Spectrophotometric discrimination of river dissolved organic matter

There is a need to be able to differentiate the dissolved organic matter (DOM) fraction in river waters. Research in the 1970s and 1980s has attempted to utilize both absorbance and fluorescence to distinguish between DOM fractions in river waters, but both were limited by the available technology. Total organic carbon content has, therefore, been widely used as a standard method of measuring DOM concentration, although it has little power to differentiate DOM fractions. Recent advances in fluorescence spectrophotometry enable rapid and optically precise analysis of DOM. Here, we show how a combination of both fluorescence and absorbance can be used to discriminate statistically between spatial variations of DOM in tributaries in a small catchment of the Ouseburn, NE England. The results of the discriminant analysis suggest that about 70% of the samples can be correctly classified to its tributary. Discriminant function 1 explains 60·8% of the variance in the data and the fulvic‐like fluorescence intensity has the largest absolute correlation within this function; discriminant function 2 explains a further 21·5% of the variance and the fulvic‐like fluorescence emission wavelength has the largest absolute correlation within this function. The discriminant analysis does not correctly classify all tributaries every time, and successfully discriminates between the different tributaries 70% of the time. Occasions when the tributary waters are less well discriminated are due to either episodic pollution events (at two sites) or due to tributaries that have strong seasonal trends in spectrophotometric parameters, which allows the sites to be misclassified. Results suggest that spectrophotometric techniques have considerable potential in the discrimination of DOM in rivers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Erodibility of soil and organic matter: independence of organic matter resistance to interrill erosion

The enrichment of organic matter in interrill sediment is well documented; however, the respective roles of soil organic matter (SOM) and interrill erosion processes for the enrichment are unclear. In this study, organic matter content of sediment generated on two silts with almost identical textures, but different organic matter contents and aggregations, was tested. Artificial rainfall was applied to the soils in wet, dry and crusted initial conditions to determine the effects of soil moisture and rainfall and drying history on organic matter enrichment in interrill sediment. While erosional response of the soils varied significantly, organic matter enrichment of sediment was not sensitive to initial soil conditions. However, enrichment was higher on the silt with a lower organic matter content and lower interrill erodibility. The results show that enrichment of organic matter in interrill sediment is not directly related to either SOM content or soil interrill erodibility, but is dominated by interrill erosion processes. As a consequence of the complex interaction between soil, organic matter and interrill erosion processes, erodibility of organic matter should be treated as a separate variable in erosion models. Further research on aggregate breakdown, in particular the content and fate of the organic matter in the soil fragments, is required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The freshwater dissolved organic matter fluorescence–total organic carbon relationship

The fluorescent properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) enable comparisons of humic‐like (H‐L) and fulvic‐like (F‐L) fluorescence intensities with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic systems. The fluorescence‐DOC relationship differed in gradient, i.e. the fluorescence per gram of carbon, and in the strength of the correlation coefficient. We compare the fluorescence intensity of the F‐L and H‐L fractions and DOC of freshwater DOM in north Shropshire, England, featuring a river, wetland, spring, pond and sewage DOM sources. Correlations between fluorescence and DOC varied between sample sites. Wetland water samples for the F‐L peak gave the best correlation, r = 0·756; the lowest correlation was from final treated sewage effluent, r = 0·167. The relationship between fluorescence and DOC of commercially available International Humic Substances Society standards were also examined and they generally showed a lower fluorescence per gram of carbon for the F‐L peak than the natural samples, whereas peat wetland DOM gave a greater fluorescence per gram of carbon than river DOM. Here, we propose the strength of the fluorescence–DOC correlation to be a useful tool when discriminating sources of DOM in fresh water. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of dissolved organic matter in streamwater using visible spectrophotometry

Absorbance at 360 nm was measured on 44 filtered streamwater samples of different dissolved organic matter (DOM) contents. A regression equation of DOM on absorbance predicted DOM with a standard error of estimate of 1.26 mgl^?1, Use of a published equation relating dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to absorbance gave DOC values for the samples which were consistent with measured DOM. The method offers considerable potential for rapid quantification of dissolved organic matter concentrations in streamwater.     

Patterns of dissolved organic matter in subarctic peatlands

Samples of water from poor to very rich fens in the Schefferville region of subarctic Quebec revealed strong spatial and temporal variations in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ranging from 2 to 40 mg 1^?1. Concentrations of DOC tend to increase during the summer and decrease in the autumn, at most sites, which probably reflects increased plant tissue decomposition and higher rates of evapotranspiration. Principal components analysis revealed that DOC is strongly associated with Fe, NO^?₃-N and NO^?₂-N, but essentially independent of other chemical properties of the peat water, such as pH, Ca, Mg, K, P, and NH⁺₄-N. Based on observed concentrations of DOC and estimates of summer runoff (June to September), export of DOC from four peatlands ranges from 1·1 to 4·9 gCm^?2, with the lowest values for peatlands underlain by dolomite. Molecular weight fractionation of four samples revealed significant differences in the dissolved organic matter (DOM), with the largest fractions (GF/C to 10 000 nmw) being dominant in the more acid samples. The ratio of absorbance at 400 and 600 nm wavelengths (E₄:E₆) has been used as a simple indicator of differences in DOM type, ranging from 3 to 15. There is a strong seasonal pattern of increasing E₄:E₆ ratio during the summer at many sites, though this ratio is essentially independent of other chemical properties of peat waters.     

云南高原湖泊有色可溶性有机物和颗粒物光谱吸收特性

云南高原湖泊是我国湖泊分布最密集的五大湖群之一,不但湖泊数量众多而且类型多样.由于湖泊所处位置海拔较高,容易受只益增强UV-B辐射影响.通过对云南高原34个湖泊有色可溶性有机物和颗粒物吸收测定,分析其光谱吸收特性及对总吸收的贡献,有利于深刻理解紫外辐射在高原湖泊内衰减.不同湖泊间CDOM吸收差异明显,其大小与水体营养盐状况相关,CDOM吸收系数与水体总氮存在显著正相关.增加背景项的指数函数模型能最好模拟CDOM光谱吸收.除在浮游植物浓度非常高的杞麓湖、听湖、星云湖,颗粒物吸收系数在675nm附近存在一个吸收蜂外,其它湖泊总颗粒物光谱吸收大致随波长的增加吸收系数逐渐降低,呈现非色素颗粒物光谱吸收特征,整体上颗粒物吸收以非色素颗粒物为主.CDOM对总吸收的贡献主要集中在600nm以下波长,尤其是400nm以下的紫外波段,其在紫外波段(350-400nm)的贡献明显要大于光合有效辐射波段(400-700nm)(ANOVA,P<0.001).特别对于透明度SD≥1.0的清澈型湖泊,CDOM吸收对紫外辐射衰减的贡献更大,其吸收很大程度上决定了紫外辐射的影响深度.     

溶解性有机质与水生生物的直接相互作用研究进展

溶解性有机质广泛存在于天然水体中,具有重要的生态与环境意义.然而在环境科学领域内,天然水体中的溶解性有机质长期以来仅仅被作为惰性的吸附剂对待,其自身的与生物的直接作用却一直被忽视.近年来,越来越多的研究证据表明溶解性有机质自身即具有生物效应.它能在生物表面吸附.并影响细胞膜的电化学性质与膜渗透性,能被生物吸收,进而诱导...     

江苏省西部湖泊溶解性有机物光谱学特征和来源解析

利用光谱学手段研究江苏省西部湖泊表层水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)组成与结构,并对其来源进行分析.单位浓度可溶性有机碳在254和280 nm波长下的吸光度值(SUVA)测定结果表明,各湖泊芳香性程度及分子量大小依次为邵伯湖>天岗湖>白马湖>石臼湖>洪泽湖>固城湖>骆马湖>高邮湖>宝应湖.特定波长下吸光度的比值(E2/E3、E3/E4)显示邵伯湖和白马湖中的DOM结构复杂、分子量大、苯环多,以腐殖酸为主要成分;其它湖泊的DOM腐殖化程度较低,以富里酸为主.指数函数曲线斜率(S275～295nm)拟合结果也同样表明邵伯湖DOM分子量最大,而宝应湖最低.各湖泊荧光指数和生物指数分别处于1.13～1.30和0.47～0.67范围内,体现出DOM强烈的陆源性.四个主要荧光峰的相对荧光强度之间均存在良好的相关性,表明这些湖泊的类腐殖酸及类蛋白物质可能有着相同的来源.结合这些湖泊的特征及流域经济发展水平,可以初步推断经入湖河流携带的由农业及其下游产业产生的有机质是江苏西部湖泊中DOM的主要来源.     

天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性

天然有机质是地表各种环境介质中的重要化学组分,分布广泛.越来越多的研究已经表明:它在地表生态系统的物理、化学和生物过程中都起着十分重要的作用;它与生态系统的各个重要环节密切相关,是生态系统中能量与物质循环的重要途径.因此,天然有机质不仅是生物地球化学、生态学和环境科学等研究领域的重要内容之一,而且也是环境污染的评价、预测和治理研究中的基础理论问题,是目前环境质量、毒理学、环境立法和管理研究共同关注的科学问题.本文主要以陆地地表淡水湖泊与河流水环境为例,对天然有机质的来源、化学结构、循环特征,与养分循环的耦合关系,对有毒金属元素和有机污染物迁移转化和毒性影响机理等几个方面的研究进展进行了简要的总结;针对我国水体富营养化和环境污染等重要环境问题,阐述当前应该采取的研究思路和存在的主要科学内容,并对现代有机环境与生物地球化学学科的研究趋势进行了展望.     

The hydrocarbon generation mechanism and the three-stage type model of hydrocarbon generation for carbonate source rocks

The diagenetic mechanism and process of carbonate rocks, which is different to that of clastic rocks, decides the existence of different existing state organic matters in carbonate rocks. This has been verified by both the microscopic observation of organic petrology and the analysis of organic geochemistry of many samples. Based on the hydrous pyrolysis simulation experiment of the low-mature carbonate rocks, the contrasting study on the yield and their geochemistry characteristics of different existing state soluble organic matters of a series of various maturity samples shows that the different existing state organic matters make different contributions to hydrocarbon generation during every evolution state. So that, the hydrocarbon generation process of carbonate rocks can be summarized as the following three stages: the first is the direct degradation of biogenic bitumen macromolecules during the immature stage, the second is the thermal degradation of a large amount of kerogen at the mature stage, the last stage is the expulsion or release of inclusion organic matter owing to the increased thermal expansion pressure during the high evolution stage. Part of achievements of the Eighth Five-Year National Science-Technology Key-Task Project “85-102-02-07”.     

淀山湖有色可溶性有机物的光谱吸收特性

探讨了淀山湖水体中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收特性,CDOM与叶绿素a、浊度和COD等水质参数的关系,以及不同波段范围内CDOM光谱吸收形状(指数函数斜率S值)的变化.结果表明:淀山湖CDOM吸收系数不高,在355 nm波长处的吸收系数变化范围是6.95-10.28 m-1,而且湖南区高于湖北区;CDOM吸收系数和叶绿素a、浊度、COD等水质参数的相关性都不高,证明湖中的CDOM主要来自于城镇生活污水和工业废水的排放;CDOM吸收系数在300-500 nm范围内随着波长的增加呈指数递减,超过500 nm之后呈线性递减,在300-500 nm波段范围内指数函数的曲线斜率S为11.7-14.8 μm-1,在501-750 nm波段范围内波长每增1 nm,CDOM的吸收系数减小0.0021 m-1.     

Compositions and constituents of freshwater dissolved organic matter isolated by reverse osmosis

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from riverine and lacustrine water was isolated using a reverse osmosis (RO) system. Solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) was used to quantitatively evaluate the compositions and constituents of DOM, which are compared with previous investigations on marine DOM. Results indicated that concentration factor (CF) was a key metric controlling yield and sorption of DOM on the RO system. The sorption was likely non-selective, based on the ¹³C NMR and δ¹³C analyses. Carbohydrates and lipids accounted for 25.0–41.5% and 30.2–46.3% of the identifiable DOM, followed by proteins (18.2–19.8%) and lignin (7.17–12.8%). The freshwater DOM contained much higher alkyl and aromatic C but lower alkoxyl and carboxyl C than marine DOM. The structural difference was not completely accounted for by using structure of high molecular weight (HMW) DOM, suggesting a size change involved in transformations of DOM during the transport from rivers to oceans.     

Relationships among dissolved organic matter,iron, and discharge in a moorland stream

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and iron in a moorland stream were determined at 8-hour intervals over a 6-month period to examine relationships with streamflow. Regression of both solutes on discharge were positive and explained 50–70 per cent of the variance in the solute data, but better predictions were obtained in both cases when a covariate reflecting temporal variation in the relationships was introduced (explained variance 80–90 per cent). Variations in the regression of Fe on DOM were also identified, indicating differences in the complexing power of DOM for Fe and possible variations in the chemical composition of the DOM.     

典型湖泊天然有机质与四环素的相互作用

采用荧光滴定法研究四环素(tetracycline,TC)与太湖溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)和玄武湖DOM的相互作用.三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析显示,2个湖泊的DOM含有3个荧光组分:类富里酸组分C1、类色氨酸组分C2和类络氨酸组分C3.其中C2的荧光强度远高于C1和C3,是DOM的主要荧光组成.3个荧光组分与TC发生了不同程度的静态猝灭,特别当TC浓度为45.5μmol/L时,类蛋白组分的荧光强度完全被猝灭(100%),并且猝灭作用改变了DOM分子的微环境极性.同步荧光光谱联合二维相关图谱进一步表明类色氨酸组分优先和TC发生猝灭作用,其次为类络氨酸组分和类富里酸组分.Ryan-Weber方程适于拟合DOM与TC的猝灭过程,2个湖泊的DOM中3个荧光组分的络合常数lg K值范围为5.05~5.85,大小顺序为C2C3C1.因此,类蛋白组分为主的DOM对TC的络合作用大于类腐殖组分为主的DOM,影响抗生素在湖泊水体中的生物有效性和生态毒性.     

Erosion,deposition, and the persistence of soil organic matter: mechanistic considerations and problems with terminology

The effect of erosional detachment, transport, and deposition of topsoil on the stock of soil organic matter (SOM) and its association with soil minerals has been a focus of a growing number of studies. A particularly lively debate is currently centered on the questions of whether terrestrial sedimentation of previously eroded SOM may constitute a relevant sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), and how ‘stable’ such carbon (C) might be on multidecadal timescales. In this commentary, we illustrate how redistribution of eroded SOM within a landscape can create situations that are not adequately described by the jargon commonly used to characterize C turnover dynamics. We argue that more quantitative and scientifically rigorous categories are needed to describe soil C turnover and to promote the development of innovative, numerical models of C dynamics in landscapes characterized by significant mass movement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research on preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter in muddy sediment and mudstone

Using multidiscipline methodologies, the differences in preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter (OM) in muddy sediment and mudstone are investigated. In clay fractions, concentra- tions of TOC and chloroform bitumen “A” are significantly higher than those in coarser fractions. This indicates that clay minerals (CM) play an important role in enriching OM. The content of chloroform bitumen “A” increases obviously in the clay fraction, which reveals that dissolvable OM is the main composition of coalesce with clay minerals. Furthermore, TG and DTA data show that OM enrichment mechanisms and preservation forms have multiplicity. Several exothermic peaks in the DTA curves demonstrate that muddy sediment and mudstone contain a number of bioclasts and amorphous OM besides dissolvable OM. Through analyzing with XRD and DTA after mudstone samples were pretreated, the conclusions can be arrived at. Firstly, CM interlayer space of XRD curves and exothermic peaks of DTA curves both change as temperature increases. Secondly, the changes of CM interlayer space and exothermic peaks are concordant and stable around 350℃. All these are the features that OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Therefore, the combination format of OM with CM is not only surface adsorption, partial OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Finally, through the research on OM preservation forms and enrichment mechanisms in muddy sedi- ment and mudstone, the hydrocarbon-generation processes and the global carbon cycle and budget can be explained.     

Distribution,characteristics and potential impacts of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay,Canada

The characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were studied in Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait in the Canadian Arctic. Hudson Bay receives a disproportionately large influx of river runoff. With high dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations in Arctic rivers the influence of CDOM on coastal and ocean systems can be significant, yet the distribution, characteristics and potential consequences of CDOM in these waters remain unknown. We collected 470 discrete water samples in offshore, coastal, estuarine and river waters in the region during September and October 2005. Mixing of CDOM appeared conservative with salinity, although regional differences exist due to variable DOM composition in the rivers discharging to the Bay and the presence of sea-ice melt, which has low CDOM concentrations and low salinity. There were higher concentrations of CDOM in Hudson Bay, especially in coastal waters with salinities <28$<28$, due to river runoff. Using CDOM composition of water masses as a tracer for the freshwater components revealed that river runoff is largely constrained to nearshore waters in Hudson Bay, while sea-ice melt is distributed more evenly in the Bay. Strong inshore–offshore gradients in the bio-optical properties of the surface waters in the Hudson Bay cause large variation in penetration of ultraviolet radiation and the photic depth within the bay, potentially controlling the vertical distribution of biomass and occurrence of deep chlorophyll maxima which are prevalent only in the more transparent offshore waters of the bay. The CDOM distribution and associated photoprocesses may influence the thermodynamics and stratification of the coastal waters, through trapping of radiant heating within the top few meters of the water column. Photoproduction of biologically labile substrates from CDOM could potentially stimulate the growth of biomass in Hudson Bay coastal waters. Further studies are needed to investigate the importance of terrestrial DOM in the Hudson Bay region, and the impact of hydroelectric development and climate change on these processes.     

藻源性有机质对高原深水湖泊沉积物矿化作用的激发效应

湖泊营养水平提升,浮游植物快速增殖,大量藻类碎屑沉降到沉积物表面。藻屑作为新生不稳定有机质,对湖泊沉积物有机质(SOM)产生激发效应,影响湖泊沉积物碳循环过程。本文以深水湖泊抚仙湖南湖心沉积物为研究对象,采用优势种水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae),进行不同浓度藻屑添加(×1倍组、×5倍组和×10倍组)的培养实验。应用碳同位素在线监测仪,探究藻屑添加对于SOM矿化作用的激发效应并预测可能产生的环境效应。结果表明：(1)添加的藻屑对上覆水和间隙水发光性溶解性有机质(CDOM)组成和性质产生影响,前期CDOM中类蛋白组分含量显著增加,但后期CDOM腐殖化程度升高。同时,藻屑的添加使二氧化碳(CO₂)释放量增大,蛋白酶活性和转化酶活性增强;(2)3个不同浓度的藻屑添加组均检测到不同程度激发效应,其中×1倍组和×5倍组对SOM矿化过程前期体现为正激发效应,最大值分别达到(12.18±0.65)和(26.60±9.14)μg/(mL ws),后期两个组别都转为负激发效应;×10倍组则在整个实验过程中均表现为负激发效应;(3)藻屑的添加使得间隙水易...