江西省区域霾天气过程典型个例分析

利用2011—2017年江西省基本气象观测资料,统计分析了江西省区域霾天气过程的时空分布特征,并选取典型个例进行天气学分析及模拟。结果表明:江西省区域霾天气过程的月、季变化特征明显,呈北多南少的空间分布特征。区域霾天气过程的天气形势可分为高压类、低压类和均压类,其中高压底部类出现次数最多。3个典型个例中江西地面分别处于高压底部、冷锋锋区和均压场,配合500 hPa高度层的平直西风气流、西北气流或西南气流控制,925 hPa高度层的反气旋控制,整层大气处于非常稳定的状态。江西中北部上空为弱的气流下沉区,相对湿度非常低,为逆温或中性层结。后向轨迹模拟显示,高压底部与冷锋锋区个例过程输送带均为西北路径,均压场个例过程污染物气团为西南气流输送。     

北京地区一次持续性雾霾天气分析

2015年11月27日至12月1日,北京地区出现了一次十分严重的雾、霾天气过程。综合分析此次雾、霾天气过程的天气形势、加密自动站、探空、风廓线雷达以及连续观测的PM2.5资料,结果表明:本次雾、霾过程,能见度的恶化与天气形势、PM2.5持续性波动增长、相对湿度增加、逆温出现频率高、近地层风速小及近地面偏南风输送有密切关系:(1)此次雾、霾过程期间,华北地区较长时间被地面高压后部的弱气压场和低压辐合区控制,地面风速和近地层风速较小,北京大部分地区处于弱的偏南风或偏东风控制中,很不利于污染物的水平扩散;(2)地面增湿趋势明显,低层偏南和偏东气流将水汽和上游污染物向北京地区输送,加之29日气温明显回升,导致地面积雪融化,近地面相对湿度增加,有时接近饱和;(3)边界层逆温一直存在,很不利于污染物的垂直扩散。     

2007年吉林省大雾天气分析

本文利用2007年吉林省的大雾资料,从天气特征、气象要素和天气形势等方面对全省大雾天气进行了分析总结,发现：大雾分布存在明显的季节性和地区分布特征;从气象要素来看,地面和850hPa风速都很小,并且在地面到850hPa之间有逆温存在,大雾出现当日相对湿度较大,前日多出现降水或多为多云天气;大雾出现前一日高空大多数有冷槽或冷平流,在地面气压场上主要是由弱的气压场控制大雾出现区域,根据地面气压场系统不同又分为高压类、弱低压类和平流雾类三种类型,其中高压类占四分之三。     

天气形势对南昌市空气质量影响的初步分析

利用2007--2010年南昌市空气污染监测资料以及气象观测资料,分析了空气质量与天气形势的关系,以及造成南昌市空气污染的主要天气形势特征。结果表明：（1）南昌市空气污染具有明显的季节性变化特征,冬季污染日出现频次最高,其次是春、秋两季,夏季由于雨水的冲刷稀释作用、热对流作用,极少出现空气污染日。（2）影响南昌市空气质量的地面形势主要分为低压类（倒槽、锋前）和高压类（高压底部、高压后部、弱高压）,而高空系统主要为槽后西北气流以及西南气流的影响。（3）当出现空气污染时,地面至1000hPa近地层逆温非常明显,地面风速弱,基本在3m／s以下,且以偏东风出现频次最高。（4）污染物浓度与霾天气密切相关,霾日的空气质量较差。     

无锡市霾天气特征及影响因子研究

利用太湖北岸无锡气象局国家基本气象观测站1980—2011年地面气象观测资料及1991—2011年无锡市统计年鉴资料,对无锡市霾天气演变特征、气象要素特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：无锡市的霾日数总体呈上升趋势,近5年来更加明显;霾日数冬季>春季>秋季>夏季;连续10 d及以上霾过程都经历了地面均压场、〖JP2〗入海高压后部及地面倒槽3个连续天气过程。出现重度霾的地面天气形势为地面均压场型、冷锋前型、地面低压倒槽型3种类型。连续10 d以上的霾及重度霾,中低空气团的后向轨迹都出现了下沉运动,且气团经过地区为污染物浓度较高区域。工业污染物中的粉尘排放是造成20世纪90年代霾日数增加的最大因素,2004年以后由于工业废气的排放量以及汽车拥有量的逐年增加,霾日数仍然呈上升趋势。     

济南市10月份大雾天气特征分析

利用2001—2009年10月份济南6个大监站大雾实况资料、高空和地面资料以及T213相对湿度产品,从高空环流形势、地面气压场、水汽条件和层结稳定条件等方面分析了济南市10月份大雾时空分布特征和产生大雾的天气形势。结果表明：10月份,济南大雾以辐射雾为主,最近几年大雾呈＂减—增—减＂的变化趋势;从空间分布来看,位于鲁西北的济阳、商河出雾的几率最大;从时间分布来看,夜间到早晨前后容易出雾,早晨是高发时段,中午之前消散;出现大雾天气时,地面风速较小,风向不固定,气压场一般较弱,地面弱风场和稳定的层结是大雾产生和维持的条件;近地面逆温层的强度与大雾的持续时间呈正相关;近地面相对湿度大于80%和地面温度露点差小于3℃是大雾形成的必要条件;当T213预报1000hPa未来12小时内相对湿度大于90%,地面温度露点差小于等于2℃时,容易出现大雾。     

齐齐哈尔市雾霾天气浅析

本项目选取2013年10月-2015年12月常规地面观测资料、齐齐哈尔站探空观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,重点统计分析雾和霾记录天气气象要素和边界层结构特点以及霾记录天气的大气环流背景。结果表明:齐齐哈尔地区雾和霾的天数北部市县明显多于南部;雾和霾的天气基本都是在高空存在逆温层,而逆温层越低,雾和霾的天气越严重;霾绝大多数都发生在秋末至第二年春初,齐齐哈尔地区霾天气的主导风向为偏南风,风力基本小于等于4 m/s,容易出现空气污染的天气形势主要有:中低层暖脊、中低层冷脊和中低层槽前。     

福州市灰霾气象要素场特征分析

利用1988-2007年常规观测资料、地面图5、00 hPa高空图资料,分析了福州市灰霾的时间分布,冬、夏半年霾日气象要素场和稳定度因子特征。结果表明：福州市灰霾年变化呈明显上升趋势;月分布呈单峰型,高发期在12、1月;冬半年14：00,夏半年08：00灰霾发生几率最高。冬半年灰霾多出现在冷空气减弱后,地面气压持续下降,温度不断上升,风速弱,湿度大,充分回暖后的天气下,对应地面天气形势有变性高压后部和底部、锋前暖区、地面倒槽;少数出现在冷空气入侵,地面气压上升,温度下降,湿度较小的天气下,对应地面天气形势为大陆冷高压。夏半年灰霾多出现在高温、干燥、大气层结稳定的清晨,对应500 hPa天气形势为副热带高压、副热带高压边缘、地面弱倒槽,以及少量台风外围控制下干热的下沉气流里。     

太原地区灰霾天气特征及影响因子分析

利用2008~2012年太原常规地面气象观测资料、高空探测资料和大气污染物观测资料,对主要天气形势、典型气象要素以及空气污染状况下灰霾天气特征及形成机制进行了综合分析。结果表明:1)太原地区灰霾出现频率存在明显的季节变化,冬半年灰霾出现天数占全年的65.7%;一天中08:00(北京时间,下同)至13:00发生灰霾的频率较高。2)霾日静风频率较高,主导风向为偏东南风;重度灰霾天气出现时相对湿度较高。3)霾日的大气稳定度主要表现为稳定类;霾日平均混合层高度比非霾日低约100 m;08:00逆温出现次数高于20:00,霾时平均逆温强度和厚度高于非霾时。4)高压类型天气形势对灰霾的产生有重要影响,低压天气形势下较少出现灰霾天气。5)可吸入颗粒物、SO2和NO2浓度在非霾日比霾日分别下降32.6%、48.6%、21.7%;随着灰霾等级的增加,SO2和可吸入颗粒物的浓度有显著的增加。6)灰霾天气下到达地面的太阳辐射强度明显减弱,日照时数明显减少。     

韶关近18年霾的气候特征和典型天气类型

利用1991～2008年韶关市曲江站地面气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料,分析韶关市霾的气候特征和典型天气类型。结果表明,近18年韶关市年霾日总体呈明显上升趋势,变化过程分为3个阶段,2006年开始的上升趋势是一种突变现象;韶关市11月霾天气最多,6月最少,并表现出秋冬季霾日多、春夏季少的分布特征。统计出现霾时的天气形势发现,地面风弱和气压场减弱都有利于形成霾,韶关市出现霾时以NW风最多;冷高压控制下的天气形势最有利于形成霾,其次是低压槽和热带气旋外围下沉气流。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.