古海洋研究中的地球化学新指标

有机地球化学与微量元素地球化学古环境指标及其相关的同位素指标已成为追溯古全球变化与古海洋生物地球化学演化的有力工具。从古环境替代指标的示踪原理和应用的角度，综述了有孔虫碳同位素、有机地球化学整体指标、生物标志化合物、单体有机分子同位素、微量元素等在古海洋古环境研究中的应用及相关的研究动态与进展。指出古海洋研究正从以恢复古海洋的物理参数（温度、盐度、古洋流等）为主，向着揭示古水团演化、古生产力、古营养状况、碳贮库及碳循环等古生物地球化学演化过程方向纵深发展。     

海陆边缘沉积磷在全球变化研究中的意义

从磷的生物地球化学循环的角度,讨论了磷与大气圈O2、CO2的关联模式,并通过研究磷的环境地球化学行为,揭示了海陆边缘沉积磷对古气候、古环境变化的记录及其对指示古全球变化的关键性,同时提出了中国东部沿海近代沉积磷的积累与全球变化的耦合作用关系,在中短时间尺度的全球变化研究中所具有的特殊意义。     

"古代生物分子国际研讨会"概况

近10多年来随着分子生物学、有机地球化学的理论和现代测试技术的不断更新和发展,人们 可以在古DNA、古蛋白质、类脂等古代生物分子(ancient biomolecules)的尺度上去研究古 代生物的谱系关系、分子演化理论、人类的起源和迁移、动物和植物的家养和驯化过程及早 期农业的发展、考古点的动植物残骸的精确鉴定、新的定年技术以及古气候的变化等等重要问题.     

过去全球变化研究中环境地球化学进展

由于自然档案中稳定同位素组成对气候变化的有效指示作用,环境地球化学研究对古全球变化研究起着十分重要的作用,长期以来被看成古全球变化科学的基石。本文从时间尺度、空间尺度和气候驱动因素等方面的环境地球化学研究,论述了近年来取得的一些新进展。     

湖相沉积物有机地球化学在古环境研究中的应用

湖相沉积物中的有机质蕴含着丰富的地球化学信息,是古环境研究中必要的基础资料之一。文章综述了近年来湖相沉积物有机地球化学在古环境研究中的应用,结果表明:1在应用有机地球化学信息探讨古环境时,首先要根据有机质组成特征区分其来源,不同来源的有机质,其地球化学特征存在差异;2有机质碳同位素(δ13Corg)是研究古气候变化的常用指标,在区分暖湿、暖干、冷湿、冷干气候类型时需结合沉积物中总有机质丰度(TOC)、总有机氮丰度(TN)、自生碳酸盐氧同位素(δ18O)等资料;3脂肪酸不饱和度可作为恢复古环境温度的定性指标,UK37和UK37'在定量恢复古湖水表层温度中有较好的应用效果,TEX86有望应用在古湖水表层温度的重建;4生物标志化合物可较好地区分沉积物中有机质的来源、沉积水体的盐度及氧化还原性。可见,有机地球化学是研究古环境常用且有效的技术手段,多项有机地球化学参数相互验证能够更精确地重建古环境并预测其演化趋势。     

喀斯特生态系统生物地球化学过程与物质循环研究:重要性、现状与趋势

喀斯特地质与生态系统是地球表层系统中的重要组成部分,其变化将对其他地区以及整个地球系统产生影响.生物地球化学循环是全球和区域变化研究的核心内容,而生态系统的演化与系统内水分和养分的生物地球化学循环密切相关。因此,我们有必要将喀斯特生态系统纳入到更大区域或全球生态系统中进行分析研究,在充分研究认识整个喀斯特生态系统物质生物地球化学循环规律的基础上,进一步研究喀斯特生态系统的全球变化响应或影响机制,为喀斯特生态系统优化调控对策和措施提供科学基础。研究生态系统演化过程中物质的生物地球化学循环规律,是研究植物适生性、物种优化配置和适应性生态系统调控机理的关键基础。在介绍前人工作基础的同时,本文全面而概括地总结了我们近年利用元素、同位素(如δ13C、δ15N、δ34S、87Sr/86Sr)示踪和化学计量学理论和方法对喀斯特生态系统中不同界面和流域中物质的生物地球化学循环及其生态环境效应的研究成果。认识到:喀斯特流域生物地球化学循环活跃,相互耦合,并与流域生态环境变化相互制约;人类活动正干预流域物质的自然生物地球化学循环过程,并导致相应的生态和环境效应;全球变化科学深化有赖于区域生态环境变化及物质生物地球化学循环的研究。这些认识是我们将来系统深入开展喀斯特以及其他流域生态系统物质生物地球化学循环研究的重要方向。     

第九届“侯德封矿物岩石地球化学青年科学家奖”简讯

20 0 2年 6月 2日 ,经中国矿物岩石地球化学学会第九届“侯德封矿物岩石地球化学青年科学家奖”评选委员会评审 ,共评选出 6名获奖人。中国地质大学地球科学学院谢树成教授榜上有名。谢树成请奖的项目是“生物标志化合物在全球变化研究中的应用”。其主要学术成就如下。 1从青藏高原海拔 70 0 0 m的雪冰中检测出系列痕量有机分子 ,这些分子不仅灵敏地记录了人类活动的污染物 ,而且证实了青藏高原夏季风和冬季风的活动 ,以及雪冰这一全球变化重要载体中的有机分子所具有的古气候意义。 2确立了泥炭中某些有机分子的单体氢同位素值与古温度有…     

运用生物标志物重建古盐度的研究进展

在古海洋、古环境研究领域,水体盐度重建是长期以来亟待解决的难题。在无机地球化学作为古盐度计应用日趋成熟的同时,有机地球化学指标为解决该问题提供了不同的思路和观点。经过数十年来的大量生物培养实验和环境研究,基于C_37:4烯酮的质量分数、古菌膜脂的ACE（archaeol and caldarchaeol ecometric）指数、长链二醇的醇指数指标（diolindex,DI）和脂类氢同位素组成等都被证明与水体盐度有相当密切的联系,可以将它们作为指示区域水体古盐度变化的参考证据。需要指出的是,由于对这些生物标志物的生物来源和合成过程了解的局限性以及其他环境因素的影响,本研究也讨论了在具体应用时需要考虑的适用范围及区域校正问题。     

分子有机地球化学与古气候、古环境研究

分子有机地球化学可以从分子级水平研究地质体中有机分子化合物的演化规律。本文报道了应用生物标志化合物指标探讨古气候和古环境,例如探讨古生物(含古植物)的输入,淡水、半咸水和高盐度水古环境的判识以及大气飘尘的来源和成因等。     

有机地球化学研究进展—在第四纪古气候古环境研究中的应用

有机地球化学研究进展──在第四纪古气候古环境研究中的应用耿安松（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）从沉积（无机）地球化学的角度研究第四纪古气候、古环境的变迁已经做了大量的工作，并取得许多成果。与之相比，从有机地球化学的角度研究第四纪古气...     

湿地溶解性有机质（DOM）源识别方法研究

湿地是位于水陆生态系统之间的重要生态交错带,而溶解性有机质(DOM)是陆地向水生生态系统输送营养物质的重要载体物质。湿地中DOM的来源分为内源和外源。对湿地中DOM的来源进行识别有助于认识湿地中营养物质的生物化学循环特征,从而进一步了解水陆生态系统之间的物质循环。目前,对湿地DOM进行源识别的方法较多。根据各种方法在研究中应用的广泛性和可用性,本文主要介绍了光学法、同位素法、C/N比值法和生物标志法在湿地DOM源识别中的应用。综合分析表明,光学法、同位素法和C/N比值法在湿地DOM源识别研究中的应用较多。近几年,由于生物标志物(特别是木质素)不仅能够对来源进行识别,而且对源的变化很敏感,因此生物标志法在湿地DOM源识别中的应用成为研究的热点。论文在分析各种湿地DOM源识别方法的基础上,指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并提出进一步研究的方向。     

祁连山青海云杉叶片δ~(13)C特征及其与生理指标关系

以祁连山青海云杉叶片为研究对象,通过测定叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)、叶片含水量(LWC)、脯氨酸含量、灰分含量、碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比、土壤含水量(SWC)等指标,探讨不同水分梯度下叶片δ13C的控制因子.结果表明,祁连山青海云杉叶片δ13C值在-28.9‰～-25.4‰之间变化,平均值为-27.3‰.沿河西走廊从东到西的干旱梯度(降水量逐渐减少),叶片δ13C表现出偏正的趋势.叶片δ13C与LWC和脯氨酸含量呈显著正相关关系,与灰分含量、SWC显著负相关.叶片δ13C值在青海云杉种内分布稳定,主要是由自身的遗传特性所决定,同时与生长环境条件也有一定的关系,其中土壤可利用水分是最主要的限制因子.叶片灰分含量是δ13C值的可选择性替代指标.     

青藏高原(东北部)现代植物碳同位素组成特征及其气候信息

分析了青藏高原(东北部)现代植物(全部为C3植物)全木混合样的碳同位素组成(其δ13C值分布范围一般为-235‰~-308‰,平均值为-266‰),对影响其变化的各种环境因素进行了探讨.研究表明,降雨量及大气压力是影响该区植物δ13C值变化的最重要环境因素.一方面,降雨量增大,空气相对湿度增大,植物的δ13C值降低(偏负);另一方面,大气压力降低,植物的δ13C值增大(偏正).可见,植物中保存着自然环境变化的大量信息.     

海洋环境中铁的来源、微生物作用过程及生态效应

铁在地壳中的含量位列第四,在海洋中常以微量元素的身份出现。铁拥有多变的价态和多样的功能,是调节海洋初级生产力和驱动海洋生物地球化学循环的重要力量。以往的研究表明,铁在维持初级生产力、耦合物质循环以及调节生源要素转化中具有重要作用。近年来微生物生态学的发展将铁的研究推向了新的高度,包括微生物驱动的铁氧化-还原行为、代谢过程以及与主要元素(C/N/P)的交互关系等。以近15年发表的文献为重点,尝试综述铁的最新进展。首先梳理了海洋中铁的来源和赋存状态(溶解态、胶体态、颗粒态和有机态);其次阐释了微生物介导的铁氧化还原类型和过程机制(如硝酸盐氧化、生物还原等);最后总结了铁与C/N/P循环的耦合关系以及在特定生态事件中的生态效应。此外,对海洋铁研究的“化学-生物-物理”理论框架也进行了展望,旨在为更好地认识铁循环及其在海洋微生态过程的作用提供资料借鉴。     

Tracer studies of carbon source utilization in a wetland on the Canadian shield

It is generally agreed that the uptake of C by plants via their root systems is <2% of total C assimilated. However, the potential for very high specific activity ¹⁴C in the root zone near low to intermediate level radioactive waste management areas, as the result of upwelling contaminated groundwater or soil gas, makes it imperative to establish more precise upper limits for this assimilation pathway. Studies have been undertaken at field sites at the Chalk River Laboratories to address this concern.In order to check the hypothesis that the transpirational stream may be an important pathway for C assimilation in plants growing under anoxic or wetland conditions, several direct comparisons of small plants, potted and planted, have been carried out in a discharge zone at which both atmospheric and soil pore water C contain heightened levels of ¹⁴C. Although the measurements reported here must be considered preliminary, they suggest that no more than 0.1% of the C assimilated by a plant growing under these conditions is delivered via the roots.Prior to performing these experiments the vertical gradient in ¹⁴CO₂ specific activity in the air at this site was measured both by analyses of lichens growing at different heights on one tree, and by direct collection of CO₂ with passive alkali traps. This gradient has been used to provide an estimate of the % of primary biomass production subject to this heightened signal, and on that basis a revised inventory of the discharged ¹⁴C that is tied up in vegetation and deposited locally as litter is recommended.     

Dynamiques de vidange d'une mare temporaire au Sahel : l'exemple de Banizoumbou (Sud-Ouest du Niger)

A ten-year study of the Banizoumbou site shows it to be typical of the hydrological processes in southwestern Niger. The emptying dynamics of the temporary pond occur on three time scales: (1) after a rainy event, emptying is initially rapid, becoming much slower later; (2) over a complete wet season, emptying becomes more and more difficult; (3) finally, emptying has slowed over the years. This indicates an important change in the clayey-silty clogging of the pond bottom, as a consequence of rapid environmental changes resulting from human activity. To cite this article: W. Martin-Rosales, C. Leduc, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003). To cite this article: W. Martin-Rosales, C. Leduc, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

The State of Arts: Sources,Microbial Processes and Ecological Effects of Iron in the Marine Environment

Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, and it often appears as a trace element in the ocean. Iron has a variable valence and diverse functions, and is an important force to regulate marine primary productivity and drive the geochemical cycle in the ocean. Previous studies have shown that iron plays an important role in maintaining primary productivity, coupling matter cycles, and regulating the transformation of biogenic factors. In recent years, with the development of microbial ecology, iron research has enter more in-depth levels, including microbial-driven iron oxidation-reduction behavior, metabolic processes, and interactions with other major elements(C/N/P). This paper attempts to review the latest progress of iron, focusing on the published literatures of the past fifteen years. Firstly, we explained the sources and occurrence states of iron in the ocean (such as dissolved, colloidal, granular and organic state); Secondly, we reviewed the types and process mechanisms of microbial-mediated iron redoxbehavior (for example nitrate oxidation, and biological reduction, etc.); Finally, we summarized the coupling relationship between iron and C/N/P cycle. Additionally, the ecological roles of iron in specific ecological event (for instance algal bloom) has also been described. Furthermore, the "chemical-biological-physical" theoretical framework for marine iron research is also discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide more information for marine microecological research and their effects on iron cycle under changing environment, such as global change.     

Fresh Water Inflow and Oyster Productivity in Apalachicola Bay,FL (USA)

Apalachicola Bay lies at the mouth of the Apalachicola River, where seasonally variable freshwater inflows and shifting winds have long been thought to contribute to the support of an unusually productive and commercially important oyster fishery. Links between the river and productivity have been shown to lie in salinity-induced reductions in oyster predators and oyster disease as well as organic supplements from an extensive floodplain. Several studies have also indicated that nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) carried by the river are important in fertilization of bay primary production. While there is concern that upstream water withdrawals may impact the fishery, the importance of riverine N to oyster diets remains unclear. We measured N and carbon (C) stable isotopes (δ¹⁵N, δ¹³C) in macroalgae, surface-water nitrate, and surface sediments, which showed a gradient from enriched riverine δ¹⁵N values to more depleted values in the Gulf of Mexico. In contrast, δ¹³C of particulate matter is depleted in the river and enriched offshore. Oyster stable isotope values throughout Apalachicola Bay are more complex, but are dominated by freshwater inputs and reflect the variability and hydrodynamics of the riverine inflows.     

Three-dimensional temperature field simulation of a cooling of a magma chamber,La Primavera caldera,Jalisco, Mexico

The La Primavera caldera lies close to the triple junction of the Tepic-Zacoalco, Colima, and Chapala rifts in the western part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. It is a promising geothermal field with 13 deep wells already drilled. We calculated solute geothermometric temperatures (Na–K, Na–Li, and SiO₂) from the chemistry of geothermal water samples; determined values are generally between 99°C and 202°C for springs and between 131°C and 298°C for wells. Thermal modelling is an important geophysical tool as documented in the study of this and other Mexican geothermal areas. Using the computer program TCHEMSYS, we report new simulation results of three-dimensional (3-D) thermal modelling of the magma chamber underlying this caldera through its entire eruptive history. Equations (quadratic fit) describing the simulated temperatures as a function of the age, volume and depth of the magma chamber are first presented; these indicate that both the depth and the age of the magma chamber are more important parameters than its volume. A comparison of 3-D modelling of the La Primavera and Los Humeros calderas also shows that the depth of the magma chamber is more important than its volume. The best model for the La Primavera caldera has 0.15 million years as the emplacement age of the magma chamber, its top at a depth of 4 km, and its volume as 600 km³. Fresh magma recharge events within the middle part of the magma chamber were also considered at 0.095, 0.075, and 0.040 Ma. The simulation results were evaluated in the light of actually measured and solute geothermometric temperatures in five geothermal wells. Future work should involve a smaller mesh size of 0.050 or 0.10 km on each side (instead of 0.25 km currently used) and take into account the topography of the area and all petrogenetic processes of fractional crystallization, assimilation, and magma mixing as well as heat generation from natural radioactive elements.     

Aquifer heat storage: sulphate reduction with acetate at increased temperatures

Aquifer thermal energy storage in urban and industrial areas can lead to an increase in subsurface temperature to 70 °C and more. Besides its impacts on mineral and sorption equilibria and chemical reaction kinetics in an aquifer, temperature sensitively influences microbial activity and thus redox processes, such as sulphate reduction. Microorganism species can only operate within limited temperature ranges and their adaptability to temperature is a crucial point for the assessment of the environmental consequences of subsurface heat storage. Column experiments with aquifer sediment and tap water at 10, 25, 40, and 70 °C showed that under the constant addition of acetate sulphate reduction could be initiated after 26–63 pore volumes exchanged at all temperatures. Fastest initiation of sulphate reduction with the highest reduction rates was found at 40 °C. Maximum rate constants during experimental run-time were 0.56 h^?1 at 40 °C and 0.33, 0.36, and 0.25 h^?1 at 10 and, 25, and 70 °C, respectively. Hence, microbial activity was enhanced by a temperature increase to 40 °C but was significantly lowered at 70 °C. At 25 °C methane was found in solution, indicating the presence of fermenting organisms; at 10, 40, and 70 °C no methane production was observed. It could be shown that redox processes in an aquifer generally can adapt to temperatures significantly higher than in situ temperature and that the efficiency of the reduction process can be enhanced by temperature increase to a certain limit. Enhancement of sulphate reduction in an aquifer due to temperature increase could also allow enhanced degradation of organic ground water contaminants such as BTEX, where sulphate is an important electron acceptor.