Scientific basis of agrometeorological and agroclimatic support to the agrarian sector of the Russian economy

Results are reviewed of the studies aimed at the development of current techniques for estimation of bioclimatic potential of Russia to provide agrometeorological support to the agrarian sector of economy under the present-day conditions. Problems are considered of estimating and accounting the effects of the climate changes on productivity and long-term stability of agriculture. Results are presented of using the satellite information for operative monitoring of condition and productivity of agriculture. It is shown that the studies carried out at All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Meteorology (VNIISKhM) allow creating a complex system for operative agrometeorological monitoring on the basis of the modern models of the agro-ecosystem productivity. The system will allow regular estimating of conditions, expected harvest and total yield in the times specified by Roshydromet and presenting a set of their probability estimates as dependent on the predicted weather. As a result, all levels of the agriculture, from the farmers to the Ministry of Agriculture, will be provided with agrometeorological and agroclimatic information.     

气候变化对中国农业生产影响研究展望

综述了气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源、农业气象灾害(干旱、洪涝、高温热浪、低温灾害)和农业病虫害的变化趋势与规律,从农业生产潜力变化、作物种植制度变化和作物品质变化等方面阐明了气候变化对中国农业生产的影响事实,分析了气候变化对中国农业生产的可能影响和中国农业生产适应气候变化的对策措施。在此基础上,针对气候变化背景下中国气候资源的时空分布特点及农业生产出现的新情况、新问题,指出了当前中国关于气候变化对农业影响研究存在的不足,提出了未来气候变化对中国农业生产影响研究需要重视的方面,为确保气候变化背景下中国的农业生产安全及粮食安全提供决策支持。     

Changing growing season observed in Canada

It is theoretically interesting for climate change detection and practically important for agricultural producers to know whether climate change has influenced agroclimatic conditions and, if so, what the potential impacts are. We present analyses on statistical differences in means and variances of agroclimatic indices between three 30-year periods in the 20th century (i.e., 1911–1940, 1941–1970 and 1971–2000). We found many occurrences of statistically significant changes in means between pairs of the three 30-year periods. The findings consistently support agroclimatic trends identified from trend analysis as an earlier growing season start and an earlier end to spring frost (SF), together with an extended growing season, more frost-free days (FFD) and more available heat units were often found in the later 30-year periods as compared to the earlier ones. In addition, this study provides more detailed quantitative information than the trend signals for the practical interests of agricultural applications. Significant changes were detected for SF and FFD at a much larger percentage of stations between the latter two 30-year periods (1941–1970 vs. 1971–2000) as compared to the earlier two periods (1911–1940 vs. 1941–1970). In contrast, changes in variances of the selected agroclimatic indices were less evident than changes in their means, based on the percentage of stations showing significant differences. We also present new climate averages of the selected agroclimatic indices that can be useful for agricultural planning and management.     

海南岛农业气候生产力的估算

发挥气候资源的生产潜力,是农作物增产的有效途径。本文用Lieth法估算海南岛的农业气候生产力。光、热、水资源丰富的海南岛,植物的气候产量高,农作物的增产潜力至少为现在生产水平的一倍以上。水分是海南岛(尤其是西南部)农业产量的主要限制性因子。通过灌溉来补充所欠缺的水分(全岛平均每公顷需灌溉1778吨水),可期望达到最大气候产量。      

市场经济下农业气候资源与经济效益浅析

该文从理论上分析了市场经济下农业气候资源利用与经济效益的关系，并以浙江省嘉兴市为例分析了作物生产面临的气候风险与市场风险，提出了实现农业两高一优的气候对策，指出在市场经济下农业的发展必须重视气候资源的合理利用和有效配置。     

海南岛农业气候区划

本文依据农业气候适宜度进行海南岛农业气候区划,其方法是应用模糊数学扩展原理建立农业气候模型,得出各地可表示农业气候资源优劣的资源指数、表示它们之间配合程度的效能指数和表示可供挖掘的资源潜力的效能利用率;以它们为区划因子,通过模糊聚类分析和模糊相似优先比进行划区。全岛分为六个农业气候区。      

Current and expected changes in Colorado beetle climatic habitat in Russia and neighboring countries

The climatic habitat of the hazardous agricultural vermin, Colorado beetle, on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries is computed using the model agroclimatic methods. The meteorological dataset of daily resolution available on the website of All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information-World Data Center is used and the requirements of the species to the habitat climate accepted in agroclimatology are taken into account. The computations are carried out for three time periods: 1951–1970, 1991–2010, and 2031–2050. Climatic characteristics (average annual temperature and accumulated effective temperatures) of the third period were estimated by means of linear interpolation proceeding from the first two periods. It is demonstrated that the changes in climatic habitat boundaries of the second period as compared with the first and third periods and of the third period as compared with the second period have a common trend: the broadening of the habitat takes place in the northern and especially eastern directions. The computed data are corroborated by the observational data on the actual distribution of Colorado beetle on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries.     

METHODS CALCULATING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF AGROCLIMATIC RESOURCES IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS AND CLIMATIC EFFECTS OF MICROTOPOGRAPHY*

The methods calculating the spatial distribution of agroclimatic resources (temperature,humidity,precipitation,wind speed,etc.) in mountainous areas are presented.The linear model can be used for the mean temperature,accumulated temperature,and the occurrence date and duration of limiting temperature,but the nonlinear model for extreme temperature,humidity,precipitation and wind speed.The climatic effects of topography obtained from the application of these methods in the Shaxi River basin,Fujian Province,are also described.The results show that the methods proposed in this paper may effectively disclose the macro-and micro-variations of spatial distribution of agroclimatic resources in mountainous areas.     

气候变化对中国农业生产的影响研究进展

气候变化已成为当今科学界、各国政府和社会公众普遍关注的环境问题之一,气候变化可能对生态系统和社会经济产生灾难性影响,农业是受气候变化影响最直接的脆弱行业。因此,气候变化对农业生产的影响研究一直是气候变化研究领域中的热点问题之一。该文系统介绍了有关全球气候变化对中国农业生产影响研究的现状与进展,包括气候变化对农业影响的研究方法、大气中温室气体浓度增加对农作物的影响试验、气候变化对农业气候资源的影响、气候变化对农作物生长发育和产量的影响、气候变化对农业种植制度和品种布局的影响、气候变化对农作物气候生产潜力和气候资源利用率的影响等,指出当前在研究气候变化对农业影响评估中存在的问题,提出了今后应加强对气候变化情景和预测模式不确定性的研究、气候变化对农业影响的方法研究。此外,气候变化背景下极端天气气候事件对农业生产的影响以及气候变化对农业病虫害的影响研究等仍较薄弱,有待进一步加强和深入。     

The climate tourism potential of Alpine destinations using the example of Sonnblick, Rauris and Salzburg

The climate tourism potential of a region can be described by methods used in human biometeorology and applied climatology. Frequency analyses based on complex thermal bioclimatic indices (e.g. physiologically equivalent temperature) and diagrams of precipitation patterns based on thresholds offer new approaches of visualisation. An integral approach for tourism climatologic analyses is provided by the climate?Ctourism/transfer?Cinformation?Cscheme that also bases on frequency distributions of relevant factors and parameters which are important for a destination. The knowledge about the vertical variability of tourism climatologic factors is of high importance because of the several kinds of tourism activities affected by weather. The same holds for a quantification of extreme events like heat waves because of their possible effects on health and recreation over a year's course. The results show that the vertical gradient of bioclimatic and tourism-related parameters can be of value when developing strategies of adaption to climate change.     

Critical analysis of simulated daily temperature data from the ARPEGE-climate model: application to climate change in the Champagne wine-producing region

As global warming is scientifically and widely accepted, its impacts at regional scales are raising many questions for wine producers. In particular, climate parameters, especially temperature, play a decisive role in vine growth and grape ripening. An overview of expected climate change in terms of bioclimatic indexes (Winkler and Huglin) and thermal extremes in the wine-producing region of Champagne is presented. A variable-grid atmospheric general circulation model, ARPEGE-Climate, with a local zoom at 50 km over the area of interest, is used to investigate potential future changes in thermal extremes and bioclimatic indexes. Changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures at key stages are discussed for three emission scenarios (B1, A1B, A2) that are currently used in studies of impacts of climate change. Model outputs are analyzed and critically assessed for a control period (1971–2000) and for changes in extreme events in relation to future scenarios, such as a decrease in extreme low temperatures in spring (April) during bud break and an increase in extreme high temperatures in summer, associated with more frequent heat waves during ripening.     

Responses and Thresholds of the Egyptian Economy to Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources of the Nile River

Are there "thresholds" in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations above which associated climate change impacts become economically, socially or environmentally unacceptable? If thresholds exist, then emissions might be limited in such a way that GHG concentrations are not exceeded. Environmental, social, and economic systems should be examined in order to determine these threshold levels. This paper addressed the potential impacts of climate change on the water resources of the Nile River and associated impacts on the Egyptian economy through the use of a recursively dynamic general equilibrium model. The model was used to examine both economy-wide and sectoral impacts, and impacts on social and national policy indicators under various economic growth and climate change scenarios. Macro-economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) showed that strict economic thresholds, characterized by discontinuities in the response function, did not occur. This was because autonomous economic adjustments generated a smooth socioeconomic transition over the 70-year simulation period. The economy underwent a gradual structural transformation, as capital and resources were moved from cropped agricultural to both the livestock and the non-agricultural sectors. Under "wet" climate scenarios, surplus water beyond 75 billion cubic meters (BCM) remained unused, as the marginal value of water dropped to zero and other resource constraints limited agricultural growth. For drier scenarios (below 75 BCM), water was a constraint to agricultural production into the 21 ^st century, as resources were diverted to less water demanding crops and the livestock and non-agricultural sectors. The reduced water scenarios showed agriculture declining in its total share of GDP, burdening the agricultural wage earner. Egypt increased its dependence on imports to meet food demand, dramatically decreasing grain self-sufficiency, while increasing protein self-sufficiency. If national policy requires a certain level of food self-sufficiency, then these metrics could be used in defining policy-based thresholds.     

Expected changes in agroclimatic conditions in Central Europe

During the past few decades, the basic assumption of agroclimatic zoning, i.e., that agroclimatic conditions remain relatively stable, has been shattered by ongoing climate change. The first aim of this study was to develop a tool that would allow for effective analysis of various agroclimatic indicators and their dynamics under climate change conditions for a particular region. The results of this effort were summarized in the AgriClim software package, which provides users with a wide range of parameters essential for the evaluation of climate-related stress factors in agricultural crop production. The software was then tested over an area of 114,000 km² in Central Europe. We have found that by 2020, the combination of increased air temperature and changes in the amount and distribution of precipitation will lead to a prolonged growing season and significant shifts in the agroclimatic zones in Central Europe; in particular, the areas that are currently most productive will be reduced and replaced by warmer but drier conditions in the same time the higher elevations will most likely experience improvement in their agroclimatic conditions. This positive effect might be short-lived, as by 2050, even these areas might experience much drier conditions than observed currently. Both the rate and the scale of the shift are amazing as by 2020 (assuming upper range of the climate change projections) only 20?C38% of agriculture land in the evaluated region will remain in the same agroclimatic and by 2050 it might be less than 2%. On the other hand farmers will be able to take advantage of an earlier start to the growing season, at least in the lowland areas, as the proportion of days suitable for sowing increases. As all of these changes might occur within less than four decades, these issues could pose serious adaptation challenges for farmers and governmental policies. The presented results also suggest that the rate of change might be so rapid that the concept of static agroclimatic zoning itself might lose relevance due to perpetual change.     

中国气象科学研究院农业气象研究50年进展

该文在简要回顾20世纪我国农业气象学科发展历程基础上, 重点阐述了50年来中国气象科学研究院在农业气象各主要研究领域, 包括农业气候资源与区划、农业产量气象预测与卫星遥感估产、农业气象灾害、气候变化影响评估、作物生长模拟与模式以及农业气象情报信息服务等所取得的若干重大进展, 并从当前面临的挑战与机遇出发, 探讨了中国气象科学研究院未来发展中在农业气象研究领域的可能热点趋势。     

西北地区建立节水型社会的对策研究

西北地区是我国水资源最为缺乏的地区之一,水资源短缺和利用不合理已成为该地区经济社会可持续发展的主要障碍。本文通过对西北地区水资源及其利用现状的分析和评价,提出实现该地区水资源可持续利用的关键是建立节水型社会,而建立节水型社会的重点在于建立、健全水资源的行政管理体制、市场运行机制和法制体系;建立科学合理的用水指标体系;大力调整农业产业结构。逐步形成节水型农业种植体系;大力调整工业产业结构。逐步建立节水型的工业体系。     

Agroclimatic study of mountainous regions and its progress in China

In recent years, the agroclimatic investigations have been made at various temporal and spatial scales in moun-tainous and hilly regions, and so have the adaptability tests on the crop ecoclimate. A large quantity of reliable and representative data are obtained. Through the synthetic studies on “bell”, “layer”, “topography” and “ecological-type” in mountainy and hilly regions, climate with agriculture and zonality with non-zonality are closely combined to show the similarities and differences of agroclimatic resources at various layers and with different topography types in mountainy and hilly regions. A general review is given in this paper.     

ENSO and Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in Association with Canadian Wheat Yield Variability

Interannual variations of spring wheat yields in Canadian agricultural regions are analyzed, together with the associated sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the northern hemisphere tropics and extratropics, from 1961 to 2015. The cubic trend is calculated and used to represent the trend related to advances in agricultural technology over this time period. The correlations between Canadian wheat yields at regional scales and the tropical El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability are not robust at any stage of the evolution of ENSO. Based on the power spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis, the most prominent yield variance is found in the Canadian Prairies, with a significant power peak of 4.5 years but does not co-vary significantly with interannual ENSO variability. ENSO weakly affects temperature and precipitation anomalies in the Canadian Prairie Region in summer—two important agroclimatic conditions for crop growth—and hence insignificantly impacts wheat yields. This indicates that there would be little benefit to including tropical ENSO indices in the operational wheat yield forecasting system. For Canadian wheat yield forecasting, attention should be paid to the preceding winter and spring SST anomalies in the northern extratropics. The SST anomalies associated with yields in the Canadian Prairie region and Central Region are generally stronger than those associated with yields in the Canadian Pacific Coast Region and eastern Maritime Region. In association with the Prairie Region and Central Region yields, SST shows pronounced anomalies in the mid-high latitudes of the North Pacific from winter to summer. The non-linearity of the SST anomalies associated with the Canadian yields is also clearly evident. Stronger (weaker) SST anomalies in the extratropical North Pacific correspond to low wheat yields in the Prairie (Central) Region, while weaker (stronger) SST anomalies correspond to high yields in the Prairie (Central) Region.     

应用层次分析法确定朝阳气候资源开发优先级

应用层次分析法确定朝阳市农业气候资源开发优先级，首先选取社会效益和经济效益为目标，建立层次结构，构造判断矩阵，进行层次单排序和总排序，从而确定农业气候资源开发优先级，为有关部门决策提供科学的依据。