亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨Ⅱ.最优强迫模及其响应

利用最近发展的完备正规强迫模的动力学方法,对亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的外部物理机制进行了探讨.结果表明,北半球夏季亚洲季风区是外强迫最敏感区域之一,最优强迫模与亚洲季风区季内时间尺度对流活动的结构特征相似,而且北半球大气对最优强迫模的响应与滞后于强季风候的环流异常型结构一致,由此可以认为,亚洲夏季风活动造成的热状况变化也是导致北半球大气遥相关的重要物理原因.     

亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制控制：Ⅱ.最优强迫模 …

利用最近发展的完备正规强迫模的动力学方法,对亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的外部物理机制进行了探讨。结果表明,北半球夏季亚洲季风区是哟最敏感区对最优强迫模蝗响应与滞后于强季风候的环异常型结构一致,     

亚洲夏季风活动激发的北半球大气环流遥相关型

亚洲季风区是全球热力变化最为显著的区域，亚洲夏季风活动必定会对其它环流系统产生影响。本文通过夏季风指数与北半球环流的相关计算以及强、弱季风候北半球环流异常合成的分析发现，亚洲夏季风的活动会激发北半球夏季大气环流遥相关型，其主要相关中心均出现在季风区的下游地区，即从亚洲经太平洋至北美洲一带，除了表现出正负中心交替出现的波列状结构外，该遥相关型在太平洋地区还表现为一对南北向的偶极子异常型，我们将这一遥相关型称为亚洲太平洋北美（ＡＰＮ）型。     

亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨 I.正规模及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量分析

造成大气环流异常的原因可以有两个方面, 一是大气内部的物理过程,另一方面则可能由大气外强迫引起。在线性框架内,该文的第I部分利用正规模（normal mode）以及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量（singular vectors）理论,对亚洲夏季风（ASM）活动激发北半球夏季遥相关型的大气内部物理机制进行了探讨。结果表明,亚洲季风区的扰动最有效地激发了它下游地区不稳定模态的发展,从而导致了从亚洲到北美洲一带的大气环流异常。关于从大气外强迫角度对这一问题的探讨,将在本文的第II部分发表。     

亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨 I.正规模及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量分析

造成大气环流异常的原因可以有两个方面, 一是大气内部的物理过程, 另一方面则可能由大气外强迫引起。在线性框架内, 该文的第 Ｉ 部分利用正规模 （ｎｏｒｍ ａｌ ｍｏｄｅ） 以及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量 （ｓｉｎｇｕｌａｒ ｖｅｃｔｏｒｓ） 理论, 对亚洲夏季风（ Ａ Ｓ Ｍ） 活动激发北半球夏季遥相关型的大气内部物理机制进行了探讨。结果表明, 亚洲季风区的扰动最有效地激发了它下游地区不稳定模态的发展, 从而导致了从亚洲到北美洲一带的大气环流异常。关于从大气外强迫角度对这一问题的探讨, 将在本文的第 Ｉ Ｉ部分发表。     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响II.数值试验

利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验 ,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响。控制试验结果表明 ,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化 ,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统 ,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力。在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下 ,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布。南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常 ,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响 ,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播 ,即能量的传播 ,不仅影响我国长江流域降水 ,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构。这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整 ,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化。     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响Ⅱ.数值试验

利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响.控制试验结果表明,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力.在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布.南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播,即能量的传播,不仅影响我国长江流域降水,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构.这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化.     

印度洋海温异常对亚洲季风区天气气候影响的数值模拟研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所ＩＡＰ９Ｌ大气环流模式，模拟研究了印度洋ＳＳＴＡ对亚洲季风区大气环流和天气气候异常的影响。结果表明，印度洋赤道低纬地区的暖（冷）ＳＳＴＡ，可以在北半球中高纬度地区激发产生与ＰＮＡ和ＥＡＰ类似的冬季型或夏季遥相关型波列，对亚洲季风区中低纬度地区的环流异常或天气气候异常有重要作用。当印度洋暖（冷）ＳＳＴＡ强迫时，亚洲夏季风建立较正常偏晚（偏早），撤退较早（较晚），季风季节长     

亚洲—太平洋季风区的遥相关研究

亚洲—太平洋季风区各季风子系统间的相互作用对季风区甚至全球的气候变化都有非常显著的影响。文中根据国内外相关研究,重点分析和评述了在亚洲—太平洋季风区中4种季节内时间尺度的遥相关关系,清楚地揭示了印度夏季风、东亚夏季风和西北太平洋夏季风之间的相互作用。研究发现：（1） 在亚洲季风爆发初期,印度夏季风的爆发相对于中国长江流域梅雨的开始存在相差大约两周的超前关系,形成从印度西南部经孟加拉湾到达中国长江流域及日本南部的遥相关型,即“南支”遥相关型。（2） 在季风盛行期间,长江流域降水明显受热带西北太平洋夏季风的影响,与西北太平洋夏季风降水呈反相关关系,即当季风减弱时,长江流域夏季降水偏多。（3） 与长江流域降水相反,华北雨季（7月第4候—8月第3候）则与西北太平洋夏季风降水呈正相关关系,当西北太平洋夏季风强时,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏北偏东,副高西南侧的异常东南水汽输送在中国华北地区上空辐合,给该地区降水偏多提供了充足的水汽条件。（4） 华北夏季降水同时还与印度夏季风呈正相关关系,在夏季风盛行期间,形成由印度西北部经青藏高原到中国华北地区的西南—东北走向的遥相关型,即“北支”遥相关型。 上述4种遥相关关系,反映了亚洲夏季风季节北推过程中,印度夏季风、东亚夏季风和西北太平洋夏季风子系统之间的关联。     

线性定常响应有效强迫与遥相关型动力学

对线性定常强迫问题，本文发展了具有能量意义的内积空间中建立一组完备正交强迫模的动力学方法，其中这组正交强迫模是正定对称阵的特征矢量，相应的特征值则决定了强迫模产生的大气响应强度。以冬季３００ｈＰａ气候平均流为基本状态进行具体计算。结果表明，有实际意义的遥相关型只是由很少几个使大气产生大响应的最有效强迫模产生。这些最有效的强迫模产生的大气响应同实际观测到的遥相关型有很好的对应关系。能量分析表明，有利强迫模建立遥相关型，基本流向大气响应提供的动能比强迫产生的动能更大。所以，强迫建立遥相关型不只依赖于外源产生的动能的传播，更主要依赖于大气响应能否从基本流吸取动能。     

A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF THE TELECONNECTION ASSOCIATED WITH THE WARM POOL OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC AND ASIAN MONSOON DURING EL NINO AND NON-EL NINO YEARS

Based on the monthly mean OLR, geopotential height and wind data from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed data sets for 1982-1996, the atmospheric teleconnection associated with the warm pool of the tropical western Pacific and Asian monsoon region during E1 Nino and non-El Niño years are studied diagnostically in this paper. It is found that, the teleconnection pattern caused by the activity of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) emanates from the Asian monsoon region to the tropical eastern Pacific via the Aleutians in summer of the El Niño years. In the non-El Niño years, however, the ASM-related teleconnection pattern stretches northward and westward from the Asian monsoon region, exerting its influences mainly on the circulation over middle and high latitude rather than that over the tropical eastern Pacific. Evidences also show that the anomalous convection over the tropical western Pacific warm pool leads to the East Asia/Pacific(EAP) teleconnection pattern during the non-El Niño years. It is interesting to note that the teleconnection in the 500 height field associated with the warm pool convection disappears in the El Niño years. The differences of the teleconnection pattern between the El Niño years and the non-El Niño years suggest that the activities of the ASM and the convection over the warm pool of the tropical western Pacific, the most energetic weather events in boreal summer, are intertwined and interactive with other global-scale circulation in different ways under different climate backgrounds.     

The Indian summer monsoon drought of 2002 and its linkage with tropical convective activity over northwest Pacific

The Indian subcontinent witnessed a severe monsoon drought in 2002, which largely resulted from a major rainfall deficiency in the month of July. While moderate El Nino conditions prevailed during this period, the atmospheric convective activity was anomalously enhanced over northwest and north-central Pacific in the 10–20°N latitude belt; and heavy rainfall occurred over this region in association with a series of northward moving tropical cyclones. Similar out-of-phase rainfall variations over the Indian region and the northwest (NW) Pacific have been observed during other instances of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The dynamical linkage corresponding to this out-of-phase rainfall variability is explored in this study by conducting a set of numerical experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model. The results from the model simulations lend credence to the role of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies in forcing the out-of-phase precipitation variability over the NW Pacific and the Indian monsoon region. It is seen that the ENSO induced circulation response reveals an anomalous pattern comprising of alternating highs and lows which extend meridionally from the equatorial region into the sub-tropic and mid-latitude regions of west-central Pacific. This meridional pattern is associated with an anomalous cyclonic circulation over NW Pacific, which is found to favor enhanced tropical cyclonic activity and intensified convection over the region. In turn, the intensified convection over NW Pacific induces subsidence and rainfall deficiency over the Indian landmass through anomalous east-west circulation in the 10–20°N latitude belt. Based on the present findings, it is suggested that the convective activity over NW Pacific is an important component in mediating the ENSO-monsoon teleconnection dynamics.     

1999年东亚夏季风异常活动的物理机制研究

文中从海-气相互作用的角度探讨了1999年东亚夏季风及与其相联系的雨带异常活动的物理机制。结果表明,由于1998年春季至1999年南海-热带西太平洋出现了近20 a最强的异常暧海温,该地强异常海-气相互作用的维持使得这种局地的热力强迫成为1999年东亚夏季风和降水异常的最主要外强迫机制,并使得1999年的季风活动和降水分布有别于一般的统计情形。从1998年秋到1999年,由于热带大气对南海-西太平洋暧海温所诱发的局地强加热的响应,热带西太平洋地区所出现的Gill模态的异常环流分布从冬季一直发展到夏季,并因此在海洋和大气之间形成了局地的强烈正反馈,不仅使得异常环流得以持续发展,而且也使得暖海温得以维持,成为影响1999年环流异常的最强前期信号。随着从冬到夏的季节演变,大气基本态对上述持续性异常环流的影响导致了冬、夏异常环流呈现出不同的纬向非对称,诱发了盛夏期间东亚到北美沿岸的遥相关波列。在东亚沿岸异常气旋性环流的影响下,大尺度异常东风在东亚沿岸的维持形成了极不利于季风西风在南海北部转向的条件,导致了季风在中国东部北进的异常偏弱和低纬西风转向位置的异常偏东。     

东亚冬季风异常与ENSO循环关系的进一步研究

通过对1955～1989年35年的观测资料的合成分析,进一步指出东亚冬季风与ElNino、LaNina事件存在着明显的相互作用、相互影响的循环关系.这种循环关系一方面表现在异常强(弱)东亚冬季风通过激发赤道中西太平洋地区的异常西(东)风以及强(弱)对流活动,而最终使得ElNino(LaNina)事件爆发;另一方面,ElNino(LaNina)的爆发将通过大气遥响应,使得东亚冬季风偏弱(强).功率谱分析也表明,东亚冬季风与ENSO循环相互作用主要表现在3～5年的周期上,同时准2年周期也很明显.       

A Study of the Teleconnections in the Asian-Pacific Monsoon Region

The interactions among the Asian-Pacific monsoon subsystems have significant impacts on the climatic regimes in the monsoon region and even the whole world. Based on the domestic and foreign related research, an analysis is made of four different teleconnection modes found in the Asian-Pacific monsoon region, which reveal clearly the interactions among the Indian summer monsoon （ISM）, the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM）, and the western North Pacific summer monsoon （WNPSM）. The results show that： （1） In the period of the Asian monsoon onset, the date of ISM onset is two weeks earlier than the beginning of the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Basin, and a teleconnection mode is set up from the southwestern India via the Bay of Bengal （BOB） to the Yangtze River Basin and southern Japan, i.e., the ＂southern＂ teleconnection of the Asian summer monsoon. （2） In the Asian monsoon culmination period, the precipitation of the Yangtze River Basin is influenced significantly by the WNPSM through their teleconnection relationship, and is negatively related to the WNPSM rainfall, that is, when the WNPSM is weaker than normal, the precipitation of the Yangtze River Basin is more than normal. （3） In contrast to the rainfall over the Yangtze River Basin, the precipitation of northern China （from the 4th pentad of July to the 3rd pentad of August） is positively related to the WNPSM. When the WNPSM is stronger than normal, the position of the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） becomes farther northeast than normal, the anomalous northeastward water vapor transport along the southwestern flank of WPSH is converged over northern China, providing adequate moisture for more rainfalls than normal there. （4） The summer rainfall in northern China has also a positive correlation with the ISM. During the peak period of ISM, a teleconnection pattern is formed from Northwest India via the Tibetan Plateau to northern China, i.e., the ＂northern＂ teleconnection of the Asian summer monsoon. The     

Response of the Asian summer monsoon to weakening of Atlantic thermohaline circulation

Various paleoclimate records have shown that the Asian monsoon was punctuated by numerous suborbital time-scale events, and these events were coeval with those that happened in the North Atlantic. This study investigates the Asian summer monsoon responses to the Atlantic Ocean forcing by applying an additional freshwater flux into the North Atlantic. The simulated results indicate that the cold North Atlantic and warm South Atlantic induced by the weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation （THC） due to the freshwater flux lead to significantly suppressed Asian summer monsoon. The authors analyzed the detailed processes of the Atlantic Ocean forcing on the Asian summer monsoon, and found that the atmospheric teleconnection in the eastern and central North Pacific and the atmosphere-ocean interaction in the tropical North Pacific play the most crucial role. Enhanced precipitation in the subtropical North Pacific extends the effects of Atlantic Ocean forcing from the eastern Pacific into the western Pacific, and the atmosphere-ocean interaction in the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean intensifies the circulation and precipitation anomalies in the Pacific and East Asia.     

印度洋海温异常年际变率模态对中国东部地区夏季降水影响机制的数值试验

利用ECHAM5全球大气环流模式研究了印度洋海温异常年际变率模态从冬至夏的演变对我国东部地区夏季降水影响的机制。观测资料研究表明:对于正的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态,春、夏季热带印度洋和澳大利亚以西洋面(东极子)均为水汽的异常源区,向马达加斯加以东南洋面(西极子)及印度洋邻近大陆提供水汽。夏季,印度洋地区南极涛动、马斯克林高压加强;而印度季风低压和南亚高压均减弱,对应于印度夏季风减弱。夏季印度洋地区正压性的纬向风异常经向遥相关使热带印度洋地区出现西风异常,导致海洋性大陆地区对流活动减弱,而菲律宾海地区对流活动加强,进而导致西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、位置偏东北。对于负的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态,则反之。模式结果基本支持了已有的观测资料诊断结果。     

东亚-太平洋遥相关型形成过程与ENSO盛期海温关系的研究

利用1961～2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、扩展重建的海表温度资料(ERSST)和中国730个站旬降水资料,采用SVD和扩展SVD（ESVD）分析、合成分析、相关分析等方法,在分析中国梅雨期降水与同期大气环流和前期冬季海温之间关系的基础上,研究了ENSO盛期海温异常导致与长江流域梅雨期降水密切相关的东亚/太平洋（EAP）遥相关型形成的过程,及与ENSO相关的海温和大气环流异常的持续性问题。结果表明,梅雨期EAP遥相关型的出现与ENSO遥强迫作用有密切关系。联系冬季ENSO和梅雨期EAP遥相关型的关键过程主要有三个:（1）西北太平洋低纬地区异常反气旋环流的形成和维持, 它在冬季形成后一直可维持到夏季,使得夏季西北太平洋副热带高压偏南偏强;（2）东亚大槽持续偏弱,冷空气活动路径偏北偏东,使西北太平洋海温呈亲潮区偏冷、黑潮区偏暖的海温分布; （3）PNA遥相关型的持续发展,使北冰洋地区高度增高。后二者通过局地海气相互作用和大气内部调整过程对初夏鄂霍次克海阻塞形势的形成起重要作用。另外,持续性分析表明,ENSO年大气环流和海温距平型的持续性要比非ENSO年大得多。在ENSO年大气环流和海温之间存在很强的相互作用耦合关系,ENSO引起的大气环流异常可导致太平洋海温异常,而海温异常一旦形成反过来又可导致大气环流异常的稳定和维持,对后期初夏东亚季风和我国天气气候产生明显滞后效应。     

The seasonal predictability of the Asian summer monsoon in a two-tiered forecast system

An extensive set of boreal summer seasonal hindcasts from a two tier system is compared with corresponding seasonal hindcasts from two other coupled ocean–atmosphere models for their seasonal prediction skill (for precipitation and surface temperature) of the Asian summer monsoon. The unique aspect of the two-tier system is that it is at relatively high resolution and the SST forcing is uniquely bias corrected from the multi-model averaged forecasted SST from the two coupled ocean–atmosphere models. Our analysis reveals: (a) The two-tier forecast system has seasonal prediction skill for precipitation that is comparable (over the Southeast Asian monsoon) or even higher (over the South Asian monsoon) than the coupled ocean–atmosphere. For seasonal anomalies of the surface temperature the results are more comparable across models, with all of them showing higher skill than that for precipitation. (b) Despite the improvement from the uncoupled AGCM all models in this study display a deterministic skill for seasonal precipitation anomalies over the Asian summer monsoon region to be weak. But there is useful probabilistic skill for tercile anomalies of precipitation and surface temperature that could be harvested from both the coupled and the uncoupled climate models. (c) Seasonal predictability of the South Asian summer monsoon (rainfall and temperature) does seem to stem from the remote ENSO forcing especially over the Indian monsoon region and the relatively weaker seasonal predictability in the Southeast Asian summer monsoon could be related to the comparatively weaker teleconnection with ENSO. The uncoupled AGCM with the bias corrected SST is able to leverage this teleconnection for improved seasonal prediction skill of the South Asian monsoon relative to the coupled models which display large systematic errors of the tropical SST’s.