广东惠州石坝—黄沙洞地区岩石放射性生热率特征研究

岩石的放射性生热是地热资源的重要热源之一,为研究广东惠州石坝—黄沙洞地区岩石放射性生热率特征,本文系统采集了石坝—黄沙洞地区不同岩性的样品,测定其密度及产热元素含量,对花岗岩样品进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年。结果表明:研究区内不同岩性中花岗岩的放射性生热率最高(均值5.81μW/m³),但是变化范围较大(2.83μW/m³～9.07μW/m³);U、Th对生热率的贡献基本相等,K的贡献一般低于10%,部分沉积地层样品可达20%;花岗岩的生热率与时间关系密切,在～150 Ma具有明显峰值。初步结论认为:研究区内岩性对岩石生热率具有显著影响,花岗岩的生热率最高;花岗岩的生热率受岩体形成时的区域岩浆事件影响,在～150 Ma形成的花岗岩具有最高的生热率,有利于干热岩的勘查开发。     

南海海盆IODP349钻井岩心的生热元素测试与应用研究

放射性生热率是岩石热物性参数之一,也是研究岩石圈热结构和构造热演化的重要参数。针对南海海盆区缺少岩石生热率资料的实际情况,本文通过整理和分析IODP349航次中的测井资料,测试钻井岩心样品的主要放射性生热元素,通过计算得出:玄武岩样品的生热率平均值为0.28±0.07μW/m~3,沉积碎屑岩样品的生热率为1.21±0.34μW/m~3,以及3个钻井的地热流值。获得以下认识:(1)本次研究的沉积碎屑岩样品生热率与中国东南沿海的同类岩石样品的生热率值相近,而洋壳中的基性火山岩生热率明显低于大陆碱性玄武岩。(2)用新资料计算南海西南次海盆段的岩石圈热结构得出其热岩石圈厚度约为39~42 km,平均壳幔热流比值为2.4%,说明西南次海盆岩石圈薄,海底热流主要受深部的地幔热源控制。(3)U1431D和U1433A钻井的热流密度值与附近探针热流密度值相近;而U1431C的热流密度值明显偏小,属于受地下水热循环影响所致。     

热流和岩石生热率关系的研究

通过花岗岩体和中下地壳剖面岩石生热率的研究,显示出花岗岩体内生热率的分布至多样性;华北下地壳变质岩的生热率介于0.2-0.4μW/m³之间,其对热流的热贡献较小;地壳岩石生热率总体上是深度不连续的递减函数。中国东南地区出露着大面积的中生代花岗岩体,实测热流和岩石生热率没有得出可信的线性关系。结合对现有热流省资料的认识,提出了对热流和岩石生热率关系的新看法,解释了以往线性关系的不稳定性,估算出正常陆壳厚度的热流下限应为29.5mW/m²。     

英峰岭红土一火山岩序列古地磁年代初步结果

英峰岭红土－火山岩剖面位于广东省雷州半岛的南部，英利县以东约１０ｋｍ。该剖面自下而上可以清楚地分成８层、４个火山岩－红土旋回，总厚度约８０ｍ。第１层是５ｍ厚的灰色、灰褐色的玄武岩，未见底；第２层是发育在第１层玄武岩之上的暗红色的粘土，称第１红土层，厚约１．５ｍ；第３层是灰黄色、浅红色的气孔状玄武岩，出露在地表的岩石风化强烈，有球状风化结构，厚度８ｍ左右；第４层为杂色粘土，颗粒细、粘性好，称第２红土层，厚约２ｍ；第５层是火山物质，厚度约４０ｍ，可分为３个单元，上部是灰色、灰褐色和灰黄色的玄武质火山…     

冀东高级变质岩石的流体包裹体研究

冀东高级变质的石榴石斜长片麻岩、含或不含石榴石的角闪二辉斜长片麻岩、紫苏花岗岩、斜长角门岩等岩石中的流体包裹体主要有４类，按形成的先后顺序依次为：（１）Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２两液相包裹体，ＣＯ２的部分均一温度是－１２℃，密度１．０４ｇ／ｃｍ３，Ｈ２Ｏ含量２１％～３９％（ｍｏｌｅ％），ＣＯ２含量５０％～７１％（ｍｏｌｅ％）；（２）ＣＯ２液相包裹体，冰点温度－５６℃～－６１℃，均一温度－７．４℃～－３５．１℃，ＣＯ２密度约为１．０５ｇ／ｃｍ３，ＣＯ２含量８２．１％～９８．４％（ｍｏｌｅ％），还有少量的ＣＨ４、Ｎ２和Ｈ２等组分；（３）Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２多相包裹体，ＣＯ２的部分均一温度７℃～２８℃，ＣＯ２密度为０．６４～０．９３ｇ／ｃｍ３，气相组分以ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和ＣＯ为主，液相成分主要是Ｈ２Ｏ和ＣＯ２；（４）多世代盐水溶液包裹体，冰点温度－０．５℃～－２０℃，盐度０．８７％～２２．８％（ｗｔ％），盐水密度０．７～１．０５ｇ／ｃｍ３，均一温度在１５０℃～２００℃和约３００℃，存在两个峰值。不同世代的流体包裹体记录了等密度降温的Ｐ－Ｔ路径。包裹体反映的变质作用早期降温过程流体的Ｈ２Ｏ／Ｈ２Ｏ＋ＣＯ２（ｍｏｌｅ）比值降低，晚期升高     

岩石古放射性生热率的校正及其地球化学意义

岩石放射性生热率是研究油气沉积盆地地热及花岗岩体热演化史的一个重要参数,但由现今采样分析所测得的放射性元素含量计算得出的是当今的放射性生热率。因此,本文根据辐射衰变定律及U、Th和K的放射性生热参数,导出三种不同计量单位(μWm-3,μJg-1a-1,HGU)校正岩石古放射性生热率的公式。它们可应用于沉积盆地中古地层放射性生热率的计算和校正,也适用于铀矿床成矿古水热系统热源及花岗岩体热演化史的研究。     

埃洛石喇曼微探针光谱学研究

分布在新西兰马特里海湾的管柱状埃洛石矿物的喇曼光谱可通过Ｒｅｎｉｓｈａｗ１０００喇曼光谱显微镜系统获得。在完整波长范围内,利用喇曼微探针可获得直径仅８μｍ晶体的喇曼光谱,并可以研究光谱沿不同晶轴方向产生的特定振动。观测到的羟基衍生物的３个频带分别是３６１６．５ｃｍ＾－１、３．６２３．４ｃｍ＾－１和３６２９．７ｃｍ＾－１,３个频带与埃洛石八面体底部同界面内部烃基之间有密切联系。３６９８．２ｃｍ＾－１     

西班牙陆架晚更新世—全新世沉积物极高分辨率层序地层模型

在西班牙大陆边缘的一个地区完成了晚更新世－全新世沉积物地震剖面的层序地层分析，共识别出四类沉积背景：（１）低速沉降斜坡（２）高速沉降（２ｍ／千年）斜坡；（３）大西洋被动边缘“Ｒｒｉａ”型地貌；（４）具沉降作用的断层崖地貌体系。     

华东部分铀矿区内大气和饮用水体放射性水平调查研究

通过对华东地区２１个铀矿区内居民居住环境大气中氡与其子体α潜能浓度的调查,居民居室外氡浓度均值范围为６．７３～１３２．Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３,氡子体α潜能浓度均值范围为１１．０～７８．８ｈＪ／ｍ＾３。居室内的平均氡浓度范围为１４．５～１８５．８Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３,氡子体α潜能浓度均值范围为１３．８～１０４．２ｎＪ／ｍ＾３;对居民饮用水源的取样分析表明,铀的均值范围为０．１２～１．６８μｇ／Ｌ,钍的均值范围为０．０２～０．４２μｇ／Ｌ,镭－－２２６的均值范围为０．９０～１２．１ｍＢｑ／Ｌ,与全国和当地的放射性天然本底水平比较接近,均属正常本底水平。     

我国东海陆架区新生代地层岩石生热率研究

岩石生热率是描述地球内热的一个重要的热物理参数.通过测定岩石样品的密度、放射性元素U、Th、K的含量可以定量计算地壳岩石的生热率.根据东海陆架多口钻井新生代地层样品、东海陆架表层样品和冲绳海槽柱状样品的密度、放射性元素U、Th、K含量对岩石生热率进行了计算.发现东海陆架地区地层岩石的生热率介于0.4～1.7μW/m3之间,落于正常沉积岩生热率范围,比火成岩的生热率要高.同时,岩性对生热率起明显的控制作用,岩性不同,生热率不同.其中,泥岩的生热率最高,而粉沙岩、砂岩的生热率次之.东海区新生代地层的生热率由新到老生热率呈下降的趋势,但,其中玉泉组、龙井组和花港组地层生热率几乎一致.这和该地层的波速特征非常吻合.关系式lnA=1.04-0.2915vp能够较好地描述东海陆架区新生代地层波速和生热率之间的关系.在已知地层层速度的情况下,可以由该式求取地层的生热率.     

The distribution of radiogenic heat production as a function of depth in the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California

Geochemical analyses and geobarometric determinations have been combined to create a depth vs. radiogenic heat production database for the Sierra Nevada batholith, California. This database shows that mean heat production values first increase, then decrease, with increasing depth. Heat production is 2 μW/m³ within the 3-km-thick volcanic pile at the top of the batholith, below which it increases to an average value of 3.5 μW/m³ at 5.5 km depth, then decreases to 0.5–1 μW/m³ at 15 km depth and remains at these values through the entire crust below 15 km. Below the crust, from depths of 40–125 km, the batholith's root and mantle wedge that coevolved beneath the batholith appears to have an average radiogenic heat production rate of 0.14 μW/m³. This is higher than the rates from most published xenolith studies, but reasonable given the presence of crustal components in the arc root assemblages. The pattern of radiogenic heat production interpreted from the depth vs. heat production database is not consistent with the downward-decreasing exponential distribution predicted from modeling of surface heat flow data. The interpreted distribution predicts a reasonable range of geothermal gradients and shows that essentially all of the present day surface heat flow from the Sierra Nevada could be generated within the 35 km thick crust. This requires a very low heat flux from the mantle, which is consistent with a model of cessation of Sierran magmatism during Laramide flat-slab subduction, followed by conductive cooling of the upper mantle for 70 m.y. The heat production variation with depth is principally due to large variations in uranium and thorium concentration; potassium is less variable in concentration within the Sierran crust, and produces relatively little of the heat in high heat production rocks. Because silica content is relatively constant through the upper 30 km of the Sierran batholith, while U, Th, and K concentrations are highly variable, radiogenic heat production does not vary directly with silica content.     

An analysis of heat index over Naples (Southern Italy) in the context of European heat wave of 2003

Two strong heat waves in the summer of 2003 determined elevated heat discomfort conditions all across the Western Europe. In this context, the analysis of hourly Heat Index values in the city of Naples (Southern Italy) showed prolonged heat discomfort conditions during the second half of June 2003 and from the second half of July 2003 up to the first week of September 2003, resulting in highest mortality rate for persons 75 years or more.     

电测深在榆中盆地地热勘查中的应用

:榆中盆地地热异常区 ,处于区域性地热背景之上 ,具有深源热机制。应用电测深推断盆地基底构造、盖层结构 ,其中部断阶带基底隆升 ,断裂构造发育 ,储、盖层具备 ,是地热赋存有利部位。由电测深曲线极小值视电阻率圈定出热异常的范围、导热构造 ,为地热评价、开发提供依据     

Trends in heat-related mortality in the United States, 1975–2004

This study addresses the long-term trends in heat-related mortality across 29 US metropolitan areas from 1975 to 2004 to discern the spatial patterns and temporal trends in heat vulnerability. Mortality data have been standardized to account for population trends, and seasonal and interannual variability. On days when a city experienced an “oppressive” air mass, mean anomalous mortality was calculated, along with the likelihood that oppressive days led to a mortality response at least one standard deviation above the baseline value. Results show a general decline in heat-related mortality from the 1970s to 1990s, after which the decline seems to have abated. The likelihood of oppressive days leading to significant increases in mortality has shown less of a decline. The number of oppressive days has stayed the same or increased at most metropolitan areas. With US homes near saturation in terms of air-conditioning availability, an aging population is still significantly vulnerable to heat events.     

江西省大地热流与铀矿关系的初步研究

本文根据江西省大地构造、铀矿分布和大地热流实测资料,证明大地热流异常和铀矿均受深大断裂和深部构造变异带的控制,铀矿化能在一定程度上引起热流异常,并据此初步探讨了根据大地热流异常寻找铀矿床的可能性。     

Estimates of heat flow and heat production and a thermal model of the São Francisco craton

An updated analysis of geothermal data from the highland area of eastern Brazil has been carried out and the characteristics of regional variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow examined. The database employed includes results of geothermal measurements at 45 localities. The results indicate that the Salvador craton and the adjacent metamorphic fold belts northeastern parts of the study area are characterized by geothermal gradients in the range of 6–17°C/km. The estimated heat flow values fall in the range of 28–53 mW/m², with low values in the cratonic area relative to the fold belts. On the other hand, the São Francisco craton and the intracratonic São Francisco sedimentary basin in the southwestern parts are characterized by relatively higher gradient values, in the range of 14–42°C/km, with the corresponding heat flow values falling in the range of 36–89 mW/m². Maps of regional variations indicate that high heat flow anomaly in the São Francisco craton is limited to areas of sedimentary cover, to the west of the Espinhaço mountain belt. Crustal thermal models have been developed to examine the implications of the observed intracratonic variations in heat flow. The thermal models take into consideration variation of thermal conductivity with temperature as well as change of radiogenic heat generation with depth. Vertical distributions of seismic velocities were used in obtaining estimates of radiogenic heat production in crustal layers. Crustal temperatures are calculated based on a procedure that makes simultaneous use of the Kirchoff and Generalized Integral Transforms, providing thereby analytical solutions in 2D and 3D geometry. The results point to temperature variations of up to 300°C at the Moho depth, between the northern Salvador and southern São Francisco cratons. There are indications that differences in rheological properties, related to thermal field, are responsible for the contrasting styles of deformation patterns in the adjacent metamorphic fold belts.     

Reply to comments by R. Von Herzen, E.E. Davis, A.T. Fisher, C.A. Stein and H.N. Pollack on “Earth's heat flux revised and linked to chemistry”

The lengthy comment by Von Herzen et al. does not address the most important conclusions of the paper by Hofmeister and Criss [Hofmeister, A.M., Criss, R.E., 2005, Earth's heat flux revisited and linked to chemistry. Tectonophys. 395, 159–177.]. These are 1) that actual measurements better describe the Earth than do simplistic models with demonstrably unrealistic boundary conditions that diverge markedly from the data; and 2) that the models are unconstrained, resulting in a series of papers proposing values for the global flux that have become increasingly disparate from the growing data base over time (Fig. 3 in our paper). We disagree strongly with penultimate concluding statement of Von Herzen et al., “that it is preferable to base surface heat flow analysis not only on the extensive measurements but also on well understood processes that are known to bias the values and statistics of the measurements,” as our Fig. 3 demonstrates that no consistent magnitude has been assigned to the alleged advective flux, so that neither the processes nor the correction are “well understood”. We do not deny the existence of submarine hydrothermal systems, but we disagree strongly with the scales over which they are alleged to operate, and with the large Rayleigh and Nusselt numbers Von Herzen et al. assign to them.     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔揭示的大陆地壳生热模型

本文对大陆科学钻探主孔149块岩心样品进行了系统的岩石放射性生热元素 U、Th 和 K 的含量测试,同时结合该井浅部井段前人的实测数据,揭示了上地壳5km 生热率的垂向分布。结果显示,以1650m 为界,上下两段生热率均随深度呈增加趋势,与正常地壳生热率特征不同,显示出超高压变质带独特的生热率垂向变化特征。结合地壳的岩性分布,建立了苏鲁超高压变质带地壳的生热模型。该模型中,地壳厚32km,其中上地壳0～10km,由超高压变质岩片组成,按岩性又详细分为8层,生热率变化在0.49～1.73μWm~(-3)。中地壳10～20km,由片麻岩组成,生热率为生热率1.51μWm~(-3)。下地壳20～32km为麻粒岩,生热率0.31μWm~(-3)。整个地壳热流约31mw/m~2,其中上地壳12mW/m~2。上地壳厚度和热流分别占整个地壳的31%和39%。与华北和下扬子地壳生热模型相比,上地壳热流整个地壳热流的比例最低。这表明,苏鲁超高压变质带,作为中朝与扬子板块俯冲-碰撞的产物,其地壳生率垂向分布与正常大陆地壳(华北、下扬子)相比,具有显著的不同。     

全球大地热流研究进展

大地热流是表征地球热状态的重要地球物理参数,它记录了发生在地球深部各种作用过程和能量平衡的信息。大地热流的测量与汇编是固体地球物理学领域的基础性工作。本文对最近20年来全球大地热流研究的相关进展进行了综述,包括介绍近年来全球大地热流数据库建立和汇编情况,据此阐述了全球大地热流的分布规律及主控因素。继而重点对大陆和大洋热流研究中的若干重要概念或关键问题（如热流省、热流-生热率关系、壳幔热流配分系数、大洋岩石圈热演化模型和地下水循环等）、全球热量收支及其时空变化等方面进行了分析。最后,就全球热流汇编研究中需注意的问题以及今后的研究方向做了一些讨论。