青藏高原东北缘地壳三维速度结构

本文用1980—2000年M≥1.5的2 032个天然地震事件的38 052个〖AKP-〗、〖AKS-〗、Pm、Sm、Pn和Sn震相到时及人工地震测深给出的Moho面形态资料,利用地震层析技术反演了32°~40°N, 100°~108°E区域内地壳地震波速度结构.从层析成像图象中可以得到,本区的地壳可分成4个层位.第1层（埋深约在0~3 km）为沉积层, 速度梯度约为0.2 s-1;第2层（埋深约在3~17 km）为上地壳, 其顶部速度梯度约为0.1 s-1, 下部速度横向变化较大且存在低速块体;第3层（埋深约在17~36 km）为中地壳, 速度梯度约为0.03 s-1;第4层（埋深约在36 km—Moho）为下地壳, 是一个契形层,总的趋势是西厚东薄,青藏高原较厚逐渐向鄂尔多斯地块和扬子准地台方向变薄,各处的地震波速度梯度不尽相同.     

The geological structure background and the crustal structure in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

IntroductionThestudyingareaislocatedwithin32(~40(N,100(~108(E,consistingofseveralgeotectonicsubdivisions.Thisarea,locatedonthenortheasternmarginoftheuprisingregionoftheQinghai-Tibetanplateau,isaveryactiveregionofnewtectonicmovement.Moreover,afewoflargedeepfaultsdistributethere,mostofwhicharenotonlyboundaryfaultsofimportantgeotectonicdivisions,butalsoactivefaultscontrollingcontemporarystrongseismicactivities.AsshowninFigure1,manystrongearthquakeshaveoccurredinthisresearchareasuchassouthernTi…     

Relation between electricity structure of the crust and deformation of crustal blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was formed by coales-cence of microcontinents of different geologic histo-ries, i.e. it consists of a series of blocks, such as Hi-malayas, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Kunlun, Qaidam and Qi- lian blocks from south to north. The blocks moved firstly in the NNE direction, then in the NE direction and at last in the ENE or E-W direction from south to north by a combined action of Indian Plate moving northward and obstruction of Tarim and other blocksnorth of the plateau. T…     

Crustal structure of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau by receiver function inversion

Using seismic data of about one year recorded by 18 broadband stations of ASCENT project,we obtained 2547 receiver functions in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.The Moho depths under 14 stations were calculated by applying the H-κ domain search algorithm.The Moho depths under the stations with lower signal-noise ratio(SNR) were estimated by the time delay of the PS conversion.Results show that the Moho depth varies in a range of ~40–60 km.The Moho near the Haiyuan fault is vague,and its depth is larger than those on its two sides.In the Qinling-Qilian Block,the Moho becomes shallower gradually from west to east.To the east of 105°E,the average depth of the Moho is 45 km,whereas the west is 50 km or even deeper.Combining our results with surface wave research,we suggest a boundary between the Qinling and the Qilian Mountains at around 105°E.S wave velocities beneath 15 stations have been obtained through a linear inversion by using Crust2.0 as an initial model,and the crustal thickness that was derived by H-κ domain search algorithm was also taken into account.The results are very similar to the results of previous active source studies.The resulting figure indicates that low velocity layers developed in the middle and lower crust beneath the transition zone of the Tibet Block and western Qinling,which may be related to regional faults and deep earth dynamics.The velocity of the middle and lower crust increases from the Songpan Block to the northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau.Based on the velocity of the crust,the distribution of the low velocity zone and the composition of the curst(Poisson's ratio),we infer that the crust thickening results from the crust shortening along the direction of compression.     

青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部P波层析成像

为获取青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部的精细结构,本文基于1万4 484条天然地震的P波（Pg和Pn）到时数据,对青藏高原中东部地壳和上地幔顶部进行P波三维速度结构层析成像,获取了该区域内地壳P波、上地幔顶部Pn波的速度结构和地壳厚度信息。层析成像结果显示,青藏高原中东部地壳P波速度范围为5.2—7.2 km/s,上地幔顶部Pn波速度范围为7.7—8.4 km/s,地壳厚度范围为48.0—68.6 km,地壳和上地幔顶部存在强烈的横向不均匀性,与地质块体分布有较好的对应关系。地壳P波速度结构显示,研究区中、下地壳分布有较大范围的低速区,上地壳与中下地壳P波分布存在明显的差异:羌塘地块和巴颜喀拉地块在上地壳主要表现为高速异常,随着深度增加逐渐表现为低速异常;而柴达木地块在上地壳主要表现为低速异常,下地壳则表现为高速异常;柴达木地块和拉萨地块在上地幔顶部表现为较高的Pn波速度,最高约为8.4 km/s,而在巴颜喀拉地块和羌塘地块东部,Pn波总体上表现为低速,最低约为7.7 km/s。研究区内地壳厚度的总体特征表现为南厚北薄,其中羌塘地块东部和拉萨地块的地壳较厚,而柴达木地块和巴颜喀拉地块东部的地壳相对较薄,羌塘地块西部存在局部的地壳变薄现象,反映了印度板块对欧亚板块北向俯冲作用下的岩石圈变形特征。      

黄土高原及邻区地壳P波速度结构

利用地震波走时联合反演算法(改进型最短路径算法)进行三维弯曲地震射线追踪正演,以及共轭梯度法求解带约束的阻尼最小二乘问题进行反演,同时更新速度模型和地震震中位置,结合地方震和区域地震走时资料得到了黄土高原(含汾渭断陷盆地)及邻区地壳三维P波速度结构.其横向变化结果表明,研究区地壳内的P波高速异常区与其内的地震活动构造带相一致,地震多发生在P波高速异常区的边缘或高、低速异常区的交汇处.秦岭山区和鄂尔多斯块体东南区为P波低速异常区.而垂向变化结果则表明研究区存在低速异常区.     

黄土高原及邻区地壳P波速度结构

利用地震波走时联合反演算法(改进型最短路径算法)进行三维弯曲地震射线追踪正演, 以及共轭梯度法求解带约束的阻尼最小二乘问题进行反演, 同时更新速度模型和地震震中位置, 结合地方震和区域地震走时资料得到了黄土高原(含汾渭断陷盆地)及邻区地壳三维P波速度结构. 其横向变化结果表明, 研究区地壳内的P波高速异常区与其内的地震活动构造带相一致, 地震多发生在P波高速异常区的边缘或高、 低速异常区的交汇处. 秦岭山区和鄂尔多斯块体东南区为P波低速异常区. 而垂向变化结果则表明研究区存在低速异常区.      

南海北部珠江口—琼东南盆地地壳速度结构与几何分层

基于南海北部大陆边缘珠江口—琼东南盆地深水区实施的14条近垂直深反射地震探测叠加速度谱,利用Dix公式将叠加速度剖面转换为地壳层速度剖面,并利用时深转换方法构建了深度域地壳层速度模型,综合各地壳速度剖面分析了南海北部大陆边缘珠江口与琼东南盆地不同深度层次的P波速度变化趋势以及地壳几何分层特征.结果表明,琼东南盆地区可分为4～8 km沉积层（VP为1.7～4.7 km/s）、4～10 km厚的上地壳层（VP为5.2～6.3 km/s）、5 km〗左右的下地壳层（VP为6.4～7.0 km/s）以及2～6 km厚的高速下地壳底层（VP＞7.0 km/s）.VP＞7.0 km/s下地壳高速层的存在被认为是岩石圈伸展、下地壳底部底辟构造或者是残存的原始华夏下地壳基性层的地震学指示;综合研究区地球物理探测成果构建了跨越华南大陆与南海北部陆坡区剖面莫霍和岩石圈底界图像,揭示出岩石圈上地幔在华南大陆与南海北部大陆边缘的减薄特征.     

Crustal electric structure of Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China

Through the analysis and 2-D inversion for the 5 profiles in Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region (105°～107°E,36°～37.5°N) in the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, we have obtained the electric structure within a range of 160 km in width (east-west) and 60 km in depth in the studied area. The results show that the crustal electric structure can be divided into 6 sections, corresponding respectively to Xiji basin (Ⅰ), Xihuashan-Nanhuashan uplift (Ⅱ), Xingrenbu-Haiyuan basin (Ⅲ), Zhongwei-Qingshuihe basin (Ⅳ), Zhongning-Hongsibu basin (Ⅴ) and west-margin zone of Ordos (Ⅵ) from the southwest to the northeast. The crustal electric structure is characterized by a broom-shaped pattern, which scatters to the northwest and shrinks to the southeast. The structures in the top part of Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region are complete and large, however, they diminish from the arc top to the northwest and southeast ends. In the depth from 0 km to 10 km, the resistivity is high in the sections Ⅱ and Ⅵ, but relatively low in the other four sections, showing a similar pattern of basin depression. The electrical basement in the section Ⅲ is the deepest, displaying a "dustpan" shape that is deep in the southwest and shallow in the northeast. A series of discontinuous zones with high conductivity exist in the middle-lower crust in Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region, which is possibly related to the moderate and strong earthquakes in the region. The resistivity distribution in the focal area of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is significantly heterogeneous with an obviously high conductivity zone near the hypocenter regime.     

青藏高原东北缘地壳各向异性及其动力学意义

利用中国地震科学探测台阵项目二期（ChinaArray Ⅱ）81个台站的地震数据,使用时间域反褶积方法提取接收函数,挑选满足要求的高质量Ps震相,通过改进的剪切波分裂计算方法获取了53个台站共130对高质量各向异性参数对.地壳各向异性分析指出,研究区东南部地区地壳各向异性方向为NWW向,与XKS各向异性方向、GPS速度场三者近平行关系,说明该地区在青藏高原向欧亚大陆增生的过程中是一个耦合的连贯变形过程;位于研究区中、北部地区的地壳各向异性方向表现为NEE-SWW或E-W方向,与GPS速度场方向一致,而与XKS结果的偏振方向大角度相交,说明该地区受到青藏高原下地壳塑性管道流的影响,可能存在壳幔解耦作用.

     

P-wave crustal velocity structure in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region

A deep seismic sounding profile located in the western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region extends from Batang (Zhubalong) to Zizhong, Sichuan. It passes through the Songpan-Garzê Fold System and the Longmenshan Tectonic Zone, and ends in the Yangtze Craton. Based on the travel times of phases on the profile, incorporating information on the relevant amplitudes, we determined 2-D P-wave crustal velocity structure along the profile, analyzed the principle differences between the crustal and upper mantle structure in the Western Sichuan Plateau and Sichuan Basin, discussed the deep feature of the major faults on the profile, the tectonic relation between the Yangtze Craton and the Tibetan Plateau and the deep structural environment where strong earthquakes occurred.     

京津唐地区地壳三维P波速度结构与地震活动性分析

本文利用华北遥测地震台网和首都圈数字地震台网112个台站记录到的1993~2004年发生在首都圈地区3983次地震的P波绝对到时资料和相对到时资料,采用双差地震层析成像方法联合反演了京津唐地区地壳三维P波速度结构和震源参数.京津唐地区的三维P波速度结构图像在浅层上很好地反映了地表地质、地形的特征.在平原和凹陷的盆地处呈现P波低速速度异常,而在隆起的山区或基岩出露区显示为P波高速速度异常.在研究区域内震级M≥6.0历史地震和经过重新定位后的震级ML≥3.0的地震的震源位置在10 km深度和15 km深度处的P波相对速度扰动图上的投影都显示出相似的特点,即:绝大部分的地震的震源位置在P波相对速度扰动图上的投影分布在低、高速异常的交界地带,且偏高速体一侧,只有极少数的地震分布在P波速度异常体内部.     

P-wave crustal velocity structure in western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region

A deep seismic sounding profile located in the western Sichuan and eastern Tibetan region extends from Batang (Zhubalong) to Zizhong, Sichuan. It passes through the Songpan-Garzê Fold System and the Longmenshan Tectonic Zone, and ends in the Yangtze Craton. Based on the travel times of phases on the profile, incorporating information on the relevant amplitudes, we determined 2-D P-wave crustal velocity structure along the profile, analyzed the principle differences between the crustal and upper mantle structure in the Western Sichuan Plateau and Sichuan Basin, discussed the deep feature of the major faults on the profile, the tectonic relation between the Yangtze Craton and the Tibetan Plateau and the deep structural environment where strong earthquakes occurred.     

青藏高原东北缘地壳介质各向异性非均匀特征及其构造意义

本文利用径向和切向接收函数后方位角加权叠加方法分析了中国地震科学台阵探测项目二期资料, 确定了青藏高原东北缘海原断裂和西秦岭北缘断裂邻近区域地壳各向异性参数.结果显示, 研究区地壳各向异性快波方向表现出强烈的横向不均匀性, 快慢波延迟时间平均值为0.44 s; 快波方向受断裂带影响显著, 走滑断裂带附近快波方向和断层方向一致性较强, 逆冲断裂附近快波方向和断层方向差别较大或垂直; 晚中新世以来形成的海原断裂、香山—天景山断裂等多个走滑断裂附近地壳各向异性强度明显小于其他区域, 且形成时间更早的海原断裂方向和快波方向一致性更强.这种断裂附近各向异性强度和方向的分布特征也是该区域构造演化过程中逆冲断裂向走滑断裂转化的反映.陇中盆地快波各向异性结果复杂且没有明显规律性分布特征可能反映出该次级地块保留了较老构造过程中残存的化石各向异性.本研究结果表明东北缘地区高原扩展主要以连续流变模式为主, 在走滑断裂带附近存在局部侧向挤出, 但是侧向挤出影响的地壳变形范围较小.

     

青藏高原东北缘甘东南地区地壳各向异性特征及构造意义

本文利用径向和切向接收函数确定地壳各向异性的方法,处理了布设在青藏高原东北缘甘东南地区、横跨西秦岭北缘等断裂的24个密集宽频带流动台站远震资料,得到了研究区地壳各向异性特征.结果显示,平均快波方向呈现NW-SE、NWW-SEE及NNW-SSE,平均分裂时间0.56 s.甘东南中部及北部地区快波方向与GPS速度方向、前人利用XKS波分裂获取的快波方向及该地区断层展布方向基本一致,说明该地区壳幔运动可能是耦合的.同时研究区南部少数台站快波方向呈现NNW-SSE,与断裂方向及GPS速度方向有一定夹角,表明台站下方壳幔运动可能是解耦的.全区快波方向自北向南由近E-W逐渐转变为NW-SE,最后变为NNW-SSE.据此推测地壳在该区的变形挤压有顺时针方向旋转的趋势,这与该区块体挤压应力方向一致.

     

Earthquake relocation and 3-dimensional crustal structure of P-wave velocity in cen-tral-western China

IntroductionUnderstandingthemechanismofcontinentalearthquakesisveryimportantforseismichaz-ardpreventionandearthquakeprediction.Themodernseismotectonictheoryandtheideaofearthquakepredictionaredevelopedmainlyfromthestudiesoninterplateearthquakes,whicharedifficulttoexplainthephenomenaofintraplateearthquakes,suchasthecontinentalearthquakesoccurredinChinesemainland.Whiletheinterplateearthquakesoccurredalongtheplatebounda-ries,theintraplateearthquakesdistributediffuselyintheinterioroftheplates.Thus…     

Upper crustal P-wave velocity structure beneath two volcanic areas in northern Iran

Detailed information about the crustal structure is essential for better understanding the occurrence and mechanisms of earthquakes and volcanoes. Here we present a study of the upper crustal P-wave velocity structure of two seismically and volcanically active areas in northern Iran using the two-dimensional Pg travel time tomography method. The imaging results suggest low velocities in the upper crust beneath the Damavand and Sahand-Sabalan volcanic areas in the central and western parts of northern Iran, respectively. The upper crustal low velocities in these two areas roughly coincide with previously imaged low Pn velocity anomalies, suggesting that the Late Cenozoic volcanic activity was probably caused by the upwelling of hot materials from the mantle. The image feature of the Pg velocity structure beneath the Sahand-Sabalan volcanic area further indicates that the hot materials stored in the upper crust beneath Sahand may be larger in size than those stored beneath Sabalan. Comparison of the Pg velocity images with the earthquake distribution in north Iran suggests that earthquakes mainly occur at moderately low velocity or low to high velocity boundary areas instead of significantly low or high velocity regions. The anisotropy results show that the Pg wave fast direction is consistent with the GPS direction at high Pg velocity areas and the fast direction is inconsistent with the GPS direction but consistent with the strike direction of faults at low velocity areas. Our new upper crustal structural images provide the basic observation for better understanding of the regional seismicity and volcanism, and link the surface geological phenomena to deep crustal and mantle processes associated with the active tectonics in northern Iran.     

利用地震波速研究青藏高原东北缘地壳组成及其动力学

依据穿过巴颜喀拉地块的北部、秦岭地块、祁连地块、海原弧形构造区和鄂尔多斯地块的玛沁-兰州-靖边人工地震剖面的P波、S波的速度结构和泊松比结构,对青藏高原东北缘的地壳组成进行研究,并探讨其动力学过程. 首先,系统地归纳总结出一套将地震测深得到的原位P波速度校正到实验室温压条件下波速的具体可行的方法,利用大地热流值求取地壳不同深度的温度是该方法的关键. 然后,将上述剖面的原位P波速度校正到600 MPa和室温条件下,结合泊松比与相同温压条件下的实验室岩石波速测量结果进行对比,确定研究区的岩性组成. 结果表明,青藏高原东北缘地壳平均P波校正波速为6.43 km/s,地壳整体像上地壳一样呈酸性. 巴颜喀拉地块和秦岭地块南部的下地壳底部缺失校正速度Vp>6.9 km/s的基性岩,下地壳中酸性互层,下地壳整体呈酸性. 其他地块下地壳底部有2～10 km厚的校正速度Vp>6.9 km/s的基性岩,下地壳整体呈中性. 最后,根据青藏高原东北缘地壳结构和组成的研究成果,支持地壳增厚主要发生在下地壳的观点;提出巴颜喀拉地块和秦岭地块南部曾发生过下地壳拆沉作用,并导致高原的加速隆升.     

Crustal structure of seismic velocity in southern tibet and east-westward escape of the crustal material

The reflecting events from Moho and other interfaces within the crust are recognized from the wavefield characteristics of P- and S-wave for the 480km long wide-angle seismic profile between Peigu Tso and Pumoyong Tso. Then, seismic crustal structures of P- and S-wave velocities and Poisson ratio under the nearly east-west profile in southern Tibet are interpreted by fitting the observed traveltimes with the calculated ones by forward modelling. Our interpreting results demonstrate that the crustal thickness varies remarkably in the east-west direction, showing a pattern that the crust could be divided into three parts bounded by the west of Dingri and the east of Dinggyê, respectively, where the depth of Moho is about 71km for the western part, about 76km for the middle and about 74km for the eastern. There is one lower velocity layer (LVL) at the bottom of the upper crust with depth of 20–30 km. One of the distinct features is that the thickness of LVL abruptly thins from 24km on the west to 6km on the east. The other is that the velocity variation in the crust along east-west direction for both P- and S-wave displays a feature as quasi-periodic variation. The lower velocity (compared to the average value for the continent of the globe) in the lower crust and three sets of north-southward active normal faults are probably attributed to the coupling process of material delamination in the lower crust, crustal thicking and east-westward escape of the crustal material accompanied with the continental collision between India and Eurasia Plate.