应用震源机制方法研究鹤岗煤田开采区的构造应力环境

求解鹤岗强矿震震源机制解结果,表现出走滑伴随逆断层和正断层活动、非双力偶型的多样性。两组节面优势分布方向和节面的倾角优势分布不显著,两者分布无明显规律,反映出矿井下破裂面比较复杂。矿震震源主压应力释放优势方向北西310°左右,优势倾角为25°～60°;主张应力轴走向NE,主张应力场优势方向为北东60°左右,仰角在30～70°之间;中等应力轴(N)近于垂直,优势倾角为70～90°。矿震震源机制解显示的矿区最大主应力方向与区域构造应力场的最大主应力方向近似正交,矿震震源机制主应力轴优势倾角远大于区域构造地震,反映的是矿区采煤生产的次生构造应力环境重力应力场的贡献明显。     

Robust inversion analysis of local gravity anomalies caused by geological dislocation model of faults

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Sequential sporadic-E layers at low latitudes in the Indian sector

A study of the formation and movement of sequential Sporadic-E layers observed during the night-time hours at two Indian low-latitude stations, SHAR(dip 10°N) and Waltair (dip 20°N) shows that the layer are formed around 19:00 h. IST at altitudes of ≈180 km. They descend to the normal E-region altitude of about 100 km in three to four hours and becomes blanketing type of Es before they disappear. However, the absence of these descending layers at an equatorial station, Trivandrum (dip 2°N) gives the experimental evidence for wind shear theory. The meridional neutral wind derived from the height variation of the F-layer showed significant poleward wind during the descent of these layers. Hence it is inferred that these layers are formed as a consequence of the convergence of plasma by the poleward wind and the equatorward propagating gravity waves (inferred from the height fluctuations of F-layer).     

中秦岭北侧特异重力场及其探榷

对陕西榆林-重庆综合地球物理大断面中在陕西咸阳至中秦岭北侧测段特异重力场给以分析和探讨.研究结果认为:秦岭北侧断裂带(或秦岭造山带与华北地块的接触带)的位置恰在该重力异常突跃地段内.断裂构造的上部近于陡直、且略向北倾斜,倾角约为70°左右;断裂构造中部为近垂直形态;断裂构造下半部略向南倾斜,倾角70余度.秦岭北侧断裂以北的大幅度落差、大规模的巨型重力异常低谷区的形成,是由于上部地壳存在一个厚达6 km、宽40余公里的新生代沉积地层区引起的.中秦岭北侧断裂构造带和沉积岩层区的形成,是与地质历史时期中秦岭地区的多次复杂构造运动的叠加、特别是华北板块的下插、并与秦岭多级次造山运动具有极其密切的相关关系.     

论地震孕育的层间解缚模式与我国某些大震的余震机制

本文主要讨论了以下几点: 1.在1979年提出的层间解缚模式的基础上进一步论证了在不同的垂直力作用下(地壳下部作下沉,上升和垂直差异运动)在地壳中部软弱面附近两侧岩层(花岗岩层和玄武岩层)间的层间解缚形式,並讨论了层间解缚发生时对大震发生的影响。2.由海城、唐山这两次平推型大震后较大余震平面分布的不对称性论证了层间解缚现象的客观存在性。3.由海城、龙陵、唐山三次平推型大震后余震机制倾滑分量比主震明显增大,余震断层面走向角度在较大范围内变化以及倾滑型余震在整个下沉区的分布论证了大震发生后震中区岩层下塌至解缚区后所引起的岩石碎块间的重力调整过程。     

青藏高原构造结构特点:新重力异常成果的启示

截至2007年1:1000000区域重力工作已基本覆盖青藏高原全区,这些全新的重力成果揭示了很多有意义的现象.通过多方法处理分析研究不同深度层次的重力场特征及正反演计算构建地壳模型,认为:重力异常形态显示青藏高原独成体系,与相邻块体具有多样化的接触关系.已发现蛇绿岩的结合带、弧盆系和岩浆岩带是幅值不等、规模不一的重力高和重力低,表明青藏高原是具有多条结合带的拼合体;班公湖-怒江结合带是高原内最主要的重力高异常带,长达千余公里,将不同深度层次的重力场分成截然不同的南北两大区块,为它是冈瓦纳大陆北界提供了依据;局部重力异常指示青藏高原构造形迹自南而北以东西走向为主,东部则为北西-南北走向,具有与大地构造相似的分区特征; 85°E和92°E附近存在较大尺度的南北和北东走向的重力异常特征线,揭示出青藏高原腹地的深部结构具有东中西三分现象,与表壳的东西走向格局形成对比.     

Simulating Gravity Changes in Topologically Realistic Driven Earthquake Fault Systems: First Results

Currently, GPS and InSAR measurements are used to monitor deformation produced by slip on earthquake faults. It has been suggested that another method to accomplish many of the same objectives would be through satellite-based gravity measurements. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has shown that it is possible to make detailed gravity measurements from space for climate dynamics and other purposes. To build the groundwork for a more advanced satellite-based gravity survey, we must estimate the level of accuracy needed for precise estimation of fault slip in earthquakes. We turn to numerical simulations of earthquake fault systems and use these to estimate gravity changes. The current generation of Virtual California (VC) simulates faults of any orientation, dip, and rake. In this work, we discuss these computations and the implications they have for accuracies needed for a dedicated gravity monitoring mission. Preliminary results are in agreement with previous results calculated from an older and simpler version of VC. Computed gravity changes are in the range of tens of μGal over distances up to a few hundred kilometers, near the detection threshold for GRACE.     

不同模型下地震位错理论的对比 及其应用进展综述

对半空间和球位错理论在理论和应用研究方面的进展进行了综合评述, 讨论了地震位错理论在海啸方面的相关研究进展和位错理论与粒子群算法结合在断层反演方面的研究进展, 对比分析了不同位错模型的优缺点, 总结了位错模型在应用中的影响因素. 本文认为不同位错理论的应用受地球分层的影响最大, 其次是重力、 曲率的影响, 而受地形、 震源深度及断层倾角等因素的影响则较小, 在实际应用中应予以综合考虑.      

Gravity and gravity gradient changes caused by a point dislocation

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日本南海海槽地震区域应力场及其板块构造动力学特征

为了研究海沟型巨大地震发生机制及其构造动力学特征，详细研究了地震活动与震源机制结果，根据地震俯冲带几何形状及其内应力场区域特征，南海海槽下的俯冲带可划分为两段: 东部的四国-纪伊半岛段和西部的九州段. 东部的菲律宾海板块地震俯冲带呈现出低角度俯冲(10°～22°)，且俯冲深度相当浅(60～85km)的特征;而西部九州段的俯冲带为高角度俯冲(40°)，且俯冲深度较深(160km). 东、西部俯冲带内部应力场也截然不同. 东部的四国大部分地区和纪伊半岛的俯冲带内表现为俯冲压缩型应力场， 而西部的九州段则为明显的俯冲拉张型应力场. 本文在综合分析了重力异常、GPS、热流量等地球物理观测结果后指出，南海海槽东部， 即四国-纪伊半岛以南的海槽区域， 具有与智利海沟极其相似的地震发生板块构造动力学背景和高应力积累等特征， 属于年轻活动俯冲带的高应力型俯冲. 而西部的九州段，虽然也是海沟型地震活动区， 但不具有大地震发生的构造动力学背景和高应力积累， 不属于年轻活动俯冲带的高应力型俯冲. 俯冲带年龄的不同很可能是造成南海海槽东、西段板块构造动力学以及应力场不同的根本原因之一.     

ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF THE DIP ANGLE OF A GEOLOGICAL CONTACT USING THE GRAVITY METHOD*

From a gravity profile over a truncated horizontal plate, the horizontal derivative and, by means of the Hilbert Transform, the vertical derivative are obtained. When the horizontal derivative is plotted against the vertical derivative, the axis of symmetry of the resulting curve is inclined at the angle of dip of the face of the truncated plate. The depths to the upper and lower surfaces of the plate can be obtained uniquely from the symmetrical figure. Because of the derivatives being used, the method avoids the difficulties which arise from other methods of interpretation which depend upon a knowledge of the position of the origin of the gravity field data. The entire procedure for interpretation can be accommodated on a programmable calculator. An illustrative example is given.     

关中盆地地壳应力场特征分析

通过收集整理关中盆地1972-2018年中小地震的震源机制解,分析其震源破裂类型与空间分布特征,反演得到关中盆地地壳应力场特征为:最大主压应力轴方位261.8°,倾角48.8°;中等主压应力轴方位74.3°,倾角40.9°;最小主压应力轴方位167.4°,倾角3.7°。同时结合活动构造,探讨关中盆地构造变形和强震发生的动力学机制。     

利用GRACE重力和重力梯度变化估计2012年苏门答腊地震断层参数

2012年4月11日苏门答腊北部附近海域发生M_W=8.6地震,国际上采用不同数据获得了该地震的断层滑动模型,但断层走滑性质存在较大差异.卫星重力GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）观测覆盖震中区域,可以提供很好的断层参数估计约束.本文采用GRACE月重力场模型数据提取了此次地震同震重力和重力梯度变化,表明了北向分量的优越性.并与断层模型理论计算结果进行了比较,分析了T_xx（北-北向重力梯度）分量对断层参数的敏感性,以及基于粒子群算法以及Okubo位错模型反演了该地震断层参数.结果表明GRACE观测到的同震重力梯度变化在空间形态分布上与断层模型模拟结果符合较好,但振幅差异较大.重力和重力梯度的北向分量可以很好地压制条带误差,其中g_N（北向重力变化）和T_xx的误差最小,其次是T_xz（北-上向重力梯度）,误差最大和对条带误差抑制效果最差的是T_xy（北-东向重力梯度）.T_xx对断层的深度不敏感,对其余断层参数较敏感.基于GRACE反演得到的断层的走向角为113.63°,倾角为89.99°,滑移角为175.26°,平均滑移量为28.18 m,相应的矩震为8.71级,且此次地震的走滑性质为右旋走滑.     

Error estimation and optimization of gravity surveys1

Gravity data are often acquired over long periods of time using different instruments and various survey techniques, resulting in data sets of non-uniform accuracy. As station locations are inhomogeneously distributed, gravity values are interpolated on to a regular grid to allow further processing, such as computing horizontal or vertical gradients. Some interpolation techniques can estimate the interpolation error. Although estimation of the error due to interpolation is of importance, it is more useful to estimate the maximum gravity anomaly that may have gone undetected by a survey. This is equivalent to the determination of the maximum mass whose gravity anomaly will be undetected at any station location, given the data accuracy at each station. Assuming that the maximum density contrast present in the survey area is known or can be reasonably assumed from a knowledge of the geology, the proposed procedure is as follows: at every grid node, the maximum mass whose gravity anomaly does not disturb any of the surrounding observed gravity values by more than their accuracies is determined. A finite vertical cylinder is used as the mass model in the computations. The resulting map gives the maximum detection error and, as such, it is a worst-case scenario. Moreover, the map can be used to optimize future gravity surveys: new stations should be located at, or near, map maxima. The technique is applied to a set of gravity observations obtained from different surveys made over a period of more than 40 years in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt in eastern Canada.     

PROCESSING AND APPLICATIONS IN MICROGRAVITY SURVEYS*

An economic and precise processing system for microgravity surveys is presented. Three computer processing modes covering areal ground and underground measurements, measurements in vertical shafts, and measurements of vertical gravity gradients with a 3 m high tower are dealt with. Diagrams for manual calculation of gravity effects of prismatic walls, vertical shafts, and horizontal galleries, as well as programs for calculation of accurate terrain corrections and corrections for gravity effects of bodies with complicated ground-plan are proposed. The method of processing microgravity data is two to three times quicker than any traditional way, with maximum accuracy preserved in resulting gravity micro-anomalies. Applications from the field of mining geophysics and archaeology are included.     

2-D viscoelastic FEM simulation on stress state in the deep part of a subducted slab

Introduction It is found that there are some relationships between the thermal structures of subduction zones and the deep seismicity, while the mechanism relates the thermal structure and the deep seismicity is still unsure (Helffrich, Brodholt, 1991; Furukawa, 1994; Kirby, et al, 1996). From 1980s, geoscientists have constituted a series of numerical simulations on the stress states of subduction slabs. Based on the kinetic computation of Sung and Burns (1976a, b), Goto, et al (1983, 1987…     

融合多源数据构建区域航空重力梯度扰动全张量

通过联合全球重力位模型(EGM2008)、航空重力扰动数据和剩余地形模型(RTM)数据,基于频谱域(二维FFT变换)和空间域(Stokes数值积分)算法对毛乌素测区GT-2A航空重力测量系统采集的空中测线后处理重力扰动数据进行解算,构建了该地区的航空重力梯度扰动全张量.(1)残余航空重力扰动延拓结果表明:残余航空重力扰动经向下延拓至大地水准面,再向上延拓至航空高度后与原数据差值的标准差为1.0078 mGal,考虑边缘效应后,内缩计算范围得到的差值标准差减小至0.1269 mGal.(2)基于残余重力扰动数据(原航空高度数据及向下延拓数据),通过不同方案解算得到的梯度扰动结果表明:两种方案得到的研究区域重力梯度扰动各分量之差的最大标准差为6.4798E(Γ_(yz)分量),最小标准差为2.6968E(Γ_(xy)分量),内缩计算范围后得到的差值标准差最大值为1.8307E(Γ_(zz)分量),最小值为0.7223E(Γ_(yz)分量).本文的思路和方法可为未来我国自主构建航空重力梯度标定场提供参考.     

CHAMP重力场恢复时域法和空域法比较研究

利用CHAMP数据恢复重力场的解算方法分为时域法和空域法.本文首先介绍了这两种方法恢复CHAMP重力场的基本原理和算法,分析了它们的优缺点.针对空域法中的延拓误差和格网化误差进行了讨论.计算表明:延拓误差中的截断误差部分影响量级约0.001 m2·s-2(均方误差意义下),最大误差仅为0.11 m2·s-2,可完全忽略;延拓误差中的参考重力场模型误差影响随参考场选取的不同而有所差异,整体而言小于0.1 m2·s-2,但最大误差可达1.3 m2·s-2,采用高精度的参考重力场模型能大大减小延拓误差影响.目前最常用的格网化方法包括加权平均方法和最小二乘配置方法,计算表明,利用30天的CHAMP数据进行2°×2°格网化处理,加权平均法的格网化误差在0.13 m2·s-2量级,最大误差可达1.58 m2·s-2,而最小二乘配置法的格网化误差在0.006 m2·s-2量级,最大误差仅为0.15 m2·s-2,明显优于加权平均法.文章最后对时域法和以快速最小二乘配置(FSC)为代表的空域法恢复60阶次的CHAMP重力场的精度进行了比较,结果表明:两种方法的得到的重力场模型精度相差不大,整体而言,时域法略优于空域法.     

An integrated geodynamic model of the Nankai subduction zone and neighboring regions from geophysical inversion and modeling

I investigate large-scale deep crustal structures of the Nankai subduction zone and neighboring region using regional magnetic and gravity anomalies, heat flow measurements, and earthquake hypocenters. It is found that ages, dip angles, and geothermal states of the subducting slab have direct influences on mantle wedge serpentinization. The weakest serpentinization observed in the Nankai forearc region is associated with the youngest downgoing plate of the Shikoku Basin. Conspicuous gravity anomalies identified in the forearc region are coincidental spatially with magnetic anomalies after the reduction to the pole, a mathematical procedure that helps relocate magnetic sources and boundaries, and allows us to more easily interpret magnetic data. It is argued that these patches of magnetic and gravity anomalies are caused by the same sources of anomalous density and magnetization, and are linked directly to preexisting structures such as magnetic anomalies and their boundaries in the subducting oceanic crust. Since the gravity and magnetic anomaly patches are found to be closely related to interplate seismogenic behaviors in the Nankai subduction zone, I suggest that major magnetic boundaries in the Shikoku Basin are likely weak places for slab tears that trigger seismic segmentations along the subduction zone.     

基于最大似然属性的断层识别方法及应用

断层识别是断块型油气田勘探开发的重要研究内容,尤其是在复杂断块油气田的勘探开发中,准确合理的断层识别是落实油气田构造和确定注采井网的关键因素.方差体、相干体、曲率属性等常规方法在断层识别中发挥着重要作用,但在复杂断裂发育区地震资料品质较差,常规方法分辨率较低从而无法准确识别断层组合关系.基于相似系数改进的似然属性在已知断层倾向和倾角时可以精确表征断层,但由于断层的倾向和倾角是未知的,因此可以采用断层倾向和倾角扫描的方法计算最大似然属性来表征断层.本文对比分析了相似系数和最大似然属性的原理;并将最大似然属性应用于模型正演数据和实际地震数据进行断层识别分析,结果表明,最大似然属性在剖面上更符合断层展布特征,在平面上断层组合关系更加清晰,在断层识别上具有较好的应用效果.