Backward Calculation Based on the Advection and Diffusion of Oil Spills on the Sea Surface

Advection and diffusion equation is an effective means of investigating the motional state of oil spills. Common study is based on the known initial and boundary conditions to calculate the equation onwards. Unlike previous works, in this paper we focus on backward calculating advection and diffusion equation, namely, starting computation from the moment when the oil spill is found back to the moment when the incident occurs. Through such a simulation, we hope to trace the track of oil spills …     

采用质点跟踪方法对物质输运方程平流项数值格式的改进

用数值模式对河口海岸地区的物质输运进行计算时,平流项的数值格式必须要能对物质浓度锋面进行正确处理,以避免产生过多的数值耗散或频散。本文中设计了一种在网格内设置一些质点并对质点进行跟踪的格式计算平流项。结果表明,质点跟踪格式在一维情形下无频散和几乎没有耗散,在二维情形下无频散和在水深变化剧烈的地方基本避免了垂向数值耗散。与其他数值格式的耗散性和频散性相比,本文中设计的数值格式明显地提高了物质输运方程中平流项的计算精度,在河口海洋物质输运的计算中具有较大的应用价值。     

印度洋混合层盐度季节变化机制研究

本文利用Argo盐度、SODA海流量、OAFlux蒸发量和TRMM降水量等数据,采用盐度收支方程定量给出了印度洋混合层盐度的收支,揭示了整个印度洋净淡水通量项、平流项、垂向卷夹项的分布、季节变化特征及其对混合层盐度变化的主要贡献。结果表明,就多年平均而言,平流项负贡献（15.14%）大于正贡献（9.89%）,说明平流输送把低盐水输送到高盐海域,导致印度洋高盐海域混合层的盐度降低。净淡水通量项的分布和季节变化与降水量基本一致,且正贡献（13.70%）大于负贡献（7.81%）,说明净淡水通量项使印度洋的混合层盐度升高（因为多年平均蒸发量大于降水量）。盐度季节变化显著海域的进一步分析表明,6?11月,西南季风漂流把赤道西印度洋的低盐水（相对阿拉伯海高盐水而言）输送到阿拉伯海西部海域,导致该海域的盐度降低。平流输送把孟加拉湾湾口和中部的高盐水带到北部海域,是导致北部海域盐度升高的主要原因。     

孟加拉湾夏季季节内振荡的湿静力能分析

夏季期间大气季节内振荡(ISO)活跃于孟加拉湾区域,并存在显著的向北传播。采用1979-2016年ERA-Interim大气再分析资料,通过对典型ISO事件进行位相合成,揭示了夏季期间孟加拉湾湿静力能季节内变化的演变特征和控制机理。结果表明,ISO大气对流在向北传播期间伴随着显著的湿静力能累积(充电)和释放(放电)过程。其中,水汽主导的湿静力能水平平流是充电和放电的关键控制因素。水汽水平平流在对流层中高层和对流层低层的变异机理存在一定差异,在中高层主要取决于ISO扰动纬向风对低频水汽的纬向输送,在低层则主要取决于低频经向风对ISO扰动水汽的经向输送。     

北太平洋海表温度及各贡献因子的变化

采用1958年1月至2007年12月SODA海洋上层温度的月平均资料,基于海温变化方程和统计分析方法,分析了北太平洋海表面温度(SST)异常特征及各局地因子贡献比例的变化。结果表明,伴随着1976/1977风场最强中心位置的南北移动,形成了两个北太平洋SST年际-年代际变化的异常中心:一个是位于30°N附近的副热带海盆内区,SST异常主要受风应力强度的主导;一个是位于40°N附近的副热带和副极地环流交汇区,SST异常主要受风应力旋度的位置即风场位置的影响。在副热带海盆内区,最强降温发生在1978-1982年,SST异常的主要局地贡献因子为海表热通量和经向平流,二者所占比例和约为50%~60%,均为同相增温或降温作用,余项所占比例约为20%~50%。在副热带和副极地环流交汇区,海盆内区和西部边界区的SST异常的跃变时间同为1975年,但是内区的垂直混合项的跃变时间早于西部5年左右。SST异常的主要贡献因子为海表热通量和经向平流,但在1983-1988年海温强降温期间,经向平流项贡献大于海表热通量项的贡献。两个区域的垂直混合项均为降温贡献,虽然量值小却显示出很强的年代际变化信号。平流项中经向平流最大,垂直平流最小。     

典型海湾风暴潮特征数值模拟与研究

铁山港海湾是一个遭受风暴潮灾害影响较为严重的半封闭型海湾,基于有限元海洋数学模型ADCIRC (Advanced Circulation Model)研究了1409号"威马逊"台风期间铁山港海湾的风暴潮特征及非线性作用。结果表明:当考虑天文潮与风暴潮之间的相互作用时,风暴潮水位的计算结果更加准确,只考虑纯台风影响时,计算结果会低估风暴潮增水值,高估减水值,对预报结果造成较大的误差。海湾内部的增水要远大于湾外,但是减水值则相差不大。通过对天文潮和风暴潮非线性作用的影响因子进行分析,风应力的浅水效应可以忽略,但底摩擦项和对流项影响较大。在海湾内部对流项占主导地位,与天文潮的耦合作用也较强;而在湾外,底摩擦项占优势,耦合作用在海湾内外都较强。天文潮与风暴潮相互作用产生的非线性水位在湾顶处最大可达0.94 m,出现在风暴潮最大减水时刻,风暴潮增水发生后有所减弱,非线性水位表现出从湾外向湾内递增的规律。     

2006年6月北大西洋上热带风暴Alberto变性后爆发性发展机理分析

本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)的ERA5客观再分析资料、气象卫星合作研究所(Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies,CIMSS)...     

海洋水平环流输送对印度洋表层盐度的调整机制

本文利用Argo表层盐度、OSCAR海流等数据,基于盐度收支方程的平流输送项来阐述海洋平流输送对热带印度洋表层盐度的调整作用;利用淡水输运量计算公式揭示6条关键断面海洋平流输送对表层盐度空间结构的调整机制。结果表明,海洋平流将赤道西印度洋和阿拉伯海的高盐水输送到低盐海域的赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾、安达曼海;将赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾、安达曼海的低盐水输送到高盐海域的赤道西印度洋、阿拉伯海以及赤道南印度洋海域,起到了调整印度洋盐度基本平衡的作用。断面淡水输运量的分析结果表明,导致苏门答腊岛西部海域的强降水中心与低盐中心不重合,澳大利亚西部海域的强蒸发中心与高盐中心不重合的主要原因是水平环流所致;夏季,来自赤道西印度洋和阿拉伯海的高盐水在西南季风环流的驱动下,入侵孟加拉湾,是导致孟加拉湾夏季表层盐度较高的主要原因。     

Time splitting and linear stability of the slow part of the barotropic component

In this paper, the authors analyse the stability of particular numerical schemes used in oceanic general circulation models to deal with the barotropic momentum advection term. It is shown that, when this term is integrated using time splitting, its stability properties can be drastically reduced in configurations where there exists shallow areas, where velocities become comparable to the propagation speed of external gravity waves. A simple alternative scheme with improved stability is proposed and discussed.     

Mean water level setup/setdown in the inlet-lagoon system induced by tidal action-a case study of Xincun Inlet, Hainan Island in China

With the tides propagating from the open sea to the lagoon, the mean water level （MWL） in the inlet and lagoon becomes different from that at the open sea, and a setup/setdown is generated. The change of MWL （setup/setdown） in the system imposes a great impact on regulating the development of tidal marshes, on determining the long-term water level for harbor maintenance, on the planning for the water front development with the flood control for the possible inundation, and on the interpretation of the historical sea level change when using tidal marsh peat deposits in the lagoon as the indicator for open sea＇ s sea level. In this case study on the mechanisms which control the setup/setdown in Xincun Inlet, Hainan in China, the 2-D barotropic mode of Eulerian - Lagrangian CIRCulation （ELCIRC） model was utilized. After model calibration and verification, a series of numerical experiments were conducted to examine the effects of bottom friction and advection terms, wetting and drying of intertidal areas, bathymetry and boundary conditions on the setup/setdown in the system. The modeling results show that setup occurs over the inlet and lagoon areas with an order of one tenth of the tide range at the entrance. The larger the bottom friction is, a larger setup is generated. Without the advection term, the setup is reduced clue to a decrease of water level gradient to compensate for the disappearance of the advection term. Even without overtides, a setup can still be developed in the system. Sea level rise and dredging in the inlet and tidal channel can cause a decrease of setup in the system, whereas shoaling of the system can increase the setup. The uniqueness of the Xincun Inlet with respect to MWL change is that there is no evident setdown in the inlet, which can be attributed to the complex geometry and bathymetry associated with the inlet system.     

ENSO事件非对称性成因研究

利用NCEP、SODA等再分析资料,对东太平洋上层海洋的热量收支进行了计算,研究了产生ENSO冷暖事件强度非对称的可能原因。对海表温度异常(SSTA)的分析发现,在东太平洋SSTA存在明显的正偏,即El Nio事件中正异常的幅度大于La Nia事件中负异常的幅度,体现出ENSO事件的非对称性。通过对上层海洋热量收支的计算发现,造成ENSO事件非对称性的可能原因有3个:(1) 非线性温度平流,水平非线性温度平流在ENSO冷暖事件中均为正值,因此增强El Nio事件而减弱La Nia事件;(2) 次表层温度异常对温跃层深度异常的非线性响应,由于东太平洋温度剖面的特性,使得次表层温度异常对El Nio期间正的温跃层深度变化更为敏感,造成次表层温度异常幅度在El Nio期间比La Nia期间大,从而通过－wT′_z项引起上层海温的非对称性;(3) 赤道太平洋的纬向风异常的正偏:由于赤道太平洋存在较强的纬向西风,导致东太平洋温跃层深度异常正偏,进而造成次表层温度异常的非对称－wT′_z,并通过项影响上层海温的非对称性。     

黄海冷水团热结构及其环流解析研究

本文从一般的流体动力学－热力学方程组出发，通过对历史资料的分析，确立了描述黄海冷水团热结构及其环流的非线性控制方程组，得出近似解析解。理论计算结果表明，夏季北黄海冷水团区域存在中心上升边缘下降的气旋式密度环流。     

2010年2月一次冬季黄海海雾的成因分析

利用青岛浮标观测、自动气象站观测、Micaps站点观测、L波段雷达等观测数据,New Generation SST,OI-SST和NCEP提供的FNL和CFSR再分析数据。并利用中尺度模式WRF对这次冬季海雾进行诊断分析。得到以下结论:(1)观测表明,这次海雾首先在黄海北部生成,是由于冷暖空气在黄海海域交汇,增大相对湿度,形成混合雾。在22日12:00时(UTC)之后,暖平流北上,冷平流消失。海雾逐渐转成平流冷却雾。青岛出现的海雾是从黄海发展过来的,并且为平流冷却雾。(2)在黄海,冷暖空气混合增大相对湿度,生成混合雾。与后期的平流冷却雾相比,混合雾的高度明显偏低。(3)海温异常偏低。在2010年2月渤海大面积结冰,海温偏低可能与融冰有关系。(4)模式结果表明,混合雾与冷水域的关系密切。平流冷却雾与冷水域的位置基本一致。混合雾和平流冷却雾都受海温影响较大。混合雾雾区变化很大,因为冷空气在移动过程中变性,不利于混合雾生成。冷海面对平流冷却雾起着很关键的作用。这次冬季海雾与春夏季黄海海雾的不同点在:这次海雾的发生机制不同于典型的春夏季黄海海雾。春夏季典型的黄海海雾主要是平流冷却雾,而这次冬季海雾在生成上首先是混合雾,后来转为平流冷却雾。     

A comparison analysis between developed and undeveloped depressions over the South China Sea

- In this paper, by using two sets of composite data of developed and undeveloped depressions over the South China Sea, we analyze and compare the dynamic structures, the heating fields and the vorticity budget residuals of two different types of depressions. Our conclusions are as follows:The two types of depressions are similar in thermodynamical and dynamical structures. The main differ ences are : in the high layer of developed depression there is a divergence field, with a center near the zero line of vertical wind shear, and over undeveloped depression, the divergence field is weaker and the vertical wind at its center is greater than 5 m s-1. The thermodynamical field of the former is asymmetrical and that of the latter is quasi - symmetrical. As far as the dynamics structure is concerned, the convergence in the lower layer and the difference of divergence between the upper and lower layers of developed depression is three tmies larger than that of undeveloped depression. The upward motion and he     

台湾东北海域夏季冷穹及上升流的数值模拟

夏季,黑潮在台湾东北向东海陆架的入侵表现为黑潮次表层水的强烈涌升,并在陆架上形成明显的冷穹。本研究利用ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)模式,模拟了夏季黑潮入侵所形成的冷穹及上升流的三维结构,并讨论了上升流形成的动力机制。结果表明,冷穹中心在50 m以上的深度位于25.5°N,122.5°E附近,最大降温5 ℃以上;在50 m以下的深度,冷穹的中心位于台湾岛北缘。表层黑潮在台湾北缘不存在明显入侵,在陆坡东向转向附近则以气旋式环流入侵至陆架以上。此外,上升流主要位于陆坡坡度最大的区域,且黑潮次表层水的涌升存在两个较为明显的路径,分别位于台湾岛以北的100 m与200 m等深线之间以及东向转向的陆坡区域。在上层,平流作用是上升流产生的主要机制;而在近底层,平流作用与底摩擦都对上升流有贡献。     

浅海浮力平流效应

浮力平流直接影响着海洋内部的湍流混合过程，制约着海洋热盐结构的形成和变化。这一过程在浅海，尤其在象渤黄海那样具有较强浮力平流的中国大陆沿岸带海区，是十分重要的。本文主要讨论浅海浮力平流对温跃层和海洋锋的影响，从理论上导出在浮力平流效应作用下期混合锋的公式，并以南黄海为例进行了计算，计算结果是令人满意的。     

Energetics of lateral eddy diffusion/advection：Part Ⅲ. Energetics of horizontal and isopycnal diffusion/advection

Gravitational Potential Energy （GPE） change due to horizontal/isopycnal eddy diffusion and advection is examined. Horizontal/isopycnal eddy diffusion is conceptually separated into two steps： stirring and sub scale diffusion. GPE changes associated with these two steps are analyzed. In addition, GPE changes due to stirring and subscale diffusion associated with horizontal/isopycnal advection in the Eulerian coordinates are analyzed. These formulae are applied to the SODA data for the world oceans. Our analysis indicates that horizontal/isopycnal advection in Eulerian coordinates can introduce large artificial diffusion in the model. It is shown that GPE source/sink in isopycnal coordinates is closely linked to physical property distribution, such as temperature, salinity and velocity. In comparison with z-coordinates, GPE source/sink due to stir ring/cabbeling associated with isopycnal diffusion/advection is much smaller. Although isopycnal coordi nates may be a better choice in terms of handling lateral diffusion, advection terms in the traditional Eule rian coordinates can produce artificial source of GPE due to cabbeling associated with advection. Reducing such numerical errors remains a grand challenge.     

A three-dimensional modeling study on eddy-mean flow interaction between a Gaussian-type anticyclonic eddy and Kuroshio

The Princeton ocean model is employed to study the energy balance of a fast-moving anticyclonic eddy (AE) during eddy-mean flow interaction. The AE is initialized with an axisymmetric Gaussian-type temperature profile and is placed to the east of the Philippine Islands. An energy analysis suggests that the advection term, pressure work and friction term play dominant roles in the initial eddy decay. During the strong interaction stage, barotropic instability (BTI) becomes the main force for the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) production, with the largest positive BTI in the interaction zone, which means that the eddy always obtains kinetic energy from the Kuroshio during this stage. Most of the EKE dissipation, the large conversion from the eddy available potential energy to the EKE and that from the mean kinetic energy to the EKE all occur at the upper layer during the strong interaction stage. When the AE interacts with the mean flow on the eastern side of the Kuroshio, whether the AE gains kinetic energy from the Kuroshio or loses kinetic energy to the Kuroshio is mainly determined by its shape in the interaction zone.     

由海面蒸发波导预报平流海雾的方法

在实际工作中发现：当雷达探测到海面存在蒸发波导现象时,该区域傍晚或次日出现平流海雾的概率很大,反之,当海面出现平流雾时,海面存在蒸发波导的概率也很大。本文试图阐明二者之间的关系,进而提出一种预报平流海雾的新方法。     

近10年黄、渤海海域入海气旋的统计特征和加强原因分析

利用2008?2018年逐小时自动站资料、常规地面高空观测资料、NCEP-FNL资料,统计黄、渤海7级及以上气旋大风过程,围绕气旋加深率和气压梯度讨论气象因子与气旋强度和发展关系,根据Petterssen地面气旋发展公式讨论温度平流、涡度平流和非绝热加热在气旋中的作用。结果表明:(1) 70.5%气旋入海后加强,14.7%成为爆发性气旋,17.6%气旋入海过程强度不变,11.7%气旋入海后减弱。影响黄、渤海的温带气旋过程主要发生在秋季,春冬季次之,夏季一次也没有出现过。入海发展的气旋多位于200 hPa高空急流出口左侧或者分流辐散区,入海减弱的气旋多位于高空急流出口右侧。(2)影响黄、渤海域的气旋有3类:自西北向东南移动的蒙古气旋(17.6%);自西向东移动的黄河气旋(49%);自西南向东北移动的江(黄)淮气旋(33.4%)。江(黄)淮气旋在秋季容易发展为爆发性气旋。黄河气旋和蒙古气旋入海后最大风区域通常出现在气旋的西北象限(或偏西象限),江(黄)淮气旋最大风区域出现在气旋的东南象限。(3)温度平流是气旋入海发展最重要的物理量因子,温度平流对气旋入海发展比对气旋强度更敏感。5次爆发性气旋过程中温度平流和涡度平流均高于其他气旋过程。非绝热加热与气旋强度的相关性较强,与气旋发展相关性弱。(4)江(黄)淮气旋过程中温度平流和非绝热加热较强,黄河气旋过程中涡度平流较强,涡度平流和非绝热加热对蒙古气旋的作用较弱。