Correlations between13C and ΣCO2 in surface waters and atmospheric CO2

¹³C and ΣCO₂ data from the North and South Atlantic, the Antarctic, and the North and South Pacific are given. The δ¹³C of the ΣCO₂ in the deep water (～3000m) decreases from 1.7‰ in the North Atlantic to ?0.10‰ in the North Pacific. This change is attributed to the addition of about 158 μmoles of CO₂ per kg of seawater. The in-situ oxidation of organic matter accounts for 83% of this increase in ΣCO₂, while the remainder is attributed to dissolution of calcium carbonate.The δ¹³C of the dissolved CO₂ in mid-latitude surface water samples is controlled by a quasi-steady-state equilibrium with atmospheric CO₂ at a mean temperature of 16°C. The δ¹³C and ΣCO₂ values of Antarctic surface water samples suggest that these waters are derived from a mixture of North Atlantic deep water and equilibrated surface water.     

Variations of near-surface atmospheric CO2 and H2O concentrations during summer on Muztagata

Expeditions during the summers of 2002 and 2003 implemented continuous monitoring of near-surface (2 m height) atmospheric CO₂ and H₂O concentrations at the 4500 m elevation on Muztagata. The resultant data sets reveal a slight decrease of CO₂ concentrations (of about 5 μmol·mol^-1) and changes in the diurnal variations from the end of June to the middle August. The daily maximum CO₂ concentrations occur between 02:30-05:30 AM (local time) and the minimum levels occur between 12:00-15:30 PM. The atmospheric CO₂ concentrations in the summer of 2002 were around 5 μmol·mol^-1 lower than those during the same period of 2003, whereas the diurnal amplitude was higher. In contrast, we found that the daily mean atmospheric H₂O content in 2003 was much lower than that in 2002 and there exists a striking negative correlation between CO₂ and H₂O concentrations. We therefore suggest that the near-surface atmospheric CO₂ concentration is affected not only by photosynthesis and respiration, but also by the air H₂O content in the glaciated region around Muztagata.     

CO2/CaCl2 solution interfacial tensions under CO2 geological storage conditions: Influence of cation valence on interfacial tension

The effectiveness of CO₂ storage in deep saline aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs is governed, among other factors, by the interfacial tension between the injected CO₂ and formation water (brine). Experimental data on CO₂/water and CO₂/NaCl solution have revealed that the interfacial tension depends on the pressure, temperature and water salinity. However, there is still a lack of data for other salts (such as MgCl₂ and CaCl₂) which are also present in aquifers and carbonate reservoirs.     

Stability of forsterite + CO2 and its bearing on the role of CO2 in the mantle

An experimental determination of the reaction MgCO₃ + MgSiO₃ = Mg₂SiO₄ + CO₂ between 20 and 40 kbars and in the range 1000–1500°C yields an average pressure effect on the equilibrium of 44 bars/°C. This result shows that the assemblage forsterite and carbon dioxide is not stable under most pressure and temperature conditions expected in the upper mantle. Hypotheses requiring the presence of free CO₂ in the low-velocity zone, CO₂ as a drive mechanism for kimberlite emplacement, or action of a free CO₂ phase in ultramafic rocks may need considerable revision.     

Simulating spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric CO2 using a nested hemispheric model

A three-dimensional Eulerian nested model for transport, diffusion, and surface fluxes of CO₂ has been developed. The model is used to study the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations as a step towards a better understanding of the regional source pattern over Europe. The influence from the national surface characteristics, as e.g. fossil CO₂ emissions or ecosystem fluxes, can be treated on a continental or national level in the model. In the future the model can be used as a mean to corroborate national and EU-wide controls or reductions of carbon emissions. One of the major questions in the estimation of e.g. national CO₂ budgets is the quantification of surface ecosystem fluxes. In order to test the sensitivity of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations to ecosystem fluxes, two different parameterizations [J. Geophys. Res. 92 (1987) 2999] and [Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10 (1996) 269] have been implemented in the model. The model both with and without nest is validated by comparison with measurements and the different model results will be discussed. The results show that including a nested domain with higher spatial resolution significantly improves the model performance in some areas. In spite of regional deviations in the two sets of ecosystems fluxes no major differences are seen over Europe as a whole when either of the two parameterizations are included in the model and the results compared.     

Geochemical features of the geothermal CO2-watercarbonate rock system and analysis on its CO2 sources

Taking Huanglong Ravine and Kangding, Sichuan, and Xiage, Zhongdian, Yunnan, as examples, the authors summarize the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of the geothermal CO₂-water-carbonate rock system and analyze the CO₂ sources of the system. It was found that the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of such a system are different from those of shallow CO₂-water-carbonate rock system, which is strongly influenced by biosphere. The former has higher CO₂ partial pressure, and is rich in heavy carbon stable isotope. In addition, such a geothermal system is also different from that developed in igneous rock. The water in the latter system lacks Ca²⁺, and thus, there are few tufa deposits on ground surface, but it is rich in light carbon stable isotope. Further analysis shows that CO₂ of the geothermal CO₂-water-carbonate rock system is a mixture of metamorphic CO₂ and magmatic CO₂.     

Glacial atmospheric CO2 decline in association with decrease of marine sedimentary phosphorus

The environmental and biogeochemical information extracted from the sediments collected from the northern shelf of the South China Sea shows that terrigenous inputs of phosphorus into the sea remained relatively constant, and the variation of phosphorus contents at different depths was caused by climatic and environmental changes. The findings also suggest that the vertical variation of phosphorus content was opposite to those of calcium carbonate and cadmium, and the functional correlation between CO₂ and PO ₄ ³⁻ in seawater was given by calculating the chemical equilibrium, indicating that the accumulation of marine sedimentary phosphorus may have something to do with the variation of atmospheric CO₂. The decreased phosphorus accumulation as well as the correspondingly-increased calcium carbonate content might be one of key factors causing glacial atmospheric CO₂ decline.     

Melting relationships in CaO-CO2 and MgO-CO2 to 36 kilobars with comments on CO2 in the mantle

The melting curves of CaCO₃ and MgCO₃ have been extended to pressures of 36 kb by experiments in piston-cylinder apparatus. At 30 kb, the melting temperatures of calcite and magnesite are 1610°C and 1585°C, respectively. New data for the magnesite dissociation reaction permit the location of an invariant point for the assemblage magnesite + periclase + liquid + vapor near 26 kb-1550°C. New data are also presented for the calcite-aragonite transition at 800°C, 950°C and 1100°C. At pressures above 36–50 kb, calcite and magnesite melt at temperatures lower than the solidus of dry mantle peridotite. Natural and experimental evidence suggests that carbon dioxide in the Earth's mantle could be present in a variety of forms: (a) a free vapor phase, (b) vapor dissolved in silicate magma, (c) crystalline carbonate, (d) carbonatite liquid, (e) carbon-bearing silicate analogs, or (f) carbonato-silicates (such as scapolite, spurrite, tilleyite, and related compounds).     

微囊藻CO2-浓缩机制基因型的动态变化及其对CO2的竞争效应

由于具有高效的CO₂-浓缩机制,蓝藻在低CO₂浓度条件下具有竞争优势。然而,随着大气中CO₂浓度急剧增加,蓝藻CO₂-浓缩机制如何响应的研究较少。因此,本文以常见水华蓝藻——微囊藻为研究对象,通过对滇池微囊藻水华动态及不同CO₂-浓缩机制基因型进行监测,探讨蓝藻CO₂-浓缩机制基因的微进化特征及其动态变化。同时,设置高(0.08%)、中(0.04%)、低(0.02%)CO₂浓度(V/V)进一步揭示微囊藻不同CO₂-浓缩机制基因微进化对CO₂的竞争效应。结果表明:滇池无机碳浓度在4个采样点存在空间差异性,均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,并以HCO₃^-为主要无机碳存在形式。调查期间,东大河、观音山、洛龙河和生态所4个采样点的微囊藻均以sbtA基因型占绝对优势,相对丰度远高于bicA基因型。在不同水华时期,bicA基因型和sbtA基因型呈现相反的变化趋势,即从...     

武汉和阿德莱德大气太阴N2潮及M2潮的对比分析

利用阿德莱德（35°S,138°E）和武汉（30.6°N,114.5°E）的流星雷达观测数据首次给出了80~100 km高度上周期为12.66太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（N₂潮）的季节、高度、年度变化及其与周期为12.42太阳时的大气太阴半日潮汐（M₂潮）的对比分析.分析结果表明：武汉和阿德莱德的N₂潮和M₂潮均有明显的季节、高度和年度变化.N₂潮与M₂潮的幅度比值大于其引力势之比0.191,在某些年份的不同季节和高度上,N₂潮的幅度甚至大于M₂潮的幅度.大多幅度之比接近或超过N₂潮和M₂潮引力势之比的2倍.中低热层的大气太阴N₂潮汐值得关注.     

三峡水库CO2、CH4通量监测分析研究

自成库以来,三峡水库CO₂、CH₄等温室气体通量较蓄水前发生明显改变。如何科学认识和客观评估三峡水库修建及运行对其CO₂、CH₄等温室气体通量的影响备受关注。本文简要回顾了自2009年以来在三峡水库开展CO₂、CH₄等温室气体通量监测与分析工作,综述认为,现阶段三峡水库温室气体排放以水-气界面扩散释放为主要途径。陆源输入的有机碳是主导三峡水库CO₂、CH₄产生的主要碳源,但在局部区段或时段自源性有机碳的贡献亦十分显著。同蓄水前相比,三峡水库碳排放量呈现为净增加,淹没效应约占水库C净增量的20%,库区内点面源污染负荷并未对CO₂排放的净增量产生显著贡献,阻隔效应和生态系统重建效应对三峡水库碳排放的净增量产生显著贡献。近10年来,监测方法比对、监测点位优化等工作在一定程度上完善了三峡水库温室气体通量监测体系。新方法、新技术的引入也为三峡水库温室气体通量监测分析提供了有利支撑和保障,但复杂水文环境...     

MEIC-global-CO2: A new global CO2 emission inventory with highly-resolved source category and sub-country information

CO₂ emission inventory provides fundamental data for climate research and emission mitigation. Currently, most global CO₂ emission inventories were developed with energy statistics from International Energy Agency(IEA) and were available at country level with limited source categories. Here, as the first step toward a high-resolution and dynamic updated global CO₂ emission database, we developed a data-driven approach to construct seamless and highly-resolved ene...     

The join grossularite-calcite through the system CaO—Al2O3—SiO2—CO2 at 30 kilobars: Crystallization range of silicates and carbonates on the liquidus

At 30 kbar, calcite melts congruently at 1615°C, and grossularite melts incongruently to liquid + gehlenite (tentative identification) at 1535°C. The assemblage calcite + grossularite melts at 1450°C to produce liquid + vapor, with piercing point at about 49 wt.% CaCO₃. Vapor phase is present in all hypersolidus phase fields except for those with less than about 7% CaCO₃ or 8% Ca₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂. These results, together with known liquidus data for CaO—SiO₂—CO₂ and inferred results for CaO—Al₂O₃—CO₂ and Al₂O₃—SiO₂—CO₂, permit construction of the position of the CO₂- saturated liquidus surface in the quaternary system, and estimation of the positions of liquidus field boundaries separating some of the primary crystallization fields on this surface. The field of calcite is separated from those for grossularite and quartz by a field boundary with about 50% dissolved CaCO₃. Crystallization paths of silicate liquids in the range Ca₂SiO₄—Ca₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂—SiO₂, with some dissolved CO₂, will terminate at a quaternary eutectic on this field boundary, with the precipitation of calcite together with grossularite and quartz, at a temperature below 1450°C. Addition of Al₂O₃ to CaO—SiO₂—CO₂ in amounts sufficient to stabilize garnet thus causes little change in the general liquidus pattern as far as carbonates and silicates are concerned. With addition of MgO, we anticipate that silicate liquids with dissolved CO₂ will also follow liquidus paths to fields for the precipitation of carbonates; we conclude that similar paths link kimberlite and some carnbonatite magmas.     

Capillary pressure for the sand–CO2–water system under various pressure conditions. Application to CO2 sequestration

Accurate modeling of storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in heterogeneous aquifers requires experiments of the capillary pressure as function of temperature and pressure. We present a method with which static drainage and imbibition capillary pressures can be measured continuously as a function of saturation at various temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions. The measurements are carried out at (T, P) conditions of practical interest. Static conditions can be assumed as small injection rates are applied. The capillary pressure curves are obtained for the unconsolidated sand–distilled water–CO₂ system. The experimental results show a decrease of drainage and imbibition capillary pressure for increasing CO₂ pressures and pronounced dissolution rate effects for gaseous CO₂. Significant capillary pressure fluctuations and negative values during imbibition are observed at near critical conditions. The measurement procedure is validated by a numerical model that simulates the experiments.     

CO2浓度升高对浮游藻类元素化学计量值的影响

通过梅梁湾和东太湖的四季原位实验,研究CO_2浓度升高对不同营养水平淡水生态系统中浮游藻类C、N、P元素计量值的影响.实验设置了270、380和750 ppm共3个CO_2浓度,分别代表工业革命前、当前和IPCC预测的21世纪末的CO_2浓度.结果表明梅梁湾水体营养盐浓度在四季均高于东太湖水体营养盐浓度,但梅梁湾原位实验中浮游藻类C、N、P含量却普遍低于东太湖原位实验中浮游藻类营养元素含量,并且前者在季节上变化更大.CO_2浓度升高使梅梁湾原位实验中浮游藻类C∶P比明显增加,N∶P比略有增加,这种增加归因于藻细胞内C、N含量的升高,而东太湖浮游藻类化学计量值对CO_2浓度变化的响应不显著.因此浮游藻类元素化学计量值对CO_2浓度变化的响应程度与水体营养盐的绝对浓度无关,而与浮游藻类的生长是否受营养盐限制有关,只有当藻类生长受到水体营养盐浓度限制时,CO_2浓度升高才会显著改变其元素组成.     

Fluid circulation at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) from self-potential and CO2 surveys

This work addresses the study of fluid circulation of the Stromboli island using a dense coverage of self-potential (SP) and soil CO₂ data. A marked difference exists between the northern flank and the other flanks of the island. The northern flank exhibits (1) a typical negative SP/altitude gradient not observed on the other flanks, and (2) higher levels of CO₂. The general SP pattern suggests that the northern flank is composed of porous layers through which vadose water flows down to a basal water table, in contrast to the other flanks where impermeable layers impede the vertical flow of vadose water. In the Sciara del Fuoco and Rina Grande–Le Schicciole landslide complexes, breccias of shallow gliding planes may constitute such impermeable layers whereas elsewhere, poorly permeable, fine-grained pyroclastites or altered lava flows may be present. This general model of the flanks also explains the main CO₂ patterns: concentration of CO₂ at the surface is high on the porous north flank and lower on the other flanks where impermeable layers can block the upward CO₂ flux. The active upper part of the island is underlain by a well-defined hydrothermal system bounded by short-wavelength negative SP anomalies and high peaks of CO₂. These boundaries coincide with faults limiting ancient collapses of calderas, craters and flank landslides. The hydrothermal system is not homogeneous but composed of three main subsystems and of a fourth minor one and is not centered on the active craters. The latter are located near its border. This divergence between the location of the active craters and the extent of the hydrothermal system suggests that the internal heat sources may not be limited to sources below the active craters. If the heat source strictly corresponds to intrusions at depth around the active conduits, the geometry of the hydrothermal subsystems must be strongly controlled by heterogeneities within the edifice such as craters, caldera walls or gliding planes of flank collapse, as suggested by the correspondence between SP–CO₂ anomalies and structural limits. The inner zone of the hydrothermal subsystems is characterized by positive SP anomalies, indicating upward movements of fluids, and by very low values of CO₂ emanation. This pattern suggests that the hydrothermal zone becomes self-sealed at depth, thus creating a barrier to the CO₂ flux. In this hypothesis, the observed hydrothermal system is a shallow one and it involves mostly convection of infiltrated meteoric water above the sealed zone. Finally, on the base of CO₂ degassing measurements, we present evidence for the presence of two regional faults, oriented N41° and N64°, and decoupled from the volcanic structures.     

Effects of elevated CO2 on the reproduction of two calanoid copepods

Some planktonic groups suffer negative effects from ocean acidification (OA), although copepods might be less sensitive. We investigated the effect of predicted CO₂ levels (range 480–750 ppm), on egg production and hatching success of two copepod species, Centropages typicus and Temora longicornis. In these short-term incubations there was no significant effect of high CO₂ on these parameters. Additionally a very high CO₂ treatment, (CO₂ = 9830 ppm), representative of carbon capture and storage scenarios, resulted in a reduction of egg production rate and hatching success of C. typicus, but not T. longicornis. In conclusion, reproduction of C. typicus was more sensitive to acute elevated seawater CO₂ than that of T. longicornis, but neither species was affected by exposure to CO₂ levels predicted for the year 2100. The duration and seasonal timing of exposures to high pCO₂, however, might have a significant effect on the reproduction success of calanoid copepods.     

Modelled effect of changes in the CO2 concentration on the middle and upper atmosphere: Sensitivity to gravity wave parameterization

We have studied the temperature response to changes in the CO₂ concentration in the middle and upper atmosphere using the Coupled Middle Atmosphere–Thermosphere Model 2 (CMAT2). We have performed simulations with a range of CO₂ concentrations and three different ways of accounting for the effects of gravity waves, to allow for comparison with previous studies and sensitivity analyses. We initially find that the response of the model to the changes in CO₂ concentration which took place between 1965 and 1995 (320–360 ppm) is strongly dependent on the gravity wave parameterization that is used, but this is to a large degree due to steps or kinks in an otherwise nearly linear curve describing the temperature as a function of CO₂ concentration. We have not been able to identify the cause of these steps as part of the present study, which is a limitation and must be studied in future work. Here we treated the steps as model noise and rather focused on correcting for their effects by fitting straight lines to the temperature–CO₂ curves to estimate the overall slope of the curves. From these slopes we were able to obtain more robust trend estimates than can be obtained by comparing only two model simulations, as is normally done in other, similar studies. The corrected temperature responses to a 40 ppm change in CO₂ concentration still show up to 15–17% sensitivity to the gravity wave parameterization in the mesosphere and thermosphere. This remaining sensitivity is likely to be related to the fundamental differences in the way a change in temperature modifies the propagation and dissipation characteristics of gravity waves in each parameterization, which is particularly different for linear and non-linear schemes. The corrected trends we find are largely in agreement with other modelling studies, and therefore do not fully explain observed trends, which are typically larger than those predicted by modelling studies. However, modelling results could be similarly sensitive to other model parameters and settings, for example to gravity wave characteristics or solar activity level, and this should be further investigated as well.