Balancing local ownership with foreign investment in a small island fishery

The Falkland Islands Government has established a transferable rights management regime for its fisheries resources. The allocation of transferable rights has to be sensitive to economic and social considerations specific to the Falkland Islands. One critical requirement is the need to balance local ownership and control with the need for direct foreign investment and the continued involvement of foreign fishing fleets in the territory's fisheries. Several mechanisms to achieve this balance are contained in recent fisheries legislation. These mechanisms will be of interest to other small island territories facing similar challenges in their commercial fisheries.     

Geological structure and prospect of the oil and gas bearing of the Falkland Islands region

In the region of the Falkland Islands, resulting from the breaking up of Gondwana and the separation of the South American and African continents, a series of rift basins was formed, such as, the Austral (Magallanes), Falkland (Malvinas), South Falkland (Malvinas), East Falkland (Malvinas), North Falkland (Malvinas), and San Julian. The sedimentary cover of the basins is represented by Phanerozoic deposits 4–7 km thick. The principle productive series are the sandstones of the Springhill Formation (Jurassic-Late Cretaceous), as well as the Tertiary mainly turbidite deposits. There are numerous types of traps dome, stratigraphic, lithologic, tectonically screened, and other types. These basins, except for the North Falkland and San Julian, form a specific producing trend extending from the west to east, which is represented by sandstones of the Springhill Formation (Jurassic-Late Cretaceous), by the maturate source rock Inoceramus Formation, and by high-quality reservoirs and caprock. This trend contains all the prerequisites for highly productive stratum; therefore, the oil and gas bearing potential of these basins is significant and the exploration works will be successful.     

Reforming management of commercial fisheries in a small island territory

The Falkland Islands has successfully met many challenges in the management and development of its fisheries resources over the last 20 years. To meet a new set of challenges the current licensing system based on the allocation of non-transferable, variable duration licences to individual vessels is being replaced by a system of long-term individual transferable rights owned by Falkland Islanders. The anticipated gains are enhanced economic performance of the sector because fishing businesses have increased security and flexibility, rapid diversification from harvesting into value-added activities and increased international competitiveness as poorly performing companies sell rights to well performing companies. Implementing a rights-based regime in a small coastal state is challenging. Thin markets for rights, a desire to maintain local control of fishing rights, and a dependence on foreign direct investment in the fisheries sector are key considerations in the design of an effective and efficient management regime. Starting operation in 2006/07, the new rights-based management system provides a model for small coastal states or small industrial fisheries that previously had considered rights-based systems too complex to implement and administer, despite the inherent advantages of rights-based management.     

Review of the current distribution of southern elephant seals in the eastern South Pacific

The eastern South Pacific southern elephant seal population was extinguished by extensive hunting and the current presence of this species in this area is not well understood. We reviewed existing records from the 1900s to 2014 in the eastern South Pacific, as well as tagged seals and movement records in order to assess the potential immigration source of these individuals. A total of 409 confirmed sightings were compiled, ranging from the southern tip of South America (Cape Horn Archipelago) as far north as Ecuador, including some oceanic island groups. The evidence shows also that recolonisation of its former Pacific distribution has started, with slow population growth in three incipient pupping sites in southern Chile (south of 51°S). Although the source of all of the individuals in the growing colonies is unknown, evidence from tags and satellite tagging indicates that some seals come from subpopulations on the Peninsula Valdes and the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, although mtDNA analysis showed, preliminarily, a greater genetic relationship only with the Falkland/Malvinas Islands rookery.     

Merchant marine in Soviet naval strategy

The recent UK operation to recapture the Falkland Islands demonstrated the crisis and wartime utility of civilian merchant vessels in assisting military operations in distant areas. Over 50 merchantmen — many rapidly converted — were taken up from trade and served in a variety of vital logistic and support roles; as troop and hospital ships, aircraft transporters, repair ships and munitions carriers, to mention but a few. ¹ In addition to the lessons for amphibious landing operations and air defence of surface naval combatants, a recent issue of Morskoi Sbornik pointed to the importance of peacetime arrangements for transfer of merchant shipping to naval control and the role of large container ships as aircraft transporters and operating platforms for Harrier aircraft providing air defence of the Royal Navy's ‘mobile rear’ en route for the operational area. ² The time is perhaps propitious for an examination of the dimensions, make-up and peacetime roles of the Soviet civilian fleets, focusing on the contribution made to Soviet economic and military objectives by the USSR Ministry of the Maritime Fleet.     

Gravity measurements over Burdwood Bank

Gravity measurements in the South Atlantic Ocean over Burdwood Bank show a large negative gravity anomaly extending along its northern edge. An interpretation of the gravity data has been made based on the seismic refraction measurements of Ludwig et al. (1968) and shows that the negative gravity anomaly can be largely attributed to a basin containing low density sediments about 8 km thick. The crustal sections constructed also indicate that the crust increases in thickness from about 20 km under Burdwood Bank to about 30 km under the Falkland Islands platform.     

Mesozoic break-up of SW Gondwana: implications for regional hydrocarbon potential of the southern South Atlantic

This work provides new palinspastic palaeofacies reconstructions of SW Gondwana incorporating rotation of a Falkland/Malvinas microplate. We discuss the implications of this for the tectonic evolution of the southern South Atlantic and hence for the regional hydrocarbon potential.Existing Gondwana reconstructions display good fits of major continents but poorly constrained fits of microcontinents. In most continental reconstructions, the Falkland/Malvinas Plateau was assumed to be a rigid fragment of pre-Permian South American crust. However, it has been suggested, on the basis of palaeomagnetic data, that the Falkland/Malvinas Islands were rotated by ∼180° after 190 Ma. This rotation hypothesis has been successfully tested on the basis of Devonian stratigraphy and palaeontology, Permian stratigraphy and sedimentology and Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic structure, making it unlikely that the plateau behaved as a rigid structure during breakup. We have explored the consequences of accepting this hypothesis for the tectonic evolution of SW Gondwana by compiling new palaeogeographic maps for the Permian–Cretaceous of the southern Atlantic area. To achieve a realistic close fit, we have devised a pre-rift proxy for the ocean–continent boundary for the South Atlantic. In order to produce the best fit, it is necessary to subdivide South America into four plates. The consequences of this are far-reaching. Our work suggests that although sedimentary basins were initiated at different times, three major tectonic phases can be recognised; in regional terms these can be thought of as pre-, syn- and post-rift.During the pre-rift time (until the Late Triassic), the area was dominated by compressional tectonism and formed part of the Gondwana foreland. The Falkland/Malvinas Islands lay east of Africa, the Falkland/Malvinas Plateau was ∼33% shorter and Patagonia was displaced east with respect to the rest of South America, in part along the line of the Gastre Fault System. Potential source facies are dominantly post-glacial black shales of Late Permian age deposited in lacustrine or hyposaline marine environments; these rocks would also be an effective regional seal. Sandstones deposited in the Late Permian would be dominantly volcaniclastic with poor reservoir qualities; Triassic sandstones tend to be more mature.There was significant extension from about 210 Ma (end-Triassic) until the South Atlantic opened at about 130 Ma (Early Cretaceous). In the early syn-rift phase, extension was accompanied by strike-slip faulting and block rotation; later extension was accompanied by extrusion of large volumes of lava. Early opening of the South Atlantic was oblique, which created basins at high angle to the trend of the ocean on the Argentine margin, and resulted in microplate rotation in NE Brazil. Intermittent physical barriers controlled deposition of Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous anoxic sediments during breakup; some of these mudrock units are effective seals with likely regional extent. During crustal reorganisation, clastic sediments changed from a uniform volcaniclastic provenance to local derivation, with variable reservoir quality.In the late rift and early post-rift phase, continental extension changed from oblique to normal and basins developed parallel to the continental margins of the South Atlantic. This change coincides with the main rifting in the Equatorial basins of Brazil and the early impact of the Santa Helena Plume. It resulted in widespread development of unconformities, the abandonment of the Recôncavo–Tucano–Jatoba rift and the end of NE Brazil plate rotation, which remained attached to South America. There was extensive deposition of evaporites, concentrated in (but not restricted to) the area north of the Rio Grande Rise/Walvis Ridge.Widespread deposits can be used to define potential regional elements of hydrocarbon systems and to provide a framework for relating more local elements. Our main conclusion is that the regional hydrocarbon potential of the southern South Atlantic has been constrained by the tectonic evolution.     

Abundance and distribution of rhynchoteuthion larvae of Illex argentlnus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the south-western Atlantic

The results of ichthyoplankton surveys carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Pesca (INAPE) in the Argentine–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone (AUCFZ) in summer 1980 and the winters of 1980–1982 are presented. In addition, the results of joint research with INIDEP, the Argentine and Japan Fisheries Agency, on larvae, juveniles and adults of the short-finned squid Illex argentinus carried out in winter 1989 are given, as are data obtained during the joint sardine and anchovy recruitment project carried out by R.V. Meteor in November/December 1989. The short-finned squid Illex argentinus is the most important cephalopod resource of the area, and an extended fishery is carried out on the Patagonian shelf and in the proximity of the Falkland Islands. The fishing season in the AUCFZ, for pre-spawning and spawning animals, extends from early autumn to winter (March–August). Abundance of rhynchoteuthion larvae (417–485 larvae·10 m^?2) was greatest in winter in surface temperatures of 12,1–16,9°C and surface salinities of 34,8 – 35,2 × 10^?3. The distribution of the larvae is related to the western boundary of the Brazil Current and the convergence front.     

Resource partitioning by two large planktivorous fishes Micromesistius australis and Macruronus magellanicus in the Southwest Atlantic

The ontogenetic, seasonal, bathymetric and regional variations in the feeding spectrum of 922 specimens of southern blue whiting Micromesistius australis and 512 specimens of hoki Macruronus magellanicus were studied on the Falkland Islands’ shelf (Southwest Atlantic) between November 1999 and April 2003. A total of 49 different prey items were found in the stomach contents of the two species, with the hyperiid Themisto gaudichaudii and Euphausiacea being amongst the most important prey. Although the species composition did not change over fish size, the proportions of individual prey items in their diets did, with an increase in T. gaudichaudii and Euphausiacea with increasing fish size in southern blue whiting. The opposite occurred in hoki. Seasonal variations in the diet were found to mirror the seasonal abundance of prey around the Falkland Islands for the two species. Intra-specific differences in the diet of both predators reflected the distribution of prey, which in turn was determined by the water structure in the two regions sampled, leading to very different diets. In the limited time that the two species occupied the same space there was little or no competition resulting in almost total segregation of their trophic niches in space and time.     

An antipodal link between the North Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans?

We report on the extraordinary findings of several endemic species of North Pacific deepwater fish and squid on the continental slope of the Falkland Islands in the Southwest Atlantic, namely the giant rattail grenadier Albatrossia pectoralis (Macrouridae), pelagic eelpout Lycodapus endemoscotus (Zoarcidae) and squid Gonatopsis octopedatus (Gonatidae). These deepwater dwellers might have moved more than 15,000 km from their common species ranges with Pacific Deep Water along the western slopes of both Americas and through the Drake Passage. Our findings provide further evidence of the possible role of deepwater currents in the dispersal of bathypelagic and benthopelagic animals from one polar region to another across various climatic zones of the world ocean.     

粤港澳大湾区海岛空间分布特征探析

海岛是海洋资源开发利用价值的核心内容之一。为合理保护及开发利用粤港澳大湾区海岛资源,促进海岛产业布局优化,从海岛资源空间分布角度出发,探析海岛在粤港澳大湾区发展中重点平台的作用。以粤港澳大湾区纳入中国海域海岛标准名录的850个海岛为研究对象,在对其地理坐标、陆域面积等基础数据进行数理统计的基础上,通过ArcGIS软件平台,采用最邻近距离法、核密度估计法、洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数方法,对粤港澳大湾区海岛的空间分布特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明:粤港澳大湾区海岛在空间上趋于集聚分布,呈现总体带状分布,局部组团分布的特点,形成了湾区西部海岛分布带和大鹏湾-大亚湾区、九州列岛区、万山-佳蓬担杆列岛区、川山群岛区4个明显的集聚区;粤港澳大湾区海岛以沿岸岛为主,面积分布呈现不均衡性的特点,基尼系数达0.58。     

The reproductive biology of a shallow water morid (Salilota australis Günther, 1878), around the Falkland Islands

The reproductive biology of a shelf morid, red cod (Salilota australis) was investigated in the Falkland Islands, in order to expand our knowledge of the reproductive strategy of this relatively unstudied family of fishes. Red cod spawn to the south and south-west of West Falkland between August and October. Length frequency and sex ratio data suggest that females arrive at the spawning grounds first. The greatest spawning activity occurred in early evening and this timing may be an adaptation to reduce predation on eggs. Ripe egg size varied from 0.95 to 1.26 mm and was not dependant on female size. There was no regulative atresia during maturation and the formation of fecundity and fecundity increased with increasing fish total length (L_T) from 300,000 (42-45 cm L_T) to 4.5-9.0 million eggs (75-83 cm L_T). The fecundity of most of the population was between 2 and 5 million eggs. Red cod releases small batches of eggs over the spawning period. Batch size ranged from 30,000-90,000 (39-42 cm L_T) in smaller animals to 400,000-800,000 (>75 cm L_T) in larger animals and the batch size of first spawners was significantly higher than for advanced spawners. The study allows us to discuss the evolutionary relationships between the Gadiformes.     

南麂列岛自然保护区海域红色裸甲藻赤潮及其成因分析

2002年9月16～19日南麂列岛海域发生3km2 红褐色赤潮 ,其原因种为红色裸甲藻(GymnodiniumsanguineumHirasaka) ,密度高达4.6×105 个/L。赤潮发生时伴随细菌的大量繁殖 ,江浙沿岸流所携带的营养物质是本次赤潮发生的基础 ,森拉克台风是本次赤潮的重要诱因。南麂海域的赤潮多发季节为4～5月份 ,9～11月份发生赤潮的可能性也较大 ,大沙岙、马祖岙和火岙等水体交换相对较弱的岙口为赤潮多发区。为保护南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区珍稀海洋贝藻资源 ,需协调好保护和开发之间日益尖锐的矛盾 ,控制养殖业的发展规模和游客的数量。     

浙江6个列岛大型底栖藻类分类多样性

本文基于对七星列岛大型底栖藻类的实地调查,结合浙南3个列岛(七星列岛、南麂列岛和洞头列岛)和浙北3个列岛(渔山列岛、中街山列岛和马鞍列岛)大型底栖藻类物种组成的有关文献,构建大型底栖藻类基础数据库。采用平均分类差异指数△~+、分类差异变异指数∧~+、G-F多样性测度指数和相似性系数开展分类多样性研究。结果显示:6个列岛藻类在目级和科级的相似性很高,其值均在0.800以上;洞头列岛的△~+值最高(77.42),中街山列岛最低(72.65),这表明洞头列岛大型底栖藻类类群间的亲缘关系较远,中街山列岛藻类类群间的亲缘关系较近;七星列岛的∧~+值最高,达942.00,南麂列岛最低,仅865.12,这表明南麂列岛大型底栖藻类在不同分类阶元分布最均匀,七星列岛的藻类分布较集中;南麂列岛无论是F指数、G指数还是G-F指数的值均比其他5个列岛高,依次为18.62,4.40和0.76,这说明南麂列岛藻类的生态位分化程度较高。本研究构建了6个列岛大型底栖藻类资源与分类多样性基础数据库,为有效保护和管理大型底栖藻类提供了理论依据。     

南麂列岛中华蛸(Octopus sinensis)形态与遗传多样性分析

2020年6~12月在南麂列岛采捕一种中大型章鱼44只,描述了形态特征,采用多元分析方法分析了形态多样性,并比较了与真蛸的差异,利用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)基因序列构建了系统发育树,并计算了Kimura-2-Parameter(K2P)遗传距离。结果表明,此种章鱼形态特征与中华蛸基本一致,而与真蛸存在显著的形态差异:其第二、三对腕的扩大吸盘位于第12~15个吸盘之间,而真蛸则位于第15~19个吸盘之间;茎化腕吸盘数少于真蛸;舌叶指数小于真蛸。主成分分析与判别分析能将真蛸群体显著区分开,判别准确率为100%,而其余四个群体(南麂列岛与三个中华蛸群体)间存在重叠;聚类分析表明南麂列岛群体与中华蛸更近,二者均与真蛸存在较大距离。在遗传多样性分析中,南麂列岛群体单倍型4个,单倍型多样性水平为0.320±0.121,多态位点6个,核苷酸多样性指数为0.001 11;系统发育树表明,该群体与中华蛸亲缘关系最近,K2P遗传距离0.14%,而与真蛸复合体其他类型为2.96%~12.11%。因此,从形态和分子水平鉴定南麂列岛章鱼为中华蛸。     

基于形态学和宏条形码技术的南海西沙群岛浮游动物多样性的比较分析

西沙群岛是我国南海陆地面积最大的群岛,海域广阔,拥有重要的战略地位与丰富的海洋资源。为了解该海域浮游动物组成与分布特征,本研究于2019年5月在西沙群岛14个岛礁站位开展多学科综合调查,并采用形态学方法和基于18S V9测序的宏条形码技术对浮游动物样本组成进行鉴定。结果显示,此次西沙调查站位浮游动物样本的主要种类包括桡足类、软甲纲和箭虫纲,这3个类别的物种在两种鉴定方法中均具有较高的相对丰度。14个站位浮游动物平均密度为707.53±378.34 ind/m³,各站位浮游动物丰度、物种组成及优势种存在差异。形态学方法共鉴定出11门17纲18目共86个物种,18S V9分子方法鉴定出22门46纲85目共233个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs),分子鉴定的物种覆盖度更高,且代表性类群相对丰度和多样性指数在大部分站位与形态学鉴定结果呈现出显著相关性,表明宏条形码技术鉴定方法与形态学鉴定方法在评价海洋浮游动物多样性方面具有较好的可比性,在我国海洋浮游动物群落监测中具有较高的应用潜力。但由于目前浮游动物的分子鉴定方法仍处于初...     

Geographical distribution and age composition of Euphausia superba larvae (Crustacea：Euphausiacea) in the South Shetland Islands region and southern Scotia Sea in relation to environmental conditions

Spatial distribution patterns of the different life stages of Euphausia superba in the region of the South Shet- land Islands and southern Scotia Sea （Antarctica） were assessed based on scientific survey data collected in lanuary and February of 2010. Adults, eggs, nauplii, metanauplii, calyptopis I-Ill, and furcilia I-II were found in the investigation. The abundance of larvae averaged 1 172.8 ind./mz, with calyptopis I and II as the dominant stages. Habitat occupancy patterns varied among Euphausia superba at different stages, and three sub-regions were identified by cluster analysis. The degree of larval development increased from west to east. Larvae were not observed north of the South Shetland Islands. Calyptopis I was predominant in the water between Elephant Island and the South Orkney Islands, which featured no thermocline. Older stages, including calyptopis II and III and furcilia I and II, were common in north and northeast of the South Orkney Islands, which were characterized by high temperature and high chlorophyll concentration. Distri- bution and abundance of the early life stages of E. superba were associated with specific environmental con- ditions. According to Biota-Environment matching （BIOENV）, the distributions of E. superba larvae were correlated with a combination of temperature at the surface and 200 m, and 0-100 m integrated chlorophyll a concentration.     

Flexure across a continent–ocean fracture zone: the northern Falkland/Malvinas Plateau, South Atlantic

 Bathymetry, satellite-derived gravity, and interpreted seismic reflection data across the northern Falkland/Malvinas Plateau fossil continent–ocean transform rim may record the degree of mechanical coupling across the boundary after ridge–transform intersection time. The rim comprises a broad microcontinental block in the east and a continental marginal fracture ridge 50–100 km wide elsewhere. Free-air gravity anomalies tentatively suggest that the fracture ridge is locked against oceanic elastic lithosphere both to the north (Argentine Basin) and south (Central Falkland Basin). Received: 18 January 1996 / Revision received: 25 March 1995     

南海岛礁羊鲍(Haliotis ovina)资源及其栖息地环境研究

鲍是重要的海珍品,羊鲍(Haliotisovina)是主要生活在热带岩岸潮间带大型经济鲍类底栖动物。为了研究南海岛礁羊鲍资源及其栖息环境,我们在宣德群岛的永兴岛和七连屿,永乐群岛的羚羊礁、甘泉岛和晋卿岛进行了羊鲍资源分布及其栖息水环境研究。按照《海岛调查技术规程》中潮间带岩岸大型底栖生物调查方法,对羊鲍进行取样调查。按照《海洋调查规范第4部分:海水化学要素调查》(GB T 12763.4-2007),对羊鲍栖息地水环境的总无机氮、活性磷酸盐、悬浮物和叶绿素a等海水化学要素进行分析。结果表明,羊鲍在永乐群岛和宣德群岛都有分布,这些岛礁按永兴岛、七连屿、羚羊礁、甘泉岛和晋卿岛的顺序,分布密度依次增加,个头大小依次增大,总体来说羊鲍资源量小,有的岛礁海区几乎绝迹,亟需开展生态增殖和资源养护研究工作。水质调查表明,除永兴岛站位的悬浮物指标因填海作业未达标外,各站位的水质指标均达一类水标准且具有一定稳定性。因此,尽管南海岛礁受人类活动的影响,但该海域仍适合羊鲍栖息,是羊鲍资源养护、底播生态增殖和生态养护的适宜场所,符合建立海洋保护区的国家水质标准和环境条件。     

Towards integrated coastal management in Solomon Islands: Identifying strategic issues for governance reform

This paper evaluates governance arrangements in Solomon Islands in terms of their ability to achieve the integrated management of coastal environments. The paper uses a modified version of the framework proposed by Ehler CN [Indicators in measure governance performance in integrated coastal management. Ocean & Coastal Management 2003; 46: 335–345] for evaluating governance performance. The results point to a systemic failure of coastal governance in Solomon Islands. The paper identifies the strategic issues for governance reform if the management of coastal environments and resources in Solomon Islands is to be improved.