东海泥质和砂质沉积区悬浮物垂向分布的季节变化特征

9404,9410 ,9702及98074个航次对东海泥质和砂质沉积区总悬浮颗粒物的季节调查显示由于冷涡区海水的底层幅聚作用使得位于冷涡中心的111站悬浮物含量高且集中在底层 ;111站海水中悬浮物含量冬、春季高 ,夏、秋季低 ,而410站则是春、夏高 ,秋、冬低。东海悬浮物的垂向分布可归纳为4类 :上低下高型 ,上高中低下高型 ,上低中高下低型及均匀型     

东海泥质和砂质沉积区悬乳物垂向分布的季节文化特征

9404，9410，9702及98074个航次东海泥质和砂质沉积区总悬浮颗粒物的季节调查显示由于冷涡区海水的底层幅聚作用使得位于冷涡中心的111站悬浮物含量高且集中在成层，111站海水中悬浮物含量冬，春季高，夏，秋，秋季低，而410站则是春，夏高，秋，冬低，东海悬浮物的垂向分布可归纳为4类：上低下高型，上高中低下高型，上低中高下低型及均匀型。     

渤海海峡沉积物输运的参数化计算

本文以2018年冬季渤海海峡两个站位的定点连续观测数据为基础,使用一维参数化方案,计算了观测站位底边界层内的水平悬浮物输运通量以及推移质输运量。在参数化方案中,简化的一维对流扩散方程被用于计算底边界层内的垂向悬浮物浓度。为了验证参数化方案的可靠性,本文基于观测数据对比了两种底剪切应力计算模型、四种临界起动剪切应力计算方法和两种一维对流扩散方程解法。对比结果表明:(1)不同模型计算的底剪切应力结果相近;(2)临界起动剪切应力受到颗粒间黏性作用的影响;(3)一维对流扩散方程的求解过程需要考虑沉积物浓度的分层效应和不同粒级颗粒临界起动剪切应力的差异。基于上述对比结果确定的最优参数化方案,进一步计算了观测站位的沉积物输运量:(1)在有再悬浮的时段,距底5 m内的水平悬浮物通量占全水深悬浮物通量的比例(T01站约为21%,T02站约为17%)显著高于相同层位水通量的占比;(2)依据参数化方案估算的冬季平均的悬浮物通量比忽略底边界层悬浮物浓度垂向变化的传统方法结果高约16%;(3)推移质输运量比悬移质输运量约低两个数量级。     

夏、冬两季长江口及邻近海域悬浮物的分布特征及其沉积量

利用2001年7～8月 ,2002年1月两个航次的悬浮物浓度资料 ,并参考其它水文参数 ,简要分析长江口及邻近海域悬浮物的分布特征 :无论夏季还是冬季 ,长江入海悬浮物总是向东南方输运 ;冬季由于再悬浮作用显著 ,悬浮物浓度明显高于夏季 ,且南北分布范围也明显增大 ,垂向分布均匀。同时采用数值模拟的海流流速值和观测的悬浮物浓度值计算悬浮物的断面通量 ,并最终得计算区悬浮物夏、冬两季的沉积量 ,夏、冬季长江口及邻近海域悬浮物的沉积量分别为0.79×108t,1.44×108t。     

2006年夏季珠江口外海域船基海气通量观测资料质量评估

2006年夏季在珠江口外海域进行了143个站位的海气通量船基观测.设计了一个剔除船速的滤波器及资料处理程序,对观测资料进行了处理.通过对垂向观测风速的平均值、湍流功率谱、观测通量值的计算,得出该次观测方法是不可取的.设备安置在船舷外,气流绕过船体时形成上升气流并干扰了湍流场,测得的垂向平均风速不为零,一般存在0.2-1.0m·s-1的垂向平均风速,无量纲湍流功率谱在惯性次区不符合f-2/3次律,通过涡动相关法计算的动量通量远大于块体动力学公式的计算结果.今后的船基通量观测需要选取好设备安装位置及安装高度.     

晋江海域海水淡化排海盐度场三维数值模拟

本文运用MIKE3数值模拟软件,建立了晋江海域海水淡化排海三维温、盐扩散模型,模拟了不同潮期、潮时盐度的水平和垂直方向扩散情况。结果表明,浓海水排海后盐度分布受水位和流速的影响,水位越高、流速越大,稀释和扩散作用越明显,在垂向上的扩散距离越小。规模20万t/d海水淡化工程浓海水排放对附近海域盐升的水平影响在几百米范围内,垂向影响在3 m以内,且随着水位和流速的增加在水平和垂向上能够较快稀释扩散,在附近不存在环境敏感区的情况下,不会对海洋环境造成显著影响。     

椒江河口春季悬沙输运特征及通量机制研究

通过分析2016年3月椒江河口两个定点站位的潮周期水文泥沙观测数据,研究了椒江河口春季悬沙输运特征及通量机制。结果表明,河口内侧站位潮流速大于外侧站位值,两站位垂线平均悬沙浓度分别为0.3~5.8kg/m~3和0.3~1.0kg/m~3。悬沙通量机制分解表明,内侧站以向海的潮泵输沙效应最显著,对单宽输沙量绝对值贡献率为43.9%,其次是向陆的平流和垂向净环流输沙,综合作用下悬沙向陆净输移0.39kg/(m·s);外侧站位以向海的平流输沙为主导作用,贡献率为72.6%,悬沙向海净输移0.10kg/(m·s)。小波分析和频谱分析表明,含沙量、输沙率及流速三者之间存在不同的响应关系,内侧站输沙率主要受流速的影响,而外侧站位则主要受控于悬沙浓度变化。     

钱塘江涌潮流速研究

涌潮流速是涌潮的重要特征,一直深受涌潮研究者的关注。21世纪以来,随着声学剖面流速仪的使用,涌潮流速观测有了突破性的进展。本文收集了2003年以来9次钱塘江涌潮流速观测资料,结合理论分析和数值模型计算成果,分析了影响涌潮流速的因素、涌潮流速时空分布规律。结果表明:影响涌潮流速的微观因素主要有涌潮高度和陡度、潮前流速和潮前水深、风速风向等;在涌潮河段,最大流速即为最大涌潮流速,与当地潮差呈良好的正相关关系;在弯道段,涌潮流速在弯道凸岸大于凹岸;涌潮到达后流速从落潮迅速转化为涨潮,没有明显的憇流现象,且涨潮流速过程存在多峰现象;涌潮垂向流速基本上比纵向流速小1个量级,在涌潮时段垂向流速相对较大。     

基于原位观测的黄河水下三角洲悬浮物浓度叠加锯齿模型

利用海底原位三脚架搭载水动力观测仪器,在黄河水下三角洲进行了为期134天的原位观测,获取了该海域波浪、潮汐、海流、海水温度、浊度等相关数据。并利用观测点海域的表层沉积物进行室内测试,发现该海域表层沉积物以粉砂为主,悬浮物浓度与海水浊度存在良好的线性关系,底层(距离海床约50cm处)悬浮物浓度在2~4g/L范围内变化。切应力计算结果与原位观测结果表明,强浪过程中波浪对泥沙起动起控制作用,进而显著提高悬浮物浓度;其余时间段,海流控制泥沙起动,悬浮物浓度随流速动态波动。该海域悬浮物浓度表现为叠加锯齿模型。因波浪作用而形成大锯齿,因海流作用而形成小锯齿。切应力计算结果可以较好地解释该模型。     

长江口徐六泾洪季水沙特性观测研究

2001年7月，在长江口徐六泾对流速、流向和悬浮泥沙浓度进行了大小潮定点观测。观测数据分析表明徐六泾处大潮流速及其变化远大于小潮流速。大潮悬沙浓度大于小潮悬沙浓度。由于径流的影响，落潮期间垂向速度梯度比涨潮期间大，落潮垂向切变增强，使落潮期间悬沙浓度的变化幅度大于涨潮期间的泥沙变化幅度，同时存在泥沙浓度峰值滞后于流速峰值的现象。     

一个深海定常风生流模式

基于一定的实测资料,假定了深海垂直湍流系数的垂直分布。此基础上,从简化的动量方程中求得了定常风生流流速解,其主要结果是:(1)在中等海况下,表层风生流的右偏角约为24°;(2)对于弱海况,表层流大小与海面风速几乎成线性关系,而在高海况下要缓慢得多;(3)强海况下,有明显的逆风流,而在弱海况下,几乎不存在逆风流。     

南沙海域上层海水碳垂直通量的初步研究

根据１９９０年５－６月在南沙海域４个站点投放颗粒物捕集器采集样品的分析结果，计算了该海域上层海水碳垂直通量。结果表明：（１）南沙海域上层海水颗粒有机碳总生成量为２９８ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ），其中３５％分解参与再循环，６５％以颗粒形式离开真光层向下输送；（２）颗粒有机碳向下通量为１９３ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。总溶解无机碳穿过跃层向上垂直通量为３６００ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ），真光层颗粒无机碳向下通量为２７ｍ     

渤海中部海底泥温铅直分布特征以及与水温的关系

于１９９１年８月－１９９２年５月对渤海两个测点水温和泥温进行观测，对泥温的铅直分布特征、季节变化以及与水温间的关系进行初步探讨。结果表明，泥温（指０－２ｍ）的变化是由海水热含量的变化引起的，而后者又与太阳辐射有直接关系；泥温的变化幅度和位相一民水温和水深有密切关系。泥温几乎无日变化，但有明显的季节变化，其变化幅度远小于水温，且随深度的增加迅速减小；与水温比较，泥温变化相位随深度增加依次滞后，至２ｍ     

两种涡鞭毛藻的周日垂直迁移特性研究

Ａｌｅｘａｎｄｒｉｕｍ ｌｕｓｉｔａｎｉｃｕｍ于１９８７年采自葡萄牙沿海，Ｙ－１００于１９８９年采自德国湾。在暗室中用一根柱长１５０ｃｍ，内径３．４ｃｍ的玻璃柱对两种涡鞭毛藻的垂直行特性进行研究。结果表明，两种藻均进行有规律的周日垂直迁移，且均在始前２ｈ开始向上迁移，光照结束前３ｈ开始向移速度约为２８０μｍ／ｓ，向下约为１４０μｍ／ｓ向下约为８５０μｍ／ｓ；Ｙ－１００向上迁移速度约为２８０μｍ／ｓ     

Variation in vertical stress in the Baram Basin, Brunei: tectonic and geomechanical implications

The vertical or lithostatic stress is an important factor in tectonic and geomechanical studies and is commonly used in the prediction of pore pressures and fracture gradients. However, the vertical stress is not always calculated in situ and the approximation of 1.0 psi/ft (22.63 MPa/km) is often used for the vertical stress gradient. Vertical stress has been determined in 24 fields in the Baram Basin, Brunei, using density log and checkshot velocity survey data. The Baram Basin shows a variation in vertical stress gradient between 18.3 and 24.3 MPa/km at 1500 m depth below the surface. This variation has a significant effect on in situ stress related issues in field development such as wellbore stability and fracture stimulation. The variation is caused by a bulk rock density change of 2.48–2.07 g/cm³ from the hinterland of the delta to its front. Differential uplift and erosion of the delta hinterland and undercompaction associated with overpressure are the interpreted causes of the density and hence vertical stress variation.     

海面对风应力的非定常响应

针对常垂直湍流系数和变垂直湍流系数两种情况，给出了开阔静止海面对风应力的非定常响应的解析表达式，并讨论了水深，风应力强弱对响应过程的影响，尽管没有考虑风场的非定常性，但本文的结果对理解海洋对风应力的非定常响应过程具有一定的帮助，对分析海面停风后的消衰过程也具有实际意义。通过与实测资料比较，认为垂直湍流系数模式要比常垂直湍流系数模式更为合理。     

Turbulence and zooplankton production: insights from PROVESS

Zooplankton are directly influenced by turbulence in both a passive and an active manner. Passively, zooplankton are at the mercy of turbulence in how it affects their vertical mixing, encounter rate, detection abilities and feeding current efficiency. Many zooplankton species, however, are actively able to mitigate the effects of turbulence by modifying their behaviour, e.g. vertical migration, prey switching and habituation to hydromechanical stimuli. Both theoretical treatments of these processes and field observations from the northern North Sea are examined. Field observations show that some copepod species actively migrate to avoid high turbulence levels in surface waters. Furthermore, observations show a negative relationship between turbulence and zooplankton ingestion rates. This supports the paradigm of a dome-shaped response for zooplankton production with environmental turbulence. A theoretical treatment shows that the reaction distance, R, for an ambush-feeding copepod feeding on swimming organisms follows R ∝ ^−1/6 where is the turbulent dissipation rate, a result that shows close agreement with previously reported experimental results.     

Vertical integration in the post-IFQ halibut fishery

In some fisheries, claims have been made that quota programs have led to increased vertical integration, with processors controlling quota and fishermen. In the US halibut fishery a quota program was designed specifically to maintain the small-scale vessel nature of the fishery. This paper reports on what changes have been seen in the vertical structure of the halibut fishery and offers some explanation for these changes. Results indicate that the specific rights granted can have significantly different effects on the vertical structure of the industry. In the case of the halibut fishery vertical integration was avoided and market transactions actually increased.     

Vertical exaggeration of reflection seismic data in geoscience publications 2006-2010

Reflection seismic data is widely-used in industry and academia. It is often interpreted and displayed with considerable vertical exaggeration. Vertical exaggeration is defined as the vertical to horizontal aspect ratio of a reflection seismic cross section in depth. Recent literature is reviewed here to quantify for the first time the extent and typical values of vertical exaggeration in published work. Results are collated from 1437 papers published in 68 journals in the period 2006-2010. This broad scope is intended to provide a global view but it does not claim to be exhaustive. One example from each paper was analysed. Depth conversion was necessary in 74% of cases (every case of time-domain seismic with vertical exaggeration not stated). The main findings are that only 12% of papers use aspect ratios with vertical scale set approximately equal to horizontal scale (vertical exaggeration in the range 0.8-1.2). 75% of papers use reflection seismic with vertical exaggeration greater than 2. Splits of the data in terms of shallow high resolution seismic and deep, crustal imaging seismic were also obtained. The cause of this very widespread vertical exaggeration of reflection seismic cross sections is generally some form of display optimisation, such as emphasis of stratigraphic architectures or displaying long sections that would otherwise not fit on screen, or effects related to seismic sampling, but a specific reason is rarely stated. Angular relationships in stratigraphic and structural architectures are distorted so commonly that true geometries are rarely seen, which becomes an issue if readers are unfamiliar with these geometries. There is a clear opportunity for authors who display and publish reflection seismic data to annotate an estimate of vertical exaggeration alongside other standard annotation on seismic displays.