电感应力灵敏度在实测中的研究

应力场的观测是预报地震较直接的途径之一,本实验利用异孔深井抽水的加(减)载作应力观测的人工力源,在大量实测数据基础上进行力学分析,得出电感应力观测在满足规范要求时能测到地应力场的变化,但室内标定的应力灵敏度不等于实测灵敏度。用室内灵敏度计算应力值必有明显误差。本结果对电惑应力观测科学具有重要的实际意义。     

描述前兆异常幅度的归一化方法

描述前兆异常幅度的归一化方法１问题的提出目前关于地震前兆异常幅度的表示缺少统一的方法，各手段用各自的观测量（有些甚至用仪器读数）的变化作为异常幅度，在地电阻率观测中用视电阻率的相对变化作为异常，幅度，而在地应力观测中则以电感值或转换后的应力值的变化作...     

RYC2—70压磁应力仪的观测试验

用观测地壳中应力的变化来探寻地震前兆异常已得到国内外地震科学工作者的重视,目前国内主要进行的是电感法地应力相对测量,RYC2—70压磁应力仪就是专为这种测量研制的一种自动记录仪器。从1971年开始该仪器已进行了八年多的观测试验,现就观测试验情况介绍如下。     

768数字地应力仪

768数字地应力仪是我国电信传输地震台网的配套设备之一。该仪器配以数字传输接口装置,可将地应力观测数据送入768地震前兆遥测设备进行传输。也可配上LY-4型数字打印机,在普通地应力观测台站进行电感法地应力的自动记录测量。下面简单介绍该仪器的工作原理、工作过程、主要单元电路及指标。     

清丰水化站水中溶解气二氧化碳观测资料的研究

对清丰水化站地下水中溶解气CO2多年的观测资料序列进行了研究分析,其结果是:该测项对观测装置的改变及抽水量的变化反映灵敏;对本观测井所在构造带上的4.0级以上的地震,有明显的前兆异常;该测项与大气压力及气温的相关系数跟各时段的抽水量和抽水装置的吃水深度有关.     

我国钻孔应力-应变地震前兆监测台网的现状

当今的地震成因理论表明：地震是地应力（应变）积累到一定程度，使断层滑动而发生的。由此可见地应力－应变观测的重要性。我国的钻孔应力－应变地震前兆监测网，是全国地震前兆监测台网的一个组成部分。观测对象包括：体应变，分量应变，分量应力和钻孔应力－应变差应变。文章通过分析调查结果，比较详细地介绍了我国的钻孔应力－应变地震前兆监测台网的现状。     

电感地应力的年变化

电感地应力存不存在年变化?它的特点如何?这是一个应该引起注意的问题。随着电感地应力台站的增多,并经过这些年的观测、预报实践,积累了一定的资料,已经发现电感地应力存在着年变化。这个年变化对于我们识别地震异常,带来了一定的困难。分析研究地应力的年变化,不仅对于多震区的台站,就是对于少震或     

印尼苏门答腊8.7级大震对中国陆区的影响

发生在2004年12月26日的印尼苏门答腊8．7级地震，是全球有地震台网以来100多年中记录到的少数几次特大地震之一。初步汇集了在中国陆区观测到的地震活动、地壳形变、地下流体等多学科震时和震后效应的异常变化，包括地震活动性（特别是云南地区）的显著增强；地壳形变观测，尤其是钻孔应变观测记录到地壳应力-应变的震时和震后显著变化，以及地下水温度、化学成分、特别是水位的突出变化。同时，还从库仑破裂应力触发、动态应力触发以及下地壳和上地幔流动变形机制等方面，对这些大震效应作了一些成因机理讨论。     

永安冷冻厂深井地下水动态观测资料质量分析

永安冷冻厂深井是东南沿海最深的地震地下水动态观测井,井深1 000.44 m,地下水位受邻孔抽水严重影响.1982年1月开始观测,1988年11月起塑料厂开始抽水,严重影响观测;2001年8月由于工厂停产停止抽水,观测井地下水动态逐渐趋于稳定.本文分析该井地下水动态年变化规律,计算水位固体潮潮汐因子、观测精度与井孔对地应力响应灵敏度.并对抽水干扰及其前后,地下水动态观测质量的变化进行对比.     

大庆及周围地区相对地应力分布状态

使用DYL型地应力测量仪，利用天然场源在地面上探测地下5km、7km、10km深部地质体所随地应力的相对大小。通过探测的地应力值相对大小和绘制等值线图的方法研究地下应力分布状态，并确定了地震危险区的位置及震级等。     

和硕5．0级地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变异常分析

运用潮汐因子、加卸载响应比及相对应力场等分析方法,对1995年3月19日发生的新疆和硕MS5.0地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变观测数据进行了分析处理。结果表明,在地震前30天应变日均值出现了典型的指数曲线异常;在地震前1个月相对应力发生快速变化,主应力方向也发生了快速偏转;全日波潮汐因子地震前1个月到地震前半个月期间,出现了大幅度的单峰或双峰异常变化;加卸载响应比值在地震前2个多月就开始出现成束的异常。可以认为和硕地震前乌鲁木齐基准地震台钻孔应变记录到了明显前兆短临异常。     

汶川地震前刘家峡台地应力短临异常分析

地应力观测是目前我国进行地震前兆观测的重要手段之一。利用汶川地震前刘家峡台地应力观测资料,通过分析,获得汶川地震前刘家峡台地应力观测资料的异常特征,解释了汶川地震的震源机制。对现有地震预测方法中存在的一些问题进行了讨论并提出了一些解决办法。     

盘锦台三种测氡仪的对比分析

以盘锦台盘一井氡观测的三种仪器为基础,详细阐述了其观测原理、观测方法、影响因素、数据质量与分析,结合实际观测情况分析其观测的差异性,并对其映震效能进行分析,结果表明:盘一井溶解氡比气氡能更好地反映地下应力应变的变化。FD-105K测氡仪的观测资料映震性较好,FD-125型氡钍分析器和SD-3A型自动测氡仪更适应地震监测预报研究的需要,但其观测成果还要时间的验证。     

2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震对周围断层的应力影响数值分析

大地震的发生往往会引起周围区域形变场和应力场变化,且对临近断层上的应力状态也有影响.2001年11月4日,昆仑山口西发生了半个世纪以来中国最大的M_S8.1级地震.本文基于已有的滑动模型,建立了三维含地形高程的横向不均匀性椭球型地球有限元模型,采用等效体力方法,分析了此次M_S8.1地震产生的全球同震位移和应力场变化.与解析方法相比,该模型考虑了地形、Moho面起伏和地球介质横向不均匀性;与一般的有限元数值模拟相比,该模型考虑了地球曲率和椭率,合理地规避了有限块体模型假定边界位移为零所引入的误差.计算得出同震位移与GPS观测数据可以很好地吻合.据库仑破裂应力准则和震源参数,计算得出昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震的发生造成了汶川、芦山、改则和当雄地震的发震断层上库仑应力增加,对这些地震的发生起促进作用;而造成玉树和德令哈地震发震断层上的库仑应力变化为负值,在一定程度上抑制了这些断层的地震活动性.此外,计算结果显示地球地形高程、介质非均匀性和椭率对昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震同震变化计算有一定的影响,其中地形和椭率造成的同震位移场相对误差约10%.

     

华东地区近期强震前地电阻率的前兆信息

讨论了自1976年唐山地震后,在华东地区地电阻观测台网范围内发生6级强震前ρ_s异常的时空分布特征。对观测值ρ_s的异常变化与地震活动性、岩石体积应变以及应力降等的关系作了对比。指出它们之间在空间上存在有一致性,且在时间上有同步性。研究结果表明:中强地震前,ρ_s的异常变化与地震活动性有关。这说明在某种程度上,ρ_s异常可视为异常信息。ρ_s异常持续时间较短,幅度较小,异常数目也相对较少,空间分布呈散射状,且异常形态的叠加小于唐山大震前的ρ_s异常叠加值。表明使用ρ_s观测方法预测中强地震比预测强震要困难得多,因此目前最根本的是要提高观测台网的监测能力,增大台网的密度,并通过深入研究震源区周围异常特征、改善观测台站条件来完善地震预报研究。     

区域加载过程与发震断层变形演化的实验研究

使用双剪粘滑模型模拟自发地震和诱发地震的区域加载过程,利用应变观测系统多点连续观测发震断层附近的局部应变变化。在应力与应变空间上描述了地震过程的区域应力路径和局部应变路径。结果表明,局部应变路径与应力宏观路径的形态差异较大,但两者的转换阶段对应,存在一定映射关系。断层局部变形路径的走向标明了断层所处在的变形阶段。自发地震的应变路径可以划分为3个部分:应变积累阶段、剪应变的线性偏离阶段和失稳滑动阶段。诱发地震的应变路径包括4个阶段:正斜率的应变积累阶段、负斜率的稳态滑动阶段、亚稳态应变僵持阶段、扰动失稳滑动阶段。自发地震与诱发地震有各自的路径模式,可以从应变路径上判别断层稳定性与可能的地震类型。     

A SYSTEM OF CAPACITIVE HIGH-VOLTAGE PULSE RECHARGE/DISCHARGE AND ITS IMPLICATION ON EXPERIMENTALLY TRIGGERED EARTHQUAKE

An external small disturbance may trigger seismic events when the fault is in a critical state. The problems related with earthquakes triggered by the dynamic stress such as blasting loads, impact loads, volcanic eruptions and strong earthquakes, have usually drawn wide concerns in earthquake science, and the corresponding research contents are quite extensive, including earthquake triggering mechanisms, triggering earthquake uncertainty, aftershock triggering, and so on. Among them, experimental research is an important way to understand the stress triggering conditions and physical mechanisms, such as the influence of load disturbance on fault friction traits, the influence of periodic disturbance of tidal stress on fault instability, etc., all of which can be gained through experimental investigations. Among them, "how to trigger" is a basic scientific problem to increase the understanding of earthquake prediction theory, thus receiving more attention. There are also some studies that focus on "what happened after the trigger", that is, the sliding instability generated by the triggering method, and then the evolution characteristics of the sliding instability process. The well-known experimental study of the super-shear rupture process is conducted by using the electric explosion method to trigger the fault instability, and the high-speed camera records the super-shear rupture during the fault instability. This means that when the trigger source is controllable, it is possible to generate different types of instability processes, and then to explore which earthquakes will be triggered at different time and space positions under different stress states by means of active triggering. The study of stability analysis and instability process has important scientific significance.A stable system of capacitive high-voltage pulse discharge and recharge is one of basic techniques for studying the triggered earthquakes in laboratory. Based on the wire electric explosion method, this paper develops a controllable trigger experiment system. By designing a new capacitive high-voltage pulse charge and discharge system, while considering the actual needs of monitoring and system timing, multiple functions are integrated into one system. Functionally, in addition to realizing the dynamic loading and unloading function of the wire electric explosion method, the discharge process can be monitored, and the triggering, synchronization and timing signal output is performed with other observation systems, thus realizing the whole process monitoring of the dynamic disturbance action. After testing, the following functions are achieved:1)The voltage and current of the high-voltage charging power supply system can be automatically adjusted, and the system can be shut off after charging; 2)Control modes include manual and remote controls. These two modes can control the recharge, release and pulse discharge of the high voltage capacitor; 3)The system can produce multi-channel synchronous output, which satisfy multiple systems working together. In particular, the remote sensing method greatly improves the experimental maneuverability and security; 4)The system has multiple sets of gas discharge tube to trigger discharge, with a wide range of discharge voltage of 500~5 000V; 5)Roche coil resistance integral current detection can meet the transient resistance, large current detection. Test results indicate that this system has good repeatability and stability with the same discharge energy and discharge energy regulator, which is conducive to carry out single channel trigger of high-pressure discharge experiment. In short, the new charging and discharging system can meet the requirements of experimental study of triggering earthquake. In addition, this system can be used to generate the stress disturbance under certain static and dynamic conditions, and then judge whether this kind of mechanical conditions in active fault systems is currently stable.In short, a controllable single-shot discharge system is developed by a capacitive high-voltage pulse discharge system, which provides a good technical basis for experimental research on triggering earthquakes. In addition, the new system also has application significance:1)multiple triggering output can simultaneously start multiple systems and improve the efficiency of observation. Fault instability is a characteristic of transient response, so, its observation requires high-speed acquisition equipment, which is difficult to control on observation; the trigger system is controllable, with active synchronization observation using physical parameters; 2)stress disturbance can be triggered under static and dynamic loads to detect the safety and stability of the fault system with active trigger.     

REANALYSIS OF BEDROCK GROUND TEMPERATURE CHANGES PRIOR TO 2013 LUSHAN MS7.0 EARTHQUAKE

Before 2013 Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake, the bedrock ground temperature in Kangding station, the cross-fault deformation and the borehole strain in Guza station all show that regional stress changes possibly occurred along the Xianshuihe Fault. In this paper, further analysis is made on the observation data of bedrock ground temperature in the three stations in the Xianshuihe fault zone, and the results are compared with borehole strain, seismometry and cross-fault deformation data. Stress temperature in the three stations dropped suddenly synchronously a few days before the Lushan earthquake, indicating the enhanced tension characteristics of the regional stress in the Qianning-Kangding zone. High-frequency components of bedrock temperature in the three stations also showed synchronous changes in the 80 days before the Lushan earthquake, with an estimated stress change range of 0.98~1.96MPa, an average of about 1.47MPa, which is close to the seismometry results. Besides, tensional mutation in borehole strain is consistent with the enhanced tensional characteristics of regional stress revealed by bedrock ground temperature. Comparison with cross-fault deformation shows that the stress change was different in different active segments of the Xianshuihe Fault in different time periods before the Lushan earthquake, but the regional stress change did appear along the Xianshuihe fault zone before the Lushan earthquake.     

地震台站管理效益研究

从台站规划、建设和改造情况,管理体制、工作方式和运行模式,监测设施、观测设备和观测环境,观测质量与技术支撑,工作生活环境,人员结构共六个方面分析了天津市地震台站的工作现状,指出了其中存在的问题,并给出了对策与建议,为提高地震台站的管理效益进行了有益的探索。     

利用断层应力积累探讨大地震发生的地点——以日本2011年东北9级大地震为例

大地震在哪里发生是地震预报首先要解决的问题.利用反演GNSS观测数据得到的2011年日本东北9级大地震前7年（2004—2010年）断层上的应力变化,我们发现了这次地震断层的孕震区.为了进一步研究该孕震区的演化过程,本文继续反演这次大地震在1997—2003年间的断层应力变化过程.通过这两期的反演工作,我们看到,在这14年中,断层应力的年变化图案的主要特征基本是稳定的,并存在明显的应力增加区和降低区.前者与地震的破裂区吻合,后者与前震、重复小地震和无震滑动的区域一致.显著的剪切应力增加区不但与主震,而且还与大余震的破裂区相符合.我们发现断层面上高应力积累区的零剪应力和零正应力变化的等值线不重合,前者在断层面上的深度大于后者,这意味着在剪应力增加区存在着正应力降低区或剪切强度降低区（由于剪切强度与正应力成正比）.断层初始破裂点似乎更偏好零正应力等值线附近的位置,这是因为该处不但靠近剪切强度降低区,而且位于剪应力积累最显著的地方.研究结果表明,正应力变化对大地震的初始破裂有影响;本文所使用的断层应力变化反演方法,可以用来作为预测大地震发生位置的一种手段.