网上前兆数据动态时间变化无人值守警视系统

在Windows环境下开发了应用软件“网上前兆数据动态时间变化无人值守警视系统”。该软件基于安徽省前兆数据传输网上的14个台站、各学科(117个测项)前兆数据格式等特点,随时间的递增自动循环完成检索、汇集、处理、初级分析、绘制和显示时间变化曲线、报告缺测缺记时效等任务。能快捷、可视化地监知各台站、各学科前兆数据的时间变化情况。     

Earthquake-related Changes in Groundwater Levels at the Dogo Hot Spring,Japan

The Dogo hot spring, situated in Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, is one of the oldest and most famous hot springs in Japan. The groundwater level or discharge at the spring decreased four times during the past eight or nine Nankai earthquakes. These are large interplate earthquakes that have occurred repeatedly in the western part of the Nankai Trough at intervals of 100–200 years since A.D. 684. To clarify the mechanism of these earthquake-related changes in the water level at the spring, we analyzed groundwater-level data recorded at the spring immediately after the 1946 Nankai earthquake and over the period from 1985 to 2006. We detected the other nine postseismic increases in groundwater level and no decreases, except for a large decrease of 11.4 m related to the 1946 Nankai earthquake. The increases were probably caused by ground-shaking, while the decrease was caused by a change in coseismic volumetric strain. These results lead to the following explanation of the recorded earthquake-related changes in the groundwater level at the Dogo hot spring. Both coseismic changes in volumetric strain and ground-shaking can lead to postseismic changes in groundwater pressure. The increase in groundwater pressure arising from ground-shaking is generally greater than the change in pressure associated with changes in coseismic volumetric strain; however, at the time of the Nankai earthquakes, the spring experiences a large increase in coseismic volumetric strain, leading to a considerably larger decrease in the groundwater level than the increase associated with ground-shaking. Therefore, the groundwater level at the Dogo hot spring usually increases at times of relatively large earthquakes, although the groundwater level or discharge decreases in the case of the Nankai earthquakes.     

Real time test of the long-range aftershock algorithm as a tool for mid-term earthquake prediction in Southern California

Result of the algorithm of earthquake prediction, published in 1982, is examined in this paper. The algorithm is based on the hypothesis of long-range interaction between strong and moderate earthquakes in a region. It has been applied to the prediction of earthquakes withM6.4 in Southern California for the time interval 1932–1979. The retrospective results were as follows: 9 out of 10 strong earthquakes were predicted with average spatial accuracy of 58 km and average delay time (the time interval between a strong earthquake and its best precursor) 9.4 years varying from 0.8 to 27.9 years. During the time interval following the period studied in that publication, namely in 1980–1988, four earthquakes occurred in the region which had a magnitude ofM6.4 at least in one of the catalogs: Caltech or NOAA. Three earthquakes—Coalinga of May, 1983, Chalfant Valley of July, 1985 and Superstition Hills of November, 1987—were successfully predicted by the published algorithm.The missed event is a couple of two Mammoth Lake earthquakes of May, 1980 which we consider as one event due to their time-space closeness. This event occurred near the northern boundary of the region, and it also would have been predicted if we had moved the northern boundary from 38°N to the 39°N; the precision of the prediction in this case would be 30 km.The average area declared by the algorithm as the area of increased probability of strong earthquake, e.g., the area within 111-km distance of all long-range aftershocks currently present on the map of the region during 1980–1988 is equal to 47% of the total area of the region if the latter is measured in accordance with the density distribution of earthquakes in California, approximated by the catalog of earthquakes withM5. In geometrical terms it is approximately equal to 17% of the total area.Thus the result of the real time test shows a 1.6 times increase of the occurrence ofC-events in the alarmed area relative to the normal rate of seismicity. Due to the small size of the sample, it is of course, beyond the statistically significant value. We adjust the parameters of the algorithm in accordance with the new material and publish them here for further real-time testing.     

在地震预测研究中使用GPS和震源机制资料的问题探讨——与王秀文等商榷

针对"山西地区应力场变化与地震的关系"一文,本文指出:(1)P波初动存在误读的可能,出现矛盾符号是正常的;(2)地震仪器极性也可能反向,不校核可能会导致错误的震源机制解.还讨论如何正确地表示震源机制随时间的变化.分析认为GPS观测结果若不认真考虑观测误差、模型误差以及应变信息的层次,所得结果可能会与震源机制解反演的区域构造应力场相矛盾.比较了地震与GPS资料存在的差别和二者所提供信息的优劣后,认为二者恰好可以互补.利用GPS和地震两种资料联合反演、解释、相互约束,则可增加反演结果的可靠性.地震学和GPS观测两学科的交叉、融合必将有力地推动地学研究的深入.     

云南宁洱井低水位异常分析及地震预测

宁洱井的水位自2014年10月25日以来持续下降39.2cm,低于正常水位谷值8.335m,2015年的年变幅度为正常年变的57.8%,呈破年变现象。经现场调查,发现周围观测环境干扰小,水位变化量相对可靠;通过分析水位与降雨量的相关性,以及GNSS监测网的位移资料,认为持续低水位异常与降雨量关系不大,属于地震前兆异常,其原因可能与该区域构造的拉张活动有关。总结地震前兆异常的地震活动规律,认为该异常可能对近期滇西南-滇缅交界地区中强地震危险性有指示意义。     

汶川8．0级地震与日本9．0级地震的同震响应特征——庐江地震台动水位与水温

自2000年庐江地震台数字化水位、水温观测以来,在多次大地震中水位、水温均有明显的同震效应,四川汶川8．0级地震、日本本州9．0级地震引起汤池1号井水位、水温的同震特征。动水位同震效应表现为脉冲变化,震后水位逐渐升高;水温表现为阶跃下降,震后水温缓慢恢复到正常状态。     

甘肃及邻区数字化水位观测资料的应用与地震监测效能评估

甘肃及其附近地区已建成的数字化水位观测点共有12个, 其中模拟与数字化观测同时运行的只有甘肃平凉一个测点。 文中分析了数字化水位的年、 月、 日动态特征以及数字化资料的应用。 分析了主要影响数字化水位资料的干扰因素, 分析结果发现, 数字化水位观测中目前较为突出的问题是水位动态中存在较大幅度的脉冲和突变。 根据以往的震例总结, 认为有可能识别出破年变为标志的中期前兆异常, 以阶变和脉冲为特征的短期异常很难识别。 潮汐理论用于模拟观测资料的处理方法, 仍然可以在数字化观测资料中应用。     

地下流体地震前兆多层次跟踪法短期预测在粤闽交界和珠江三角洲地区的应用

利用粤闽交界地区、珠江三角洲地区连续10年左右的地下流体资料，研究利用多层次跟踪法进行地震短期预测的效果，结果表明，该法的粤闽交界及近海地区的应用效果较好，但在珠江三角洲及近海地区暂不宜应用。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>W</Subscript>9 Tohoku earthquake in 2011 in Japan: precursors uncovered by natural time analysis

This paper reviews the precursory phenomena of the 2011 M _W9 Tohoku earthquake in Japan that emerge solely when we analyze the seismicity data in a new time domain termed natural time. If we do not consider this analysis, important precursory changes cannot be identified and hence are missed. Natural time analysis has the privilege that enables the introduction of an order parameter of seismicity. In this frame, we find that the fluctuations of this parameter exhibit an unprecedented characteristic change, i.e., an evident minimum, approximately two months before Tohoku earthquake, which strikingly is almost simultaneous with unique anomalous geomagnetic field variations recorded mainly on the z component. This is consistent with our finding that such a characteristic change in seismicity appears when a seismic electric signal (SES) activity of the VAN method (from the initials of Varotsos, Alexopoulos, Nomicos) initiates, and provides a direct confirmation of the physical interconnection between SES and seismicity.     

2021年漾濞MS 6.4地震云南数字化井水位同震响应特征分析

通过对漾濞M_S 6.4地震云南数字化井水位分钟值数据同震响应特征进行分析,分析观测仪器采样率对井水位映震能力的影响,并对水位同震响应机理进行初步分析。结果表明,对于漾濞M_S 6.4地震,13口同震响应观测井主要分布在震中距200 km范围内的红河断裂带北侧和小滇西地区;同震响应形态可分为阶升（上升）型、阶降（或缓降）型、阶变（阶升、阶降）—复原型等3种变化类型,阶升型同震响应幅度相对大于其他2种类型;由漾濞M_S 6.4地震烈度长轴和短轴共同划定的椭圆区域来划分此次地震静态应力和动态应力的影响范围,可以从各观测井受力状态初步分析水位同震响应变化形态的力学机理;在静态应力影响范围内,井水位同震响应主要表现为阶升变化;在静态应力影响范围以外,除以阶变（阶升、阶降）—复原变化为主外,还有阶降（缓降）、阶升变化。观测仪器采样率对井水位映震能力的影响较大,水位秒钟值数据的同震响应变化形态更加完整,但目前水位秒钟值数据的收集和使用都还在不便之处,这种情况有待改进。     

Hydrological impacts of climate change predicted for an inland lake catchment in Ontario by using monthly water balance analyses

Potential hydrological impacts of climate change on long‐term water balances were analysed for Harp Lake and its catchment. Harp Lake is located in the boreal ecozone of Ontario, Canada. Two climate change scenarios were used. One was based on extrapolation of long‐term trends of monthly temperature and precipitation from a 129‐year data record, and another was based on a Canadian general circulation model (GCM) predictions. A monthly water balance model was calibrated using 26 years of hydrological and meteorological data, and the model was used to calculate hydrological impact under two climate change scenarios. The first scenario with a warmer and wetter climate predicted a smaller magnitude of change than the second scenario. The first scenario showed an increase in evaporation each month, an increase in catchment runoff in summer, fall and winter, but a decrease in spring, resulting in a slight increase in lake level. Annual runoff and lake level would increase because the precipitation change overrides evaporation change. The second scenario with a warmer, drier climate predicted a greater change, and indicated that evaporation would increase each month, runoff would increase in many months, but would decrease in spring, causing the lake level to decrease slightly. Annual runoff and lake level would decrease because evaporation change overrides precipitation change. In both scenarios, the water balance changes in winter and spring are pronounced. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.