Least squares spectral analysis and its application to superconducting gravimeter data analysis

Detection of a periodic signal hidden in noise is the goal of Superconducting Gravimeter (SG) data analysis. Due to spikes, gaps, datum shrifts (offsets) and other disturbances, the traditional FFT method shows inherent limitations. Instead, the least squares spectral analysis (LSSA) has showed itself more suitable than Fourier analysis of gappy, unequally spaced and unequally weighted data series in a variety of applications in geodesy and geophysics. This paper reviews the principle of LSSA and gives a possible strategy for the analysis of time series obtained from the Canadian Superconducting Gravimeter Installation (CGSD), with gaps, offsets, unequal sampling decimation of the data and unequally weighted data points.     

最小二乘谱及其在超导重力观测数据分析中的应用

运用投影理论和基于向量空间中最小二乘平差原理,介绍了最小二乘谱分析方法,给出了最小二乘谱的计算公式。利用加拿大超导重力观测数据实例,讨论了最小二乘谱分析的策略和步骤。     

Generalized penalized least squares and its statistical characteristics

The solution properties of semiparametric model are analyzed, especially that penalized least squares for semiparametric model will be invalid when the matrixBTPB is ill-posed or singular. According to the principle of ridge estimate for linear parametric model, generalized penalized least squares for semiparametric model are put forward, and some formulae and statistical properties of estimates are derived. Finally according to simulation examples some helpful conclusions are drawn.     

Generalized penalized least squares and its statistical characteristics

IntroductionThe semiparametric models is composed of lin-ear parametric model and nonparameter (or non-parametric signal) ,so the model does not haveonly one solution on the least squares conditionVTPV=min,the normal equations is singular[1].In order to g…     

Kriging方法结合最小二乘配置在GPS高程拟合中的应用

本文利用Kriging方法结合最小二乘配置将GPS高程转换成正常高.研究了将Kriging方法中的变异函数用于计算最小二乘配置中的协方差的方法,并对一局部GPS水准网的高程作了拟合计算.通过将最小二乘配置法与平面拟合模型和多面函数拟合模型等进行比较,其外符合精度从最大的±0.0277m提高到±0.0162m.     

部分最小二乘平差方法及在粗差定值与定位中的应用

部分最小二乘平差是把观测值按照是否含有粗差分成两组 ,对不含粗差的那一组实施最小二乘平差。本文推导了在相关观测条件下的最小二乘原理 ,对这种平差方法的一些估计量的统计性质进行了简单分析 ,结果表明 ,这种方法能够用于粗差估算。本文还详细叙述了用这种方法进行粗差的定值定位的过程 ,即首先根据单位权中误差进行分组 ,然后实施部分最小二乘平差 ,估算粗差的大小。算例表明这种方法的有效性     

基于最小二乘拟合模型和PCA变换的影像融合

针对传统的PCA变换融合法,利用高空间分辨率影像与多光谱影像的线性相关特性,提出了一种基于最小二乘模型和PCA变换的影像融合方法,采用偏差指数、相关系数和信息熵三个指标,对融合结果进行了定量评价。试验结果表明,在提高了多光谱影像空间分辨率的同时,更好地保留了多光谱影像的光谱信息。     

Estimation of green grass/herb biomass from airborne hyperspectral imagery using spectral indices and partial least squares regression

The main objective was to determine whether partial least squares (PLS) regression improves grass/herb biomass estimation when compared with hyperspectral indices, that is normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and red-edge position (REP). To achieve this objective, fresh green grass/herb biomass and airborne images (HyMap) were collected in the Majella National Park, Italy in the summer of 2005. The predictive performances of hyperspectral indices and PLS regression models were then determined and compared using calibration (n = 30) and test (n = 12) data sets. The regression model derived from NDVI computed from bands at 740 and 771 nm produced a lower standard error of prediction (SEP = 264 g m⁻²) on the test data compared with the standard NDVI involving bands at 665 and 801 nm (SEP = 331 g m⁻²), but comparable results with REPs determined by various methods (SEP = 261 to 295 g m⁻²). PLS regression models based on original, derivative and continuum-removed spectra produced lower prediction errors (SEP = 149 to 256 g m⁻²) compared with NDVI and REP models. The lowest prediction error (SEP = 149 g m⁻², 19% of mean) was obtained with PLS regression involving continuum-removed bands. In conclusion, PLS regression based on airborne hyperspectral imagery provides a better alternative to univariate regression involving hyperspectral indices for grass/herb biomass estimation in the Majella National Park.     

低阶修正的Hotine截断核函数的频谱分析与应用

传统截断核函数存在谱泄露问题,且实测数据在移去恢复频段的利用率低。本文以Hotine核函数为例引入了一种高低阶均修正的截断核函数,在其基础上进一步提出了仅低阶修正的截断核函数,具体包含余弦修正和线型修正两种类型。修正核函数能够有效地控制截断核函数存在的谱泄露问题,并且增大了实测数据在修正频段对高程异常的贡献率。试验结果表明,当低阶修正带宽一定时,低阶修正核函数计算的似大地水准面精度优于传统截断核函数计算的似大地水准面精度,并且与高低阶均修正的核函数的解算精度相当。但在计算效率上,低阶修正核函数明显优于高低阶均修正的核函数。本文的试验证实了在基于Helmert第二压缩法的边值问题(Stokes-Helmert或Hotine-Helmert边值问题)中低阶修正核函数是一种比较有效的核函数。     

模拟退火法及其在抗差估计中的应用

抗差估计结果的好坏与初值的选取密切相关。当迭代初值偏离较大时,ρ函数不是严凸时,采取的选权迭代法往往不能获得全局最优值,而只能得到局部的最优解。本文提出一种新的抗差估计求解过程,即把它看作是关于未知参数的全局最优化问题,应用模拟退火法进行求解。计算结果表明:相对于传统的选权迭代法,模拟退火法对初值的选取不敏感,能给出全局最优值。     

空间数据挖掘的方法进展及其问题分析

本文主要就空间数据挖掘方法和空间数据挖掘存在的问题这两方面进行了研究。采用归纳和总结的方法,研究了每种空间数据挖掘方法的特点和使用范围,指出目前空间数据挖掘方法的局限性,就目前空间数据挖掘存在的问题进行了深入的研究。得出空间数据挖掘是一个非常年轻而富有前景的研究领域,目前只是取得了一定的初步成果,仍有大量的理论与方法需要深入研究。最后本文就空间数据挖掘的今后发展方向进行了研究和归纳。     

基于主成分分析的ENVISAT ASAR数据在福建省漳州市香蕉园地提取中的应用(英文)

Banana is one of the main economic agrotypes in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province. The multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR data with different polarization are used to classify the banana fields in this paper. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for six pairs of ASAR dual-polarization data. For its large leaves, banana has high backscatter. So the value of banana fields is high and shows very bright in the 1st component, which makes it much easier for banana fields extraction. Dual-polarization data provide more information, and the VV and VH backscatter of banana show different characters with other land covers. Based on the analysis of the radar signature of banana fields and other land covers and the 1st component, banana fields are classified using object-oriented classifier. Compared to the field survey data and ASTER data, the accuracy of banana fields in the study area is 83.5%. It shows that the principal component analysis provides the useful information in SAR images analysis and makes the extraction of banana fields easier. Supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET-05-0573), Fujian Science and Technology Project (No.2006I0018), the Science Project of the Education Department of Fujian Province(No. 2006F5022).     

地面LiDAR技术与移动最小二乘法在三维建模中的应用

地面LiDAR不仅能够快速获得建筑物表面精确三维坐标点云信息,并且利用自身所携带的相机同时采集建筑物的影像信息,这使得地面LiDAR在城市三维建模与古建筑精细模型制作中得到广泛应用.然而地面LiDAR采集的点云数据巨大,离散点之间没有关系,这给建模带来了困难.本文通过将地面LiDAR数据进行预处理得到建筑物点云数据,再通过移动最小二乘法来拟合建筑面构建建筑物模型,实验证明移动最小二乘法拟合得到的建筑物模型光滑准确,能够将建筑物的细节信息表达出来.     

城市地理空间数据集成应用探讨

城市地理空间数据是表达城市地理要素的数量、质量、分布特征、相互关系、变化规律的位置信息和属性信息。分析城市地理空间数据的组成结构、组织管理、集成利用,并将这些数据有效应用于城市地理信息系统建设之中,将在城市信息化道路上起到举足轻重的作用。该文以开发的"兰州市城关区地理信息集成系统"为例,重点阐述了城市地理空间数据的构成与获取方式,研究了城市地理空间数据与业务部门数据的集成方法,并对城市地理空间数据在晕渲图制作、三维景观生成、数据可视化等主要应用上进行了分析和探讨。     

超导重力数据检测到的2011年日本东北大地震(Mw 9.0)震前重力异常及同震重力变化

高精度的超导重力数据已广泛应用于地球动力学的研究,对大地震前重力异常和同震重力变化的探测有助于震源机制和地震预警的研究,同时高精度的同震观测数据可用于断层滑动模型的反演。本文利用日本、中国及欧洲7个超导台站2011年3月的秒采样数据研究日本东北大地震（M_w 9.0）产生的重力变化,经潮汐、气压、漂移等预处理改正后,得到改正后的重力变化。对比同时段日本岛附近发生的2861次M_b≥4级地震,分析滤波后的重力变化数据,排除非主震的影响,发现0.12 Hz≤f≤0.18 Hz频段显示了明显的震前重力异常扰动信息,所有台站在震前89 h均开始出现重力异常扰动,Medicina站的震前最大异常扰动振幅达到28×10^-8 m/s²。另外,利用球形位错理论及地震的CMT解计算得到的地表同震重力变化理论值与超导重力观测值非常接近,同震重力变化绝对值与震中距成反比,近场站点的观测值比远场站点更接近于理论计算值,前者可作为断层反演的约束条件。     

QTPV data model and algorithm and its application to geological exploration engineering

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted in different domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPV definition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregular natural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. The proposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topological relationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed in detail. Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineering according to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane is discussed. Using VC++ 6.0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphic library under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experiment result shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering.     

QTPV Data Model and Algorithm and Its Application to Geological Exploration Engineering

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted in different domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPV definition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregular natural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. The proposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topological relationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed in detail Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineering according to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane is discussed. Using VC 6.0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphic library under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experiment result shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering.     

Application of partial least squares regression and WetSpa model to determine factors controlling sediment yield in Chardavol watershed,Iran

This paper examines the effects of watershed complexity in terms of physiography and land use on the specific sediment yield of the Chardavol watershed (1012.946 km²) in Iran. First, specific sediment yield was simulated using spatially distributed hydrological WetSpa model, then the influential factors such as morphometric variables, land-use composition and pattern and soil properties of the watershed were calculated at the sub-watershed scale. Due to the inter-reliant of these watershed characteristics, a partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to illustrate the relationship between the specific sediment yield and data of 15 selected watershed characteristics. The results showed that the land-use composition and soil properties had the maximum effects on the specific sediment yield and clarified 79% of the variation in the specific sediment yield. Regarding the availability of digital spatial database over the watershed, this simple PLSR procedure could be applied in different watersheds.     

小波分析技术在GPS动态测量数据处理中的应用

目前,小波分析技术已经广泛应用于数据处理、图象处理、语音识别与合成、天体识别,机器视觉、故障诊断与监控等诸多科技领域。在GPS动态测量中,由于在数据的采集和处理过程中存在一些偶然性的误差,这些误差会在一定程度影响测量结果的精度。因此,怎样有效地剔除这些误差以提高测量的精度和可靠性就成为一个不可回避的问题。针对这个问题,本文基于动态测量平台用两台NovAtel DL-4 plus GPS接收机设计了双动态测量实验。利用GrafMov数据处理软件对采集的GPS数据进行了解算,对解算的结果利用小波分析技术进行了降噪处理,求得了其噪声信号分布和特性,并对该噪声对测量结果的影响进行了评估分析。     

小波与奇异谱分析在地铁保护区监测数据处理中的应用

以南京市地铁沉降监测数据为例,将小波分析和奇异谱分析方法应用在地铁保护区监测数据的处理中。实验证明本方法在探测异常值、获取沉降变形趋势、变形周期等方面具有可行性。