中国海区电子潮汐表研究

随着海洋事业的发展,世界各海洋国家越来越重视应用潮汐,特别是电子潮汐表的研究与出版。我国海域辽阔、潮汐变化复杂。无论军事还是经济建设,都需要详细、准确、方便灵活的潮汐保障体系。传统的纸质潮汐表已不能满足现代化航海、作战之需要。本文试图就电子潮汐表的概念、内容与形式、基本原理与方法、基本功能及特点等方面进行研究与探讨,并提出以动态潮汐场作为电子潮汐表的主体的观点。     

山东半岛海洋牧场潮汐特征分析

利用山东半岛15个海洋牧场的水深观测数据,比较了不同资料长度下调和分析结果的差异,并分析了包括调和常数、潮汐类型、潮差和潮汐日不等现象在内的潮汐特征的空间变化。结果显示,主要分潮调和常数估计误差随资料长度的增加逐渐减小,调和常数估计的准确性不断提高。潮汐特征的分析表明:(1)各海洋牧场中M2分潮的振幅最为显著,平均振幅为0.87m。(2)各海洋牧场潮汐类型均为以M2分潮为主导的半日潮潮型,山东半岛东部沿海海洋牧场的潮汐类型为不规则半日潮,东南沿海海洋牧场的潮汐类型则为规则半日潮。(3)各海洋牧场平均潮差与最大可能潮差空间变化趋势相同。平均潮差和最大可能潮差的最大值均出现在日照国美投礁型海洋牧场,分别为3.48m和5.70m;平均潮差和最大可能潮差的最小值出现在荣成烟墩角游钓型海洋牧场,分别为0.82m和2.27m。(4)各海洋牧场潮高不等现象均不显著,威海瑜泰游钓型海洋牧场、威海西港游钓型海洋牧场、威海刘公岛游钓型海洋牧场、荣成成山鸿源投礁型海洋牧场、荣成东楮岛游钓型海洋牧场和荣成鸿泰游钓型海洋牧场的潮时不等现象不显著,其他海洋牧场落潮历时均大于涨潮历时,表现为涨潮主导的特征。     

潮汐测量与验潮技术的发展

潮汐是由各天体作用于地球上的引潮力所产生，不仅海洋中有潮汐，大气圈和地球固体部分也同样存在着潮汐。海道测量中的潮汐测量仅指海洋潮汐测量仅指海洋潮汐测量，潮汐测量的手段很多，主要包括采用水尺；浮子式、引压钟式、声学式、压力式验潮仪验潮。而GPS验潮及潮汐遥感测量等技术研究国内外正在开展。所有这些验潮技术各有自己的特点。     

潮汐调和分析方法的回顾与展望

潮汐作为海洋中最普遍的运动过程,与国民经济建设密切相关。潮汐调和分析作为使用最广泛的潮汐数据分析方法,从1921年至今,已历经100年的发展历程。本文对潮汐调和分析方法100年来的研究与发展进行总结与回顾,并对其未来进行了展望,致敬在潮汐调和分析方法发展及应用历程中有所建树的先贤和前辈。     

开发利用沿海火力电站尾水余能建造尾水潮汐电站

利用海洋潮汐水位差和沿海火力电站的尾水应相结合开发和回收能量的水力电站称尾水潮汐电站。尾水潮汐电站的模式为开发利用海洋潮汐能和节约回收沿海火力电站的尾水余能提供了一条途径。该工程投资省、工期短、效益高。     

新型远距离验潮系统集成设计与研制

我国的海洋活动逐步向远海开展,对海洋观测技术提出了新的要求。基于GNSS的动态后处理差分测量技术,提出了一种新型远距离验潮系统。建立了基于PC104总线的模块化潮汐测量系统硬件,基于LabVIEW语言开发了与验潮系统硬件相匹配的软件,实现了潮汐测量过程中数据采集、数据处理和设备监控等功能。将该系统安装于国内某大型海洋浮标,在离岸约200km的海域开展了潮汐测量实验,通过GNSS数据解算、高程修正、滤波和潮位提取等数据处理步骤得到潮位数据。将系统测量的潮位结果与经典潮汐模型的潮位模拟数据相比,发现二者具有良好的一致性,整体潮位测量精度为4.6cm。     

海洋能开发及其在我国的前景

一、国外海洋能开发的评价和趋向现代文献中海洋能的概念,包括潮汐和潮流、波浪、海流、海洋温差、海洋盐差能等几种。潮汐和潮流源自月球和太阳的引力,其余都源自太阳能。其能量形式:潮汐和潮流、波浪、海流是机械能,海洋温差是     

现代海洋潮汐测量

介绍现代海洋潮汐测量的仪器和方法:压力潮汐测量仪、超声波潮汐计、船载GPS潮汐测量及卫星潮汐遥感。这里简述其构成、特点及基本原理。     

基于后处理载波相位差分GPS技术的验潮浮标

GPS验潮原理已经发展成熟。按照潮汐测量工作的自动化、高精度的要求,根据海洋浮标的实际工作环境和海洋浮标设计经验,利用嵌入式技术和系统集成技术研制了浮标数据采集器,利用机械设计技术设计了浮标体,并进行了精度验证试验和应用试验,采用GAMIT软件处理浮标数据。试验结果表明,该GPS浮标的瞬时海面高测量精度和潮汐测量精度均满足精度要求,可以应用于海洋潮汐测量工作。     

潮汐基准的量级分析与精度估算

海洋基准是大地测量基准在海洋及其他水域的扩展,是大地测量基准的重要组成部分,其中既包含大地测量类的基准,又有潮汐类的基准。潮汐类基准包括平均水位、深度基准和净高基准,它们都具有潮汐基准的特征,在不同国家、海区甚至不同时期的选择往往都不同,因此,这类基准存在着离散、跳变、不连续等诸多问题,且缺乏精度信息。海洋无缝垂直基准体系的建立与完善需要了解各种基准及其特点,本文在定义和数据来源的基础上对各类潮汐基准的量级进行分析并估算其精度。     

机械式海流计的电子电路设计与研发

目前业内普遍使用的机械式海流计功耗大,连续工作时间短,姿态测量精度较低,体积较大,存储容量较小,维护复杂,在需要长时间进行海洋观测使用时十分不便。针对这一实际问题,为提高海流计的性能,设计以STM32f103ZE处理器为核心,运用现代锂离子电池技术,存储技术,传感器技术,无线充电技术,无线通信技术,对机械式海流计电子电路进行了重新设计。样机测试结果表明:该设计功耗低,流向精度高,维护简单且可长时间在水下稳定工作,完全满足各种海洋作业中海流测量需求,具有很大的实用价值。     

Mechanical test study on corroded marine high performance steel under cyclic loading

It is inevitable that marine structures suffer from corrosion and extreme cyclic loading. In order to study the influence of corrosion damage and cumulative fatigue damage on mechanical properties of marine steel, high performance steel NV-D36 was analyzed under electrochemical corrosion and cyclic loading. It was found that corrosion damage can reduce the elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate stress and ultimate strain of steel NV-D36. And it was also found that cumulative fatigue damage will increase the ultimate stress of steel NV-D36 and reduce the ultimate strain of steel NV-D36. The effect of double damage on mechanical properties of steel NV-D36 was coupled with these two kinds of damage. The Chaboche model parameters calibrated under incremental cyclic loading scheme can exactly describe the stiffness and peak stress of steel NV-D36.     

Undrained monotonic shear behavior of marine soft clay after long-term cyclic loading

Abstract

In the coastal area, nearshore and offshore structures have been or will be built in marine soft clay deposits that have experienced long-term cyclic loads. Therefore, the mechanical behavior of marine clay after long-term cyclic loading needs to be investigated. In this research, a series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were carried out to investigate the postcyclic mechanical behavior of the marine soft clay. The postcyclic water pore pressure, shear strength and secant stiffness are discussed by comparing the results with the standard monotonic test (without cyclic loading). It is very interesting that the postcyclic behavior of marine soft clay specimen is similar to the behavior of overconsolidated specimen, that is, the specimen shows apparent overconsolidation behavior after long-term cyclic loading. Then relationship between the overconsolidation ratio and the apparent overconsolidation ratio is established on the basis of the theory of equivalent overconsolidation. Finally, a validation formula is proposed which can predict the postcyclic undrained shear strength of marine soft clay.     

中国海洋仪器设备研究发展的历史回顾

本文对中国海洋仪器设备研究发展历史的基本情况和主要成就进行了较全面的介绍。     

海底土性原位测试影响因素分析

对莺歌海海区的柱状样品的室内物理力学试验和现场原位测试结果进行对比研究，进行抗剪强度测试结果与采样深度、水深等指标的相关分析，指出原位测试结果的影响因素有取样深度、水深、剪切速率等，提出原位测试结果校正的几点建议。为原位测试结果的进一步应用作出了有意义的探讨。     

Enhancing the mechanical properties of marine clay using cement solidification

Abstract

The use of soft clay and dredged marine clays as the construction material is challenging. This is because the high water content, high compressibility and low permeability of the clay causing the instability of ground and structure. This detrimental effect of soft clay can be improved by the cement solidification process, which is relatively cheap and efficient. This paper mainly focuses on the study of improvement on the mechanical behavior of cement mixed marine clay. The soil is reconstituted by using ordinary Portland cement of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by its mass. The study reveals that cementation of clay significantly improves the peak and residual strength of soil. Similarly, the primary yield stress of the soil is also improved from 16 to 275?kPa as cement content increases from 5% to 20%, respectively. By using statistical tools, the relationships between various parameters are established, which are very important to define the mechanical behavior of the clay. This study reveals that the yield surface of the solidified marine clay is not a smooth elliptical surface. Rather it is composed of two linear surfaces followed by a log-linear surface which can be modeled by using simple parameters obtained from triaxial tests.     

On the use of Atterberg limits on marine soils

Abstract

On the basis of the Atterberg indexes of various sediments collected in the Mediterranean Sea, we select two major parameters indicative of the mechanical behavior of marine soils: the sedimentary facies (i.e., mechanism of deposition expressed by silt content) and the clay mineral association characterized by smectite content in the fraction finer than 2 μm. Activity and real thixotropic ability appear to be particularly important parameters in marine engineering; better values are obtained by a double test operation in distilled and marine water.     

双台子河口浅海相粉土承载力特征

双台子河口浅海相地层以粉土受物质组成、沉积环境影响,垂向上物理力学性质复杂多变,对海洋工程尤其是海洋钻井平台的安全存在显著影响.本研究以双台子河口-工程地质钻孔为例,结合海洋钻井平台实际插桩结果,对粉土层的桩基承载力特征进行了分析讨论,认为粉土层的力学性质差异是由于海平面阶梯状上升所导致,其力学参数选取应参考含水量、空...     

Time-Dependent Deformation Behavior of Jiangsu Marine Clay

In this article, the mechanical behavior of a Jiangsu marine clay was investigated by drained triaxial tests, traixial rheological tests, and one-dimensional compression and swelling tests. A visco-plastic model, the Bingham model combining two yield surfaces model, was proposed to describe the time-dependent deformation behaviors of the marine clay. The governing equation of Biot's consolidation theory for the visco-plastic soil is solved using a finite element code which incorporates the visco-plastic model. Using the finite element method, settlements of a typical embankment on the Lianxu expressway in China are calculated. Settlement calculations using the visco-plastic model are in agreement with the measured settlements in the field. The results demonstrate that the visco-plastic model is appropriate for calculating the visco-plastic deformations of Jiangsu marine clay. Theoretical and experimental studies show that the visco-plastic deformation of Jiangsu marine clay is substantial.     

海洋牧场建设对生态旅游的影响研究——以三亚蜈支洲岛旅游区为例

建设海洋牧场能修复海洋生态环境、恢复海洋渔业资源,更好地促进海洋渔业的可持续发展。我国于20世纪70年代开始了海洋牧场的建设,并已经取得很大成绩,国内众多学者对海洋牧场的研究也取得了较多的成果。三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场是热带海岛休闲旅游型海洋牧场,通过对三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场的研究发现,海洋牧场的建设给旅游区带来了显著的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益,海洋牧场建设对生态旅游的开展具有明显的促进作用。