桩承式路堤土拱形成及荷载传递机制离散元分析

土拱效应是桩承式路堤中影响荷载传递的关键因素。基于前人的室内模型试验,建立了桩承式路堤离散元（DEM）数值分析模型。基于路堤中应力偏转规律对土拱随桩土相对位移的形成规律进行了分析。在该基础上提出了合理拱轴线土拱模型,并引入荷载传递系数? 对土拱与土拱下方路堤填料间的荷载传递进行量化分析。模拟结果表明,桩土相对位移引起路堤中应力主方向发生偏转并形成虚拟土拱;土拱形态及高度随桩土相对位移的变化而变化,最大拱高约0.8倍桩净间距;? 随土拱高度的增加呈对数关系减小。     

长短桩组合路堤桩三维复合拱土拱效应分析

基于等长桩路堤桩土拱效应的Hewlett分析方法,提出均布荷载作用下长短桩组合路堤桩的三维复合拱土拱效应分析方法。采用有限元法形象描绘土拱效应形成的应力集中形态随长桩与短桩的桩长比不同时的变化,基于此提出三维复合拱的基本理论框架。引入土拱效应系数来表征土拱的强度状态,建立桩帽顶部平面的应力平衡微分方程,结合边界条件及土拱效应系数之间的关系计算长桩和短桩的桩-土应力比;当加筋体存在时,分区域对加筋体进行变形假设,建立考虑加筋体拉力的桩帽顶部应力平衡微分方程。与离心模型试验和现场实测结果及有限元方法的模拟结果进行比较,验证了此方法的合理性,进一步开展参数分析对主要影响因素进行等级评价。分析表明,加筋体的存在明显增大桩-土应力比,尤其当桩帽覆盖率比较小时效果更为明显。     

桩承式加筋路堤三维土拱效应试验研究

桩承式加筋路堤受力性状比较复杂,土拱效应对路堤的承载变形性状具有重要影响。通过三维土拱效应模型试验,研究桩-土相对位移、路堤高度、桩帽净间距和水平加筋体拉伸强度等因素对桩土应力比及路堤沉降的影响。结果表明：土拱效应发挥程度与桩-土相对位移密切相关,存在一个临界桩-土相对位移使得桩土应力比达到最大值,该临界桩-土相对位移约为6～8 mm。路堤高度与桩帽净间距之比越大,桩土应力比越大,路堤顶面差异沉降越小;桩帽宽度与桩帽净间距之比越大,桩土应力比越大,路堤顶面差异沉降越小。设置水平加筋体能有效提高桩土应力比并减小路堤顶面沉降;路堤越低,水平加筋体对桩土应力比的提高作用及对路面沉降的减小作用越明显;水平加筋体拉伸强度越高,这种作用越明显。桩承式加筋路堤三维土拱效应等沉面高度与桩帽净间距之比约为3.5。     

动荷载下桩承式路堤的承载特性及机制研究

对于桩承式路堤作用效应的研究目前主要侧重于对静荷载作用下桩土应力比和土拱效应等,较少考虑动荷载的影响,而车辆运行产生的动应力会对路堤中的土拱产生一定的影响,进而影响桩承式路堤的整体性能。为了分析静、动荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的性能变化,采用可视化模型试验和颗粒流数值模拟相结合的方法,对桩承式路堤在静载和动载下的应力传递和变形性状进行研究,分析动载作用下填土高度、桩帽、桩距、加筋形式、荷载频率的影响。试验结果表明,在动载下无筋路堤的桩顶的应力减小,而桩间的应力和位移增大,并且变化的幅度均比加筋路堤大,加筋材料的设置有利于减小动载的影响效应,但不同加筋形式下桩承式路堤的工作性状有所不同,受动载影响程度的大小主要与土拱效应的强弱有关。设置双层加筋时,因加筋材料与周围砂土形成半刚性平台,土拱效应减弱,故受动载影响的程度最小,单层加筋时,格栅设于桩顶上方10 cm比格栅置于桩顶受动载影响的程度明显减小,颗粒流的模拟结果验证了以上结果,并且进一步得出随荷载频率的增加、填土高度与桩净距的减小,动载的影响效应增大的结论。     

考虑滑体法向应力突变的阻滑桩成拱效应研究

依据阻滑桩的受力特点,研究了桩间土拱效应的传力机理,分析指出桩间土拱效应是法向应力和拱脚剪切力共同作用而产生的土颗粒挤压变形现象,提出采用突变效应替代常用的桩-土承载比衡量桩间土拱效应的强度及作用范围更为直接可靠.模型桩推力试验结果和三维有限元模型计算表明,桩间水平土拱具一定的纵向效应,据此对比分析了阻滑桩三维与二维计算结果之间的异同,指出桩间土拱效应不仅受桩-土相对位移的影响,同时也受滑体自重应力和滑面摩擦效应的制约.运用二维模型重点研究了桩-土相对位移、桩间净距、推力荷载、土体抗剪强度对桩间土拱效应的影响,将所得规律与已有文献作了进一步地对比,继而总结了上述因素对拱效应的敏感度.     

路堤下桩-网复合地基桩土应力现场试验研究

桩-网复合地基是近年常用的一种地基加固措施,桩土应力比则是复合地基研究中一个很重要的参数。通过对某客运专线试验段的桩土应力现场测试,得到了路堤下桩-网复合地基桩土应力及桩土应力比的变化规律和复合地基工作机理。现场测试结果表明:路堤下复合地基桩土应力比要比刚性基础下小很多,而且需要在桩、网垫层和桩间土的相互作用下,逐渐达到稳定;拉膜效应和土拱效应在桩-网复合地基工作时起到非常重要作用,网垫层能够有效提高复合地基桩土应力比。     

基于抗滑桩土拱效应形成的细观数值模拟

通过PFC2D数值模拟软件模拟边坡抗滑桩,研究不同桩型、桩间距及不同土体孔隙率对抗滑桩土拱承载能力的影响,利用颗粒位移不同对颗粒进行染色,进而观察土拱效应的形成、发展和破坏的过程。通过一系列数值模拟的比较,揭示出方形抗滑桩的土拱效应比圆形桩承载能力更强,且当桩间距S=4.6D时,土拱达到极限承载能力,之后土拱效应逐渐破坏。根据砂土孔隙率越大土拱效应越明显,但是超过一定区间抗滑桩将失去作用,指出桩的嵌入深度和滑动面以下土层同时影响土拱的承载能力。在观察抗滑桩土拱效应的形成发展及破坏的过程中,从细观角度分析桩间土体的位移与桩的边长之比ρ在（0.2, 0.8）时,才能产生有效的土拱效应。     

微型抗滑桩土拱效应空间特征的细观力学分析

目前研究中大多将土拱效应简化为平面应变问题,而微型抗滑桩由于桩径小,在承担滑坡推力时将发生较大的变形,其土拱效应的产生和发展具有明显的三维空间特征,目前的研究方法难以考虑这一问题。为此采用基于离散单元法的颗粒元程序PFC3D,利用平行黏结模型建立微型抗滑桩进行分析。模拟结果显示,微型抗滑桩系统中土拱主要出现在接近滑面的深部和中部土体中,浅部土体中土拱受到桩身位移的影响无法成型,且桩间以水平土拱为主,桩长和桩身刚度对微型抗滑桩系统的土拱分布影响不大;随着桩间距的增加,土拱的形成受到显著影响。     

静动荷载下桩网结构路基模型试验研究

通过室内模型试验测试了桩网结构路基各部分在动静两种荷载下的桩-土应力、格栅拉力,研究了土拱效应的发展演化机制以及土工格栅拉膜效应的发展特点。试验结果表明：桩-土应力以及格栅拉力的分布都是路基横截面方向上大于其纵向延伸方向,这与路基的梯形截面设计相关;空间土拱效应要强于平面土拱效应,空间土拱效应的极限状态出现在桩-土应力比为3.8时,平面土拱效应的极限状态出现在桩-土应力比为2.2时;动荷载下土拱效应较静载有一定的衰减,且静载下土拱效应越强的部位在动载的下衰减程度越大,桩间土压力随振次的发展趋势类似N型,与桩顶土压力的变化趋势正好相反。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应发挥过程研究

通过三维模型试验对桩承式路堤中土拱效应发挥过程进行了研究,重点分析了不同桩顶盖板尺寸、不同加筋方式下应力折减系数与差异沉降之间的关系。结果表明,土拱效应随变形的增加而发挥;加筋材料的设置减小了差异沉降,削弱了填土中的土拱效应,荷载向桩顶的传递是土拱效应和拉膜效应共同作用的结果。采用有限元法对桩间距、填土高度等未能在模型试验中考虑的关键因素进行了参数敏感性分析,总结了土拱效应发挥过程的相关规律。根据有限元计算结果、试验数据和文献中收集到的实测资料,提出用土拱效应发挥系数和归一化位移来描述土拱效应的发挥过程,建议二者之间采用双曲线方程模拟,从而在设计中体现土拱效应随位移的发展,并满足路堤填土、加筋材料和地基之间的变形协调要求。     

列车动荷载下桩网结构路基土拱效应试验研究

通过三维模型试验研究了列车动荷载作用下的土拱效应。试验结果表明,动荷载作用下土拱效应依然有效,随着填土的增高,土拱效应在增强,土工格栅的存在可以增强土拱效应的作用。但动荷载条件下动应力的分布与自重条件下的应力分布截然不同。动荷载作用下土拱效应会发生退化,表现为动荷载施加过程中先前由桩所承担的部分动应力会转移至桩间土;完成动荷载施加后,最初由桩承担的部分自重荷载也会转移至桩间土。填土高度和土工格栅对于动荷载作用下土拱的稳定性有很大的影响,但当高度达到一定值之后,填土高度的影响就可忽略,土工格栅的存在使得土拱效应的削弱程度减小了一半。     

Laboratory model tests about the sand embankment supported by piles with a cap beam

Piled embankment is widely used in soft soil areas. Most researches focused on effects of embankment height-net pile spacing ratios and equal settlement plane; there are limited publications paying attention to the shape of slip surfaces occurring in the embankment. In some extreme conditions, such as the ground being quite soft or embankment height needed to be restricted, to reduce the differential settlement and lateral displacement, piles are usually installed in several rows and cap beams or isolated caps are placed on the heads of piles. In this paper, five laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the effect of embankment height on the slip surfaces and stress exerted on the subsoil. Based on the observation of the slip surface’s shape within the embankment fill, a new calculation model is proposed to predict the stress exerted on the subsoil. In comparison with the experimental results, the accuracy of this new method is verified. From the perspective of reducing the differential settlement and cost savings, the embankment height is about four times net pile spacing according to this calculation model, since continuing to increase the embankment will not make an obvious difference to the reduction of soil stress exerted on the subsoil.     

水泥土桩与土工格栅联合加固沟谷软基机理研究

针对山区沟谷软基的特殊土质,并结合夯实水泥土桩和土工格栅在地基加固中的作用特点,提出用夯实水泥土桩与土工格栅联合加固的方案来处理沟谷软基,并利用平面应变弹塑性有限元数值分析方法,对这种地基的受力性状、作用机理进行了多方面研究。结果显示：土工格栅在其中起到类似抗拉膜的作用,以控制地基的不均匀沉降,可以减小路堤坡脚附近的侧向位移,增加地基的极限承载能力。桩间土对夯实水泥土桩有负摩擦力作用,使得桩身的最大平均有效应力位置处在桩体的中下部。格栅对路基沉降量的影响则较小。     

Arching in geogrid-reinforced pile-supported embankments over silty clay of medium compressibility: Field data and analytical solution

The objective of this study is to improve the understanding of load transfer mechanism of Geogrid-Reinforced Pile-Supported Embankments (GRPS) via a new 3D analytical approach and comprehensive field tests. A full-scale embankment was built over a silty clay of medium compressibility as a part of the Liuzhou-to-Nanning High-speed Railway (LNHR) in China. Six sections of the embankment have been heavily instrumented producing comprehensive data of high quality. Field measurements evidence the existence of soil arching, membrane contribution and ground reaction, phenomena that are all contributing to load transfer mechanism. The new 3D analytical arching model accounts for a triangular arrangement of piles and, unlike existing methods, accounts for all relevant components of load transfer mechanisms. In addition, two key parameters were introduced in the model: an elastoplastic state parameter of soil arching (α) and a coefficient of equivalent uniform stress (β). The former was used to satisfy the load equilibrium in case of partial arching while the latter was adopted to allow possible nonuniform vertical stress acting on the ground surface. The so-called ground reaction method was incorporated in an innovative manner to take into account the reactive support of the subsoil beneath geogrid-reinforced layer when estimating the tension development in the geogrid. Finally, the performance of the proposed model was assessed against several existing models and field measurements. Results showed that the new model presented herein outperforms existing models and satisfactorily predicts both the pile efficiency and tension development within the geogrid.     

桩承式路堤土拱效应有限元研究

路堤下设置的带承台桩,除了承担承台上方的填土重量外,通过土拱效应还承担桩间土上方的部分重量。将填土重量的大部分传递到地基深部,既增加了路基的稳定性,又减小了路基的沉降。上海国际赛车场建造在软土地基上,为了满足工程需要,除使用了EPS轻质填筑材料外,还在填筑高度较高的地段采用了桩承式路堤作为地基加固方式。为了深入研究土拱效应的工作机制,对上海国际赛车场路堤桩的承台与承台间土压力分布进行了原位测试,并结合实际工况进行有限元分析。结果表明：除了承台上方的土压力相对承台间土有应力集中现象外,承台边缘相对承台中部也有应力集中现象。对EPS的加入和桩体性质的各项参数对于土拱效应产生的影响进行了分析。     

DEM analysis of “soil”-arching within geogrid-reinforced and unreinforced pile-supported embankments

Geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) embankments have been widely used in road engineering due to their economy and effectiveness. The soil arching effect is a key factor in the load transfer mechanism of GRPS technique. In this study, a series of numerical simulations are conducted with the particle flow code PFC2D to study the evolution of soil arching with increasing surcharge. First, an Improved Multi-layer Compaction Method (IMCM) is proposed and applied to establish the Discrete Element Method (DEM) models with more reasonable initial stress states. Validation is then conducted by comparing the DEM results with experimental data. Second, detailed macro-behaviour (e.g., efficacy) and micro-behaviour (e.g., contact forces and fabric anisotropy) analyses are performed. Finally, parametric study is performed to identify the effects of two key factors, i.e., the stiffness of subsoil and the grain composition of embankment fill. Simulation results indicate that the strong force network (SN) serves as a load-carrying force chain, which is the main component of soil arching; while the weak force network (WN) acts as a support system. When a pile-supported embankment is high enough, the soil arching will experience three stages as the surcharge increases. In the first stage, the soil arching develops and its effect is strengthened gradually. In the second stage, the soil arching is fully mobilized and experiences a “forming-failure-reforming” process as the surcharge increases. While in the third stage, the embankment is unable to form a new stable soil arching and the efficacy decreases gradually. However, for the GRPS embankment, due to the reinforcement of geogrid, the third stage will not occur throughout the entire surcharge range of interest in this study. On the basis of the macro- and micro-results, the conclusion can be drawn that the presence of geogrid does not alter the failure mode of soil arching under the surcharge, though it is able to evidently improve the efficacy of load transfer and enhance the stability of soil arching.     

路堤下现浇薄壁管桩复合地基工作特性分析

现浇薄壁管桩和土工格栅加筋碎石垫层所组成的复合地基加固软弱路基具有经济合理，施工时间短，承载力高，沉降减小明显等优点。采用非线性有限元对路堤荷载作用下的现浇薄壁管桩复合地基的工作特性进行了分析，结果表明：在路堤荷载作用下，路堤填土材料中的拱效应、土工格栅的拉膜效应或加筋垫层的刚性垫层效应、桩土间刚度差异引起的应力集中效应保证了大部分荷载由桩承担，有效地减小了总沉降和不均匀沉降。同时对荷载传递机理的影响因素做了分析.