15×104m3储罐的动特性分析

立式钢制圆柱形储罐向着大型化和浮放式发展,其动力特性参数,如结构的固有频率和固有振型,在地震工程中经常被使用,以15×104m3储罐为例,应用ADINA有限元程序,采用弹簧单元来模拟地基,考虑液固耦合效应对其进行了模态分析.结果表明:采用弹簧单元来模拟地基进行储罐的分析时,有限元与规范近似算法比较接近;15×104m3储罐液固耦合振动低频的振动形式比较丰富,以 cosnθ、sinnθ型梁式振动为主,液体晃动低频的振动形式比较单一,即cosnθ、sinnθ型梁式振动;液固耦合振动频率对地基刚度最为敏感,储液高度与储罐高径比次之,受罐壁厚度的影响比较小;液体晃动频率对罐壁厚度和地基刚度不敏感,对储液高度与高径比则比较敏感.     

15×10~4m~3储罐的动特性分析

立式钢制圆柱形储罐向着大型化和浮放式发展,其动力特性参数,如结构的固有频率和固有振型,在地震工程中经常被使用,以15×104m3储罐为例,应用ADINA有限元程序,采用弹簧单元来模拟地基,考虑液固耦合效应对其进行了模态分析。结果表明:采用弹簧单元来模拟地基进行储罐的分析时,有限元与规范近似算法比较接近;15×104m3储罐液固耦合振动低频的振动形式比较丰富,以cosnθ、sinnθ型梁式振动为主,液体晃动低频的振动形式比较单一,即cosnθ、sinnθ型梁式振动;液固耦合振动频率对地基刚度最为敏感,储液高度与储罐高径比次之,受罐壁厚度的影响比较小;液体晃动频率对罐壁厚度和地基刚度不敏感,对储液高度与高径比则比较敏感。     

立式储罐与地基相互作用地震反应分析

在考虑地基与储罐相互作用的情况下,采用有限元法对储罐住水平地震荷载作用下的反应进行了计算。推导了系统刚度矩阵及质量矩阵的计算过程。通过对四种场地条件下的地震响应分析,得出了储罐各种参数对地震反应的影响。分析表明：不同的地震激励对储罐系统的反应是不同的;地基刚度对系统的动力响应的影响也很大：即地基越“柔”,基底弯矩、罐壁轴向应力越小,但环向应力和底板变形却在增加。     

15×10~4m~3立式储罐隔震设计分析

为了研究15×104m3立式储罐隔震设计影响因素,采用有限元数值仿真技术,分析了隔震刚度、浮顶质量、储液密度、罐壁厚度、罐壁的材料弹性模量、储液高度与罐半径比值对储罐的晃动频率和液固耦合频率的影响并与时程分析对照。结果表明:储罐液固耦合振动频率对隔震刚度敏感,隔震刚度较低时,液固耦合刚度的下降,使基底剪力变小;隔震刚度对储罐的液体晃动频率的影响不大,在一定的隔震周期范围内,波高无放大效应;隔震设计时,浮顶的影响可忽略;储液高度与储罐半径比对储罐的液固耦合频率和晃动频率影响较大,隔震设计时存在优化段;储液密度、罐壁厚度、材料弹性模量,隔震设计时可不考虑其影响,进行地震动台实验时,可考虑用其他材料代替钢材,不影响分析结果。     

季节性冻土层对立式储罐地震反应的影响

冬季的季节性冻土层改变了地基土的动力特性和场地的卓越周期，季节性冻土层上储罐的地震反应必然受到季节性冻土层的影响。本文以Ⅲ类场地上的八种立式储罐为研究对象，计算了场地在非冻结期和冻结期两种情况下储罐的地震反应，并对计算结果进行了比较。结果表明Ⅲ类场地上的储罐，冻结期的地震反应要比非冻结期的地震反应明显增大。     

隔震立式储罐地震反应谱分析

基于反应谱理论,研究了的基底隔震储罐的地震响应问题.将储罐简化为三质点体系力学模型,罐内连续液体质量等效为对流质量、脉冲质量和刚性质量,并引入隔震刚度.与时程分析对比,验证反应谱法的适用性,分析隔震立式储罐的地震响应并研究主要参数对隔震储液罐地震响应的影响,主要考虑的参数有:(1)场地类别;(2)隔震周期;(3)高径比.结果表明:反应谱法计算隔震立式储罐地震响应是偏于安全的;随着场地类别和隔震周期的增大,基底剪力减震率逐渐降低,晃动波高变化不明显,隔震后,液动压力呈线性变化,液动压力随着场地类别和高径比的增大而增大,随着隔震周期的增大而减小;高径比存在一定的优化段,在优化段内,基底剪力减震率较大,隔震效果较好.     

浮放储罐三维地震反应有限元分析

针对立式储罐,考虑液固耦合效应、地基与储罐结构的相互作用,采用有限元分析方法,对储罐在三维地震荷载作用下动反应进行了数值分析。分析结果表明：储罐三维地震加速度反应较一维地震加速度反应增加、提离高度明显放大、储罐轴向应力增加、基底剪力与弯矩增大。     

隔震板柱结构-基础-地基相互作用地震反应分析

对广州地区一例地基-基础-隔震板柱结构动力相互作用体系进行了计算分析.通过与常规设计方法及非隔震体系的比较,研究了该体系地震反应的变化规律,并分析了阻尼比、地基土特性、基础刚度、基础型式、基础埋深、土体深度、上部结构刚度和地震波等因素对相互作用体系动力特性及地震反应的影响.     

胜利油田东营原油库立式储罐震害预测研究

对胜利油田东营原油库立式原油储罐震害预测方法进行了分析，并依据计算结果、国内外立式油罐的震害经验、设防烈度、地基的处理方式等情况，给出了东营原油库20000m^3和50000m^3立式贮罐震害预测结果。     

考虑SSI效应的立式储罐水平基础隔震研究

立式储罐在地震作用下破坏严重,损失较大.为了降低立式储罐在水平地震激励下的地震响应,考虑土与结构相互作用对储罐地震响应的影响,将立式储罐基础隔震体系简化为3质点5自由度力学模型.依据Hamilton原理建立立式储罐基础隔震体系的控制方程,给出了立式储罐基底剪力、倾覆弯矩、晃动波高和应力的理论表达.选取150000m3储罐,采用wilson-θ法对其进行了地震动响应分析.结果表明:储罐基础隔震体系能够降低储罐的地震响应;为获得理想的地震响应,场地、隔震周期和阻尼比存在优化取值区间;储罐抗震与减震设计要视设计安全需要来决定是否考虑土与结构的相互作用.     

Investigation of the dynamic behaviour of a storage tank with different foundation types focusing on the soil‐foundation‐structure interactions using centrifuge model tests

This paper proposes a dynamic centrifuge model test method for the accurate simulation of the behaviours of a liquid storage tank with different types of foundations during earthquakes. The method can be used to determine the actual stress conditions of a prototype storage‐tank structure. It was used in the present study to investigate the soil‐foundation‐structure interactions of a simplified storage tank under two different earthquake motions, which were simulated using a shaking table installed in a centrifuge basket. Three different types of foundations were considered, namely, a shallow foundation, a slab on the surface of the ground connected to piles and a slab with disconnected piles. The test results were organised to compare the ground surface and foundation motions, the slab of foundation and top of structure motions and the horizontal and vertical motions of the slab, respectively. These were used to establish the complex dynamic behaviours of tank models with different foundations. The effects of soil–foundation–structure interaction with three foundation conditions and two different earthquake motions are focused and some important factors, that should be considered for future designs are also discussed in this research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic analysis of base-isolated liquid storage tanks using the BE–FE–BE coupling technique

A three-dimensional soil–structure–liquid interaction problem is numerically simulated in order to analyze the dynamic behavior of a base-isolated liquid storage tank subjected to seismic ground motion. A dynamic analysis of a liquid storage tank is carried out using a hybrid formulation, which combines the finite shell elements for structures and the boundary elements for liquid and soil. The system is composed of three parts: the liquid–structure interaction part, the soil–foundation interaction part, and the base-isolation part. In the liquid–structure interaction part, the tank structure is modeled using the finite elements and the liquid is modeled using the internal boundary elements, which satisfy the free surface boundary condition. In the soil–foundation interaction part, the foundation is modeled using the finite elements and the half-space soil media are modeled using the external boundary elements, which satisfy the radiation condition in the infinite domain. Finally, above two parts are connected with the base-isolation system to solve the system's behavior. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the developed method, and an earthquake response analysis is carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the developed technique. The properties of a real LNG tank located in the west coast of Korea are used. The effects of the ground and the base-isolation system on the behavior of the tank are analyzed.     

Wavelet‐based non‐stationary seismic rocking response of flexibly supported tanks

The non‐stationary rocking response of liquid storage tanks under seismic base excitations including soil interaction has been developed based on the wavelet domain random vibration theory. The ground motion has been characterized through statistical functionals of wavelet coefficients of the ground acceleration history. The tank–liquid–foundation system is modelled as a multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) system with both lateral and rocking motions of vibration of the foundation. The impulsive and convective modes of vibration of the liquid in the tank have been considered. The wavelet domain coupled dynamic equations are formulated and then solved to get the expressions of instantaneous power spectral density function (PSDF) in terms of functionals of input wavelet coefficients. The moments of the instantaneous PSDF are used to obtain the stochastic responses of the tank in the form of coefficients of hydrodynamic pressure, base shear and overturning base moment for the largest expected peak responses. Parametric variations are carried out to study the effects of various governing parameters like height of liquid in the tank, height–radius ratio of the tank, ratio of total liquid mass to mass of foundation, and shear wave velocity in the soil medium, on the responses of the tank. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑SSI效应储油罐的子结构实验方法与数值模拟

提出了应用振动台子结构试验方法来研究考虑土-结构相互作用（SSI）效应储罐的抗震性能,该方法将土体简化为双自由度八参量集总参数模型进行模拟,储罐作为试验子结构应用振动台加载,两部分联机完成振动台子结构试验。该方法能完成大比例尺储罐试验,具有传统试验方法难以比拟的优势。然后,通过数值模拟分析了SSI效应对储罐动力响应的影响。分别研究了不同储液高度和不同地基刚度对储罐位移和加速度响应的影响。研究结果表明：考虑SSI效应时,罐体位移响应和加速度响应均有所减小,土质越软,效果越明显;随着储液高度的增高,位移、加速度反应呈现减小趋势。     

Non‐stationary seismic response of tanks with soil interaction by wavelets

A wavelet‐based random vibration theory has been developed for the non‐stationary seismic response of liquid storage tanks including soil interaction. The ground motion process has been characterized via estimates of statistical functionals of wavelet coefficients obtained from a single time history of ground accelerations. The tank–liquid–soil system has been modelled as a two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2‐DOF) system. The wavelet domain equations have been formulated and the wavelet coefficients of the required response state are obtained by solving two linear simultaneous algebraic equations. The explicit expression for the instantaneous power spectral density function (PSDF) in terms of the functionals of the input wavelet coefficients has been obtained. The moments of this PSDF are used to estimate the expected pseudo‐spectral acceleration (PSA) response of the tank. Parametric variations are carried out to study the effects of tank height, foundation natural frequency, shear wave velocity of soil and ratio of the mass of tank (including liquid) to the mass of foundation on the PSA responses of tanks. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic design of flexible cylindrical liquid storage tanks

Seismic response of cylindrical storage tanks anchored to rigid base slabs is considered. Finite elements are used for the liquid and tank wall, idealized as a thin shell. For steel tanks of practical dimensions, design charts are presented for natural frequencies, maximum shear and overturning moment on the foundation, and maximum stress resultants in the tank wall. Furthermore, an analytical expression for the superelevation of the free surface is presented.     

竖向地震作用对储液罐地震响应的影响分析

地震作用下大型储液罐的安全问题日益引起重视。基于ANSYS软件建立储罐液体耦合有限元模型,考虑罐底非线性接触效应,以El-Centro南北向和竖直向记录地震波为输入,研究水平激励以及水平和竖向同时激励两种工况下储罐的动力响应。研究结果表明,两种工况下靠近罐底1.2m处均发生了"象足"变形,竖向激励下水平相对位移增加了14%。竖向激励使得罐壁环向应力和轴向压应力均有不同程度的增加。竖向地震激励对液面的竖向晃动影响较小。储液罐底板在地震作用下发生了竖向提离和永久滑移,竖向激励时增长幅度均在10%左右。同时罐体基底剪力在竖向地震作用下也有所增大。储罐抗震设计时应考虑竖向地震分量的影响,研究结论可为立式储罐的抗震设计提供一定的参考和依据。     

The effect of seismic uplift on the shell stresses of liquid‐storage tanks

Previous theoretical studies have shown that tank uplift, that is, separation of the tank base from the foundation, generally reduces the base shear and the base moment. However, there is a paucity of experimental investigations concerning the effect of uplift on the tank wall stresses, which is the principal parameter that controls the seismic design of liquid‐storage tanks. This paper reports a series of shake table experiments on a polyvinyl chloride model tank containing water. A comparison of the seismic behaviour of the tank with and without anchorage is described. Stochastically generated ground motions, based on a Japanese design spectrum, and three tank aspect ratios (liquid‐height/radius) are considered. Measurements were made of the stresses at the outer shell of the tank, the tank wall acceleration and the horizontal displacement at the top of the tank. While the top displacement and the tank shell acceleration increased when uplift was allowed, axial compressive stresses decreased by between 35% and 64% with tank uplift. The effect of uplift on the hoop stresses was variable depending on the aspect ratio. A comparison of experimental values with a numerical model is provided. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simplified seismic analysis of rigid base liquid storage tanks under vertical exicitation with soil-structure interaction

A study is carried out to evaluate dynamic response of an elastic circular cylindrical tank having a rigid base under a vertical excitation taking into consideration the interaction with the foundation soil. At first, the soil is represented by frequency-independent parameters. Two coupled differential equations, governing the motion of the shell and the base, are solved using a step by step integration technique. The hydrodynamic pressures, acting on the shell and on the base, are derived from a velocity potential function which satisfies the Laplace equation and the appropriate boundary conditions. The response of the simplified model of a tank having a rigid base on a stiff foundation soil is compated to that obtained elsewhere to check the accuracy of the present model. Reasonable agreement is found between the maximum wall displacement and the associated stresses with those found by a more elaborate model. The interaction of the tank and the soil reduces the response than that calculated under the assumption of a rigid foundation soil. A parametric study to examine the effects of the height-to-radius ratio of the tank, and the effects of the shear wave velocity of the soil on the response is conducted. Varieties of foundation models are used to assess the sensitivity of the response to the variation in the soil parameters. Finally, a more representative solution for the problem in the frequency domain is obtained where the soil is appropriately modelled by frequency-dependent parameters. The transfer functions of the response of the tank wall and of the relative base motion are evaluated, and a comparison between the frequency-dependent and the frequency-independent solutions is made.