论全球性中-新生代陆内造山作用与造山带

对不同类型造山作用与造山带的深入剖析,在现代地学研究中占有重要的位置。迄今对造山带类型划分以及陆内（ 板内） 造山带是否存在及其形成机制问题,尚有不同认识。文章在阐明造山带分类准则的基础上,将全球性中－ 新生代造山带划分为陆缘型、陆间型与陆内型三大类。对陆内造山带则划分出发育在前寒武纪古克拉通基础上、发育在前中生代陆缘、陆间造山带基础上两种类型。文内还对全球性中－ 新生代陆内造山作用与造山带的展布特点、形成机制及其大陆动力学意义进行概括论述     

滇西造山带的形成与演化

本文以我国云南西部（红河－金沙江以西）新生代陆内造山带（滇西造山带）为例，探讨陆内新生代造山带的演化过程。提出：滇西造山带是经过挤压对冲、夷平、隆升与裂解作用的过程才完成的；在我国现有的造山带中，包括天山、祁连山、秦岭－大别山、太行山和燕山等，绝大多数是新生代的造山带，其形成与演化的过程是滇西造山带基本相同。     

大陆造山带盆-山转换的类型及阶段──以秦岭造山带为例

盆 山转换是造山带研究中重要的内容。从秦岭和中国西部造山带实际中总结出来的盆 山转换的三种类型、三个阶段,对正确认识秦岭和中国大陆造山带的发展和演化有重要的作用,特别是盆 山转换的第二、第三阶段的提出,有助于重新认识秦岭乃至全球陆内造山带的特征和演化规律,有重要的理论和实际意义。按盆地的属性与造山带之间的转换可以分为三种类型及三个阶段：中－ 新元古代洋壳或过渡性洋壳盆地与造山带之间的转换,形成古秦岭造山带和古中国板块（ 或地台） ;古生代－ 三叠纪板内（ 或地台） 海相沉积盆地与造山带之间的转换形成中秦岭造山带和联合古陆（ 或中国板块） ;印支期以来陆相沉积盆地与造山带之间的转换,形成新秦岭造山带和中国板块（ 或地台） 的裂解。按造山带与沉积盆地之间的结构特征,可以分为造山带与沉积盆地走向基本一致的第Ⅰ类型造山带,造山带与沉积盆地走向不一致,甚至相互垂直的第Ⅱ类型造山带,以及深层构造岩片抽拉 逆冲推覆、叠加在陆相沉积盆地之上的第Ⅲ类型造山带。开合律不是造山带形成与演化的普遍规律     

西南三江地区造山演化过程及成矿时空分布

三江地区单凭“一次造山”是难以圆满解释的。本文试以“多次造山”多期成矿”的思路作出合理说明。晚古生代－中生代早期多岛海造山阶段,羌塘弧、江达弧和临沧弧应为前锋弧,其后由一系列弧后盆地和岛弧或残余弧（或微大陆）组成。中生代中－晚期为陆内俯冲造山阶段,推测金沙江带、哀牢山带和龙门山－锦屏山带为俯冲主边界,从而形成本区燕山期重熔型花岗岩带,控制相应矿产的分布特征。新生代陆内转换造山阶段,造成特征的构造－岩浆－成矿带,具有生成大型或超大型矿床的潜力。     

西南三江地区造山演化过程及成矿时空分布

三江地区单凭“一次造山”是难以圆满解释的,在此试以“多次造山”和“多期成矿”的思路作出合理的说明。晚古生代－中生代早期为多岛海造山阶段,羌塘弧、江达弧和临沧弧应为前锋弧,其后由一系列弧 后盆地和岛弧或残余弧（微大陆）组成。中生代中一晚期为陆内俯冲造山阶段,推测金沙江带、哀牢山带和龙门山－锦屏山带为俯冲主边界,从而形成该区燕山期重熔型花岗岩带,并控制相应矿产的分布特性。新生代陆内转换造山阶段造成具特征的构造－岩浆－成矿带,具有生成大型或超大型矿床的潜力。     

大陆造山带沉积地质学研究中的几个问题

大陆造山带一直是地质科学研究的中心议题之一，在开展大陆造山带的形成与演化研究过程中首先遇到的是地层问题。由于造山带地层构成因素复杂，不能简单地使用Ｓｍｉｔｈ地层原理和法则所建立的地层学的一般工作方法，而应当使用一套新的实用于造山带的地层工作方法和原理。笔者将造山带地层划分为四种类型：（１）沉积－地层体型：沉积地层基本上呈连续的和相互叠加的，并在侧向延伸上基本连续；（２）构造－地层体型：沉积地层遭受较强烈的褶皱和冲断作用，层状岩石保持相对的独立性和完整性，构造－地层体之间多为断层接触；（３）构造－岩石体型：地层遭受强烈的褶皱和剪切作用，层状岩石的叠置和侧向连续性被破坏，仅呈断续的连接；（４）构造－混杂岩体型：沉积地层被完全破碎、混合。造山带与盆地是地球动力学作用下的统一的相互密切联系的两个方面，造山带可看作为沉积盆地演化的最终产物，深入研究沉积盆地，有助于解决造山带结构与造山作用过程研究中所遇到的一些难题。     

欧亚大陆中新生代产铀沉积盆地的成矿作用

位于欧亚大陆地台盖层的山间盆地和洼地构造中的产铀沉积盆地控制着砂岩型铀矿床的分布。铀矿床呈带状分布在5个矿带中。在碰撞造山带发育地区的构造沉积型的产铀盆地呈东西向断续分布，延伸达10000km，其特征是剖面呈双层结构。剖面的下部（Pz-Mz)由陆源碎屑、含煤及碳酸盐沉积构成；剖面的上部（N－Q）为无矿的磨拉石。在这些盆地中找到了大、中、小型砂岩铀矿床。在碰撞造山带和地台构造带的边界上坐落着东西向的次造山带，产铀的沉积盆地在其中呈结点状分布。这些产铀沉积盆地位于中间地块（捷克地块、法国中央地块等）和年轻地台的活化部分（中央克兹尔库姆、楚－萨雷苏等），具有近造山自流水盆地的活跃水动力学特征，并在其中产出大、中和超大型卷状铀矿床。北带的俄罗斯地台盖层中划分出构造－岩石型沉积盆地，其中至今只找到主要是产于建造内型河谷中的中、小型铀矿床；在年轻的西西伯利亚地台南缘有－由构造－岩石型沉积盆地构成的、产于底部古河谷中的大、中、小型中生代铀矿床；在欧亚大陆东部贝加尔－戈壁带的范围内产铀沉积盆地既可产于碰撞造山区，也可产于古老地台的活化部分，通常在空间上与反映热缕作用的新生代火山作用区关系密切。     

西秦岭造山带泥盆纪沉积地质学和动力沉积学研究:古地理、地层层序及构造演化

晚加里东到早海西期，西秦岭北带存在一较大规模的造山带，泥盆纪的古地形呈北高南低的特征。持续的海侵由南向北侵进、中泥盆世由于北秦岭造山带的向南仰冲，形成同造山的前陆拗陷盆地。南秦岭裂陷槽是早古生代小洋盆的残余海槽。西秦岭造山带泥盆纪的地层层序分为海平面变化控制型层序（ＳＣ型）、基底构造控制型层序（ＴＣ型）和复合型层序（ＳＴＣ型）三种类型。ＳＣ型层序发育于中秦岭微板块的小型克拉通盆地，ＴＣ型层序发育于同造山盆地和相邻的前隆（反弹）带，ＳＴＣ型层序是造山作用和造山过程的沉积响应。秦岭造山带加里东－早海西期碰撞－造山作用过程较为复杂，北秦岭造山带是由秦岭微板块与华北板块斜向和不规则边缘碰撞形成的，是一个发育不成熟和不均一的造山带，碰撞和造山由西向东，造山作用在西秦岭表现显著；南秦岭洋盆的闭合是秦岭微板块和扬子板块的斜向碰撞形成的，具闭合不碰撞和碰撞不造山的特征，闭合和碰撞由东向西。晚海西－印支期，秦岭进入再生盆地发育阶段。再生盆地于印支－燕山期闭合并造山。     

祁连山地区大地构造演化及其性质特征

祁连山地区大地构造演化历经了元古代至早古生代的地槽阶段、晚古生代的地台阶段和中、新生代的地洼阶段。地槽阶段元古代为陆块奠基、成长和扩展时期，早古生代为洋壳化板缘构造活动和陆间碰撞构造作用时期。地台阶段大型沉积盆地发育。地洼阶段以陆内造山－造盆作用和块断推覆构造活动为特征。祁连山地区遭受了三次不同性质的造山作用：元古代未托莱运动的陆块挤压褶皱造山作用、加里东晚期祁连运动的陆间碰撞造山作用和中、新生代的陆内块断造山作用。由上，祁连山及其邻区的构造单位由北至南划分如下：（１）走廊地洼；（２）北祁连地穹；（３）中祁连洼陷；（４）南祁连地穹；（５）柴达木地洼。     

准噶尔盆地结构及其圈闭类型

准噶尔盆地是复合叠加前陆盆地 ,其原型分别形成于板块俯冲、碰撞、造山带后期复活、拗拉槽回返和板内皱陷作用有关的大地构造环境。其古生代盆地的形成与相邻的阿尔泰山和东、西准噶尔山、天山及博格达山的造山作用相关。中新生代盆地的形成和改造与其南部特提斯域板块俯冲碰撞造山引起的盆地相邻造山带的复活有关。相邻造山带时空上不均一的造山作用对盆地的影响不同 ,形成了盆地独特的结构。各坳陷均由与其形成有关的造山带前缘冲断带、陡坡带、山前凹陷、缓坡带和前隆及前缘皱陷等构成 ,前隆之间的叠加构成了盆地的大型隆起 ,皱陷叠加构成了盆地的中央坳陷。不同类型的圈闭在坳陷中有规律地分布着     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)