和保护的研究基础.     

Glacial geology as a key to geochemical exploration in areas of glacial overburden with particular reference to Canada

The applicability of geochemical exploration procedures in previously glaciated areas is largely a function of the nature of the glacial sediments. A considerable diversity of glacial sediments and landforms results from a phase of glaciation, these products bearing variable compositional relationships to the local bedrock, and thus have varying usefulness in geochemical exploration. A classification of glacial sediments and landforms is described, with emphasis being placed on the provenance of the material composing the different types. The nature and extent of the Wisconsin glaciation in Canada is summarized, together with a review of the distribution of glacial sediments and landforms. Variations in the nature of the glaciation and the distribution of different glacial sediments and landforms have contributed to the situation that the applicability of geochemical exploration techniques varies across Canada. The nature of metal dispersion in glacial sediments resulting directly from glacial activity is discussed, particular reference being given to those features that have proved effective in geochemical exploration. The role of dispersion patterns in glacial sediments and landforms is discussed with regard to varying scales of geochemical exploration programs. Variations in the distribution of glacial sediments and the nature of associated dispersion patterns, both on the regional and local scales, make a consideration of the glacial geology an essential feature for the implementation of appropriate geochemical exploration procedures.     

基于Hkr值的北天山冰川侵蚀空间分布特征及其主控因素研究

确定冰川侵蚀的主控因素及其与各影响因素间的相互作用方式,不仅对深入认识冰川侵蚀的物理机制和理解冰川作用区地貌演化具有重要的意义,也是探讨构造、气候、地形间相互关系的根本。然而,以往的学者仅在构造活动略单一的区域研究冰川侵蚀的主控因素,致使对构造的影响认识不足,那么,构造是否是冰川侵蚀的主控因素呢？又是如何作用于冰川侵蚀？北天山第四纪冰川作用规模巨大,留下了丰富的冰川遗迹,其气候与构造条件也多样,因而成为探讨上述问题的理想区域。本文在北天山北坡自西向东选取了7个冰川流域,基于每个流域的Hkr值和冰川侵蚀影响因子的定性定量数据,分析了该区域冰川侵蚀的分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,北天山各流域冰川侵蚀自西向东有减小趋势,该变化趋势是构造、气候、地形共同作用所致。其中,山顶高度和降水对冰川侵蚀的影响最显著,两者均通过对冰川规模施加作用来控制冰川侵蚀,而构造也可能通过影响顶点高程、积累区面积、冰川规模,进而作用于冰川侵蚀,但是其是否发挥主要作用有待进一步认识。因此,冰川规模可能才是导致北天山各冰川流域侵蚀差异的根本原因。     

新疆塔县石头城一带中更新世冰碛物的发现及地质意义

笔者首次在塔县的老兵站、石头城和加油站等3处发现了古冰碛物,均呈残留冰碛台地分布,台地高程约为3 100m,表面可见大量正长岩漂砾。漂砾风化穴的主要类型为边墙形、蜂巢型和底穴型。在侵蚀切割该古冰碛物的砂砾层中,得到(62.07±2.44)ka的光释光年龄。同时与附近墓士塔格山和公格尔山古冰川的对比研究,表明该冰碛物时代可能为中更新世倒数第二次冰期,为塔县县城西侧斯顿古冰川向东冰进的产物。该冰碛物的发现具有重要的地质意义:可将斯顿山第四纪冰川遗迹划分为中更新世的倒数第二次冰期、晚更新世的末次冰期,以及全新世的新冰期和小冰期;进一步指示塔什库尔干断裂的左行走滑正断层性质;更新世,斯顿古冰川与墓士塔格冰川各自有明确的界线,不可能形成一个统一的冰盖。     

The Campo Felice late Pleistocene Glaciation (Apennines,central Italy)

Study of the glacial deposits and lacustrine sediments of Campo Felice (Apennines, central Italy) has enabled the glacial phases of the last 40 ka to be dated more precisely, and has demonstrated that the maximum glacial advance did not occur in correspondence with the last global glacial maximum and with the coldest and most arid phase suggested by the pollen, but in a period dated between about 33 and 27 ka, characterized by a less extreme climate. Furthermore, a glacial expansion took place also in the period prior to 35 ka. Correlation with the Alpine glacial variations has shown that the Apennine last glacial maximum occurred before that of the southern slope of the Alps. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palaeoglaciation of Bayan Har Shan,northeastern Tibetan Plateau: glacial geology indicates maximum extents limited to ice cap and ice field scales

Key locations within an extensive area of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, centred on Bayan Har Shan, have been mapped to distinguish glacial from non‐glacial deposits. Prior work suggests palaeo‐glaciers ranging from valley glaciers and local ice caps in the highest mountains to a regional or even plateau‐scale ice sheet. New field data show that glacial deposits are abundant in high mountain areas in association with large‐scale glacial landforms. In addition, glacial deposits are present in several locations outside areas with distinct glacial erosional landforms, indicating that the most extensive palaeo‐glaciers had little geomorphological impact on the landscape towards their margins. The glacial geological record does indicate extensive maximum glaciation, with local ice caps covering entire elevated mountain areas. However, absence of glacial traces in intervening lower‐lying plateau areas suggests that local ice caps did not merge to form a regional ice sheet on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau around Bayan Har Shan. No evidence exists for past ice sheet glaciation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川西沙鲁里山第四纪冰川及与邻区之对比

沙鲁里山是研究第四纪冰川的最佳场所之一。可划分四个冰期,第一冰期为大陆冰盖,第二、三期及现代冰川为山岳冰川;整体反映第四纪地壳不断抬升,气候不断变暖,冰川不断向高山退缩的过程。     

Using a maximum simplicity paleoclimate model to simulate millennial variability during the last four glacial periods

Many studies have documented the existence of millennial-scale variability in the Earth system during the last glacial period. An increasing number of studies document the occurrence of similar millennial variability during glacial periods previous to the last one. Here we use the simplest possible thermal-bipolar seesaw model to consider this variability for the last four glacial periods. We invert this model and use the high-pass filtered Vostok stable isotope records to make a first, tentative, attempt to estimate high-latitude N. Hemisphere temperature variability over the last four glacial periods, beyond the reach of Greenland ice-core records. The model result is compared against the Vostok methane record, which shows rapid variations in parallel to Greenland temperature records during the last glacial period. A further comparison is carried out against the planktonic oxygen isotope of north Atlantic core ODP 980. There is agreement between the records on the existence of similar millennial-scale variability during the last three glacial periods with very similar characteristics to the variability during the last glacial cycle.     

山地冰川演化与冰湖发育相互作用机制北大核心CSCD

冰川-冰湖耦合过程是冰冻圈物质与能量循环的重要组成部分,系统刻画冰川演化与冰湖发育过程的相互作用机制,对于完善冰冻圈科学理论体系和认知冰川作用区变化规律、水循环模式和灾害效应具有重要意义。本文立足山地冰川演化和冰湖发育过程,系统归纳了冰川-冰湖相互作用研究进展,剖析了冰川作用与冰湖发育耦合机制及相关模型的应用,并对现有冰川演化与冰湖发育过程耦合机制研究存在的不足与挑战进行解析和总结。冰川-冰湖耦合过程的深入研究有助于提高数值模拟的可信度与精度,为评估冰川-冰湖耦合过程影响、建立灾害监测预警体系和采取适应性措施提供数据与理论基础。     

江西南部地区第四纪冰川遗迹

李四光教授于三十年代初,在江西庐山发现第四纪冰川遗迹以来,迄今在江西其他地区甚少有古冰川遗迹的报道。1976年笔者在工作区内,见到了不少古冰川遗迹,大约分布在东经114°50′至116°34′和北纬25°45′至28°间。它对于揭示江西南部地区第四纪冰川孕育及发展规律,提供了实际资料。     

喀喇昆仑山北坡冰川地质及地貌

喀喇昆仑山北坡是我国山岳冰川最发育的地区之一.千姿百态的地貌景观是冰川地质及地貌作用的结果.本文对该区主要冰川的地貌类型、不同类型冰川作用的规模及发育程度,以及各阶段冰川作用强度与挽近时期构造运动的关系进行了初步研究.     

新龙古冰帽的若干特征

新龙古冰帽位于沙鲁里山北部,古冰帽面积为2000km~2。海拔4600m以上湖群遍布,冰碛物撒满高原面,此即为古冰帽的判识标志。古冰帽分中心区与外围山谷冰川区,遗留有冰蚀湖、蚀碛均夷面、冰蚀丘陵、冰川槽谷、羊背石、鼓丘、侧碛堤等多种地貌类型。本冰帽演化经历了三次冰期。