陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征

This paper looks at the Green for Grain Project in northern Shaanxi Province.Based on remote sensing monitoring data,this study analyzes the locations of arable land in northern Shaanxi in the years 2000,2010 and 2013 as well as spatio-temporal changes over that period,and then incorporates data on the distribution of terraced fields to improve the input parameters of a RUSLE model and simulate and generate raster data on soil erosion for northern Shaanxi at different stages with a accuracy verification.Finally,combined with the dataset of farmland change,compared and analyzed the characteristics of soil erosion change in the converted farmland to forest(grassland)and the unconverted farmland in northern Shaanxi,so as to determine the project’s impact on soil erosion over time across the region.The results show that between 2000 and 2010,the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in northern Shaanxi decreased 22.7 t/ha,equivalent to 47.08%of the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in 2000.In the same period,the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland fell 10.99 t/ha,equivalent to 28.6%of the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland in 2000.The soil erosion modulus for all types of land in northern Shaanxi decreased by an average of 14.51 t/ha between 2000 and 2010,equivalent to 41.87%of the soil erosion modulus for the entire region in 2000.This suggests that the Green for Grain Project effectively reduced the soil erosion modulus,thus helping to protect the soil.In particular,arable land that was turned into forest and grassland reduced erosion most noticeably and contributed most to soil conservation.Nevertheless,in the period 2010 to 2013,which was a period of consolidation of the Green for Grain Project,the soil erosion modulus and change in volume of soil erosion in northern Shaanxi were significantly lower than in the previous decade.     

Shear properties of thawed natural permafrost by bender elements

Thawed permafrost could cause a serious stability problem for foundations and oil-wells in cold regions. A non-damage testing procedure, employing the Bender Element Method, was used for permafrost samples collected from a continuous frozen core obtained from the North Slope of Alaska, USA. The wave velocity and modulus of thawed permafrost were investigated on various isotropic confining pressure from 0 kPa to 400 kPa per 100 kPa. The received shear wave propagation was recorded, and the elastic wave theory was used to calculate shear modulus. Finally, the shear modulus affected by confining pressure, water content and dry density were analyzed and discussed, and a regression formulation of shear modulus based on the Janbu Model for thawed silty and sandy permafrost were proposed and validation.     

喀斯特流域地貌类型对枯水径流的影响——以贵州省河流为例

影响流域的枯水径流及其变差系数的因素很多 ,如气候、岩性、地貌、植被、土壤等。本文借助于GIS软件和SPSS统计软件 ,对喀斯特流域地貌类型进行划分和数字化 ,并通过聚类分析把各流域按地貌类型的差异进行归类 ,研究不同地貌类型及其空间配置的差异与枯水径流特征值之间的相互关系 ,从而揭示地貌类型的差异对流域枯水的影响。     

冰力学参数的超声波测试研究

利用非线性高能超声测试设备及超声波(纵波、横波)波速与物体力学参数的关系,对人造冰样进行了冰样力学参数(杨氏模量、泊松比、剪切模量、体积模量)随温度变化的研究。通过MATLAB进行所测数据曲线拟合,得到超声波波速在人造冰样中随温度的变化规律,进而由理论公式推导所测人造冰样力学参数随温度的变化规律。结果表明:冰样中超声波波速随温度降低而升高,冰样的杨氏模量、泊松比、剪切模量、体积模量也都随温度降低而升高。本研究有助于超声波检测法在冰样物理力学性质测量中的应用,为开展南极冰盖、海冰以及终年冻土等力学及流动特性研究提供理论模型和实验数据。     

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t?km^-2?a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t?km^-2?a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t?km^-2?a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg?a^-1 to 459 kg?a^-1 under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.     

全球气候变化对贵州省径流模数的潜在影响

揭示全球气候变化对贵州省径流模数潜在影响可为该区优化配置水资源、确定水土保持治理的重点区域以及减少由降雨季节性分布不均引发旱涝灾害提供依据。该文以贵州省22个主要气象和水文站的降雨和径流等资料为基础,建立降雨和径流之间的统计关系。采用DELTA方法,根据HadCM3模型对A2情景(人口快速增长、经济发展缓慢)和B2情景(强调社会技术创新)下输出的不同时期的降雨量以及实测的贵州省降雨量和径流模数资料,推算出贵州省2006-2035年、2036-2065年和2066-2095年前后两个时期之间径流模数的增减量;研究结果为:A2和B2情景下未来3个时期径流模数逐渐增大,相对于基准期1961-1990年最大增幅分别达17.52%和10.58%。不同情景和不同时期径流模数变化的空间分布差异较大,A2情景下径流模数的变化比B2情景下更为剧烈。在贵州省石漠化严重的地区,当径流增加较多时,不仅需要考虑水资源的充分合理利用,还需兼顾防止水土流失的加剧。     

梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析

为了研究梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对流域土壤侵蚀的影响,本文首先建立了包含梯田、坡耕地、陡坡草地以及坝地在内的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区流域简化模型,并定义了流域的先锋期、过渡期以及顶级期三个状态,使用修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE) 分析了不同时期的流域土壤侵蚀模数。结果显示:先锋期与顶级期是流域水土保持治理的极限状态,先锋期峁边线上部土壤侵蚀模数为299.56 t×hm^-2×a^-1,下部土壤侵蚀模数为136.64 t×hm^-2×a^-1,平均侵蚀模数为229.74 t×hm^-2×a^-1;顶级期峁边线上部土壤侵蚀模数为39.10 t×hm^-2×a^-1,下部土壤侵蚀模数为1.10 t×hm^-2×a^-1,平均侵蚀模数为22.81 t×hm^-2×a^-1;在过渡期,随着梯田面积比例的增加,峁边线上部土壤侵蚀模数呈指数减少,而随着淤积高度的增加,峁边线下部土壤侵蚀模数呈线性减少,文章最后对这一结论进行了实证分析。     

基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究

以整个黄土高原为研究对象,首先将水土保持措施容量定义为某一区域能容纳的最大适宜水土保持措施量。根据梯田、林地和草地的适宜布设区域,在地理信息系统（GIS）软件的支持下,确定了黄土高原的水土保持措施容量。使用修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）,计算了最小可能土壤侵蚀模数和2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数,并将水土保持措施容量下的最小可能土壤侵蚀模数与现状土壤侵蚀模数之比定义为土壤侵蚀控制度。随后使用土壤侵蚀控制度,对黄土高原水土流失治理潜力进行了研究。结果显示：黄土高原2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数为3355 t·km^-2·a^-1,最小可能土壤侵蚀模数为1921 t·km^-2·a^-1,土壤侵蚀控制度为0.57,属于中等水平。相比于现状条件,在水土保持措施容量条件下,微度侵蚀区比例从50.48%提高至57.71%,林草覆盖率从56.74%增加至69.15%,梯田所占比例由4.36%增加到19.03%,人均粮食产量可从418 kg·a^-1提高至459 kg·a^-1。研究成果对于黄土高原生态文明建设具有一定的指导意义。     

Laboratory and field performance of recycled aggregate base in a seasonally cold region

The objective of this project was to characterize the freeze-thaw properties of recycled concrete (RCA) and asphalt (RAP) as unbound base and to assess how they behaved in the field for nearly 8 years. This paper includes an examination of existing information, laboratory studies of freeze-thaw behavior, and evaluation of data from MnROAD field-test sections in a seasonally cold region, i.e., in Minnesota, USA. Test sections were constructed using recycled materials in the granular base layers at the MnROAD test facility. One test section included 100% RAP, another 100% RCA, a third one a 50/50 blend of RCA/natural aggregate, and a fourth one only natural aggregate (Class 5) as a control. The stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus) was monitored during construction and throughout the pavement life by the Minnesota Department of Transportation, along with the variation of temperatures and moisture regimes in the pavement to determine their effects on pavement performance. The resilient modulus of each material was determined by bench-scale testing in accordance with NCHRP 1-28a, as well as by field-scale tests incorporating a falling-weight deflectometer. Specimens were subjected to as many as 20 cycles of freeze-thaw in the laboratory, and the change in their resilient modulus was measured. In the field-test sections constructed with the same materials as the base course, temperature, moisture, and field modulus (from falling-weight deflectometer tests) were monitored seasonally for nearly 8 years. From the temperatures in the base course layer, the number of freeze-thaw cycles experienced in the field was determined for each test section. Inferences were made relative to modulus change versus freeze-thaw cycles. Conclusions were drawn for long-term field performances of the recycled base (RAB) in comparison to natural aggregate.     

梯田建设和淤地坝淤积对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析(英文)

To study the influences of terraced field construction and check-dam siltation on soil erosion of a watershed,we built a simplified watershed model for the Loess Plateau hilly-gully region including terraced fields,slope farmlands,steep-slope grasslands,and dam farmlands,and defined three states of watershed(i.e.,pioneer,intermediate,and climax stages,respectively).Then,the watershed soil erosion moduli at various stages were studied by using a revised universal soil loss equation.Our results show that the pioneer and climax stages are the extreme states of watershed soil-and-water conservation and control;in the pioneer stage,the soil erosion modulus was 299.56 t ha-1 a-1 above the edge of gully,136.64 t ha-1 a-1 below the edge of gully,and 229.74 t ha-1 a-1 on average;in the climax stage,the soil erosion modulus was 39.10 t ha-1 a-1 above the edge of gully,1.10 t ha-1 a-1 below the edge of gully,and 22.81 t ha-1 a-1 on average;in the intermediate stage,the soil erosion modulus above the edge of gully exhibited an exponential decline along with the increase in terraced field area percentage,while the soil erosion modulus below the edge of gully exhibited a linear decline along with the increase in siltation height.     

Influence of repeated freeze-thaw on dynamic modulus and damping ratio properties of silty sand

Under repeated freezing and thawing in deep seasonal frozen regions, the stability and strength of the soil are imposed in the form of large uneven settlement, instability and strength reduction, which...     

Experimental investigation on static and dynamic resilient moduli of compacted fine soil

To investigate the static and dynamic resilient modulus of fine soil, and adapting to the new design code and maintenance system of highway subgrade in China, a series of static and dynamic tests were carried out according to the standard laboratory test methods (JTG E40-2007 and JTG D30-2015, respectively). The effects of initial water content, compactness and freeze-thaw cycles on the static and dynamic resilient moduli of fine soil were investigated and analyzed. Experimental test results show that with increasing water content, dry density and freeze-thaw cycles, the static moduli reduces about 10.2%~40.0%, 14.4%~45.5%, and 24.0%~50.3%, and dynamic moduli reduces about 10.9%~90.8%, 2.5%~38.4%, and 0.0%~46.0%, respectively. Then, the empirical mathematical relationship between static and dynamic resilient moduli was established under different water content, dry density and freeze-thaw cycles. The investigation results can be used to determine the dynamic modulus of fine soil by widely used static modulus, which could meet the requirement of adopting dynamic modulus index in new specification.     

Experimental study of the dynamic behavior of high-grade highway-subgrade soil in a seasonally frozen area

Regarding the freezing damage of high-grade highway subgrade in seasonally frozen area,the thesis explores the effect on the dynamic behavior of subgrade soil under freeze–thaw cycles and draws the change law of parameters(including dynamic strength,dynamic cohesion,and internal friction angle;and dynamic elastic modulus)of high-grade highway-subgrade soil with the number of freeze–thaw cycles.It aims to provide the reference for operation and maintenance of a high-grade highway.Conclusions:(1)Dynamic strength tends to decline evidently after freeze–thaw cycles,with 60%~70%decline after three cycles,and remains stable after five to seven cycles.(2)With the number of freeze–thaw cycles increasing,the internal friction angle fluctuates within a certain range without an obvious change law,only presenting the tendency of dropping off.The dynamic cohesion declines obviously,about 20%~40%after seven freeze–thaw cycles,and then tends to be stable.(3)With the number of freeze-thaw cycles increasing,the dynamic elastic modulus and maximum dynamic elastic modulus are inclined to decrease distinctly.After five freeze–thaw cycles,the former declines 30%~40%and then remains stable.Meanwhile,the latter falls 20%~40%.     

中国北方农牧交错带土壤风蚀时空分布

土壤风蚀是干旱、半干旱地区土壤退化的主要过程,定量评价土壤风蚀是分析土壤退化的重要手段。中国北方农牧交错带是土壤风蚀的典型治理区。采用张春来风蚀预报经验模型,以半月为步长,计算中国北方农牧交错带2000-2012年的土壤风蚀模数。结果表明：中国北方农牧交错带的土壤风蚀状况整体有好转;沙地的土壤风蚀最严重,农田次之,草地的土壤风蚀最低;土地利用方式、风速和植被盖度均对土壤风蚀有一定的影响。     

基于地形指数的砒砂岩黄土区土壤侵蚀分析

地形是土壤侵蚀进程的重要控制因子,在土壤侵蚀评价中发挥着重要作用.基于地形起伏表达构建了地形指数,结合降雨侵蚀力和植被盖度等建立了基于地形指数的土壤侵蚀方程,并分析了内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市北部十大孔兑砒砂岩黄土区1985-2018年土壤侵蚀时空变化特征.结果 表明:(1)研究区多年土壤侵蚀模数整体有下降趋势但变化差异不...     

Test on dynamic characteristics of subgrade of heavy-haul railway in cold regions

Dynamic characteristics of heavy-haul railway subgrade under vibratory loading in cold regions are investigated via low-temperature dynamic triaxial tests with multi-stage cyclic loading process. The relationship between dynamic shear stress and dynamic shear strain of frozen soil of subgrade under train loading and the influence of freezing temperatures on dynamic constitutive relation, dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio are observed in this study. Test results show that the dynamic constitutive relations of the frozen soils with different freezing temperatures comply with the hyperbolic model, in which model parameters a and b decrease with increasing freezing temperature. The dynamic shear modulus of the frozen soils decreases with increasing dynamic shear strains initially, followed by a relatively smooth attenuation tendency, whereas increases with decreasing freezing temperatures. The damping ratios decrease with decreasing freezing temperatures. Two linear functions are defined to express the linear relationships between dynamic shear modulus (damping ratio) and freezing temperature, respectively, in which corresponding linear coefficients are obtained through multiple regression analysis of test data.     

Reinforcement effects of ground treatment with dynamic compaction replacement in cold and saline soil regions

The mechanical property of saline soils varies with moisture and climate in the cold and salt lake region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which influences project construction. In order to improve foundation reinforcement effect of the Qarhan–Golmud Highway, Qinghai Province, China, dynamic compaction replacement (DCR) composite foundation was applied in saline soils. A field experiment was conducted in this area, where strength and working mechanism of pier-soil and deformation modulus of the composite foundation was analyzed after reinforcement. This paper presents methods for determining the coefficient on the bearing capacity evaluation and deformation modulus of composite foundation with DCR. Reinforcement case of DCR is highly effective in saline soils of the salt lake regions, which helps the migration of water and salt in saline soils.     

中国沙漠地区风积沙路基强度参数试验研究——以塔克拉玛干、毛乌素沙漠公路为例

在中国沙漠地区选取典型路段,对风积沙路基进行强度测定。通过现场承载板试验,并分析已有的各种资料,发现野外实测的风积沙路基回弹模量普遍较高,明显高于现行有关规范推荐的砂性土或土质砂的路基回弹模量建议值,高出部分多在30%以上,已经明显地对路基路面的结构设计产生了不利影响。在此基础上,为能充分利用风积沙的强度特性,降低沙漠公路造价,通过进一步分析,提出了中国各主要沙漠地区及不同等级公路的风积沙路基回弹模量设计值。     

基于GIS的小流域土壤侵蚀与产沙的简化模拟

将泥沙输移能力公式与USLE公式相结合,建立了一个简化的分布式小流域产沙模型,并将其应用于川中丘陵区小流域的土壤侵蚀与泥沙输移的空间分布模拟。得到的主要结论:1.该模型适用于川中丘陵区小流域产沙的模拟;2.魏城河流域1980—1987年8 a平均土壤侵蚀量为16.8×104t,侵蚀模数为675.8 t/(km2.a),模拟得到的输沙模数为238.6 t/(km2.a),泥沙输移比为0.35;3.魏城河流域主要以微度侵蚀为主,占到全流域总面积的68%,强度侵蚀占流域面积的1%,主要分布在坡度较陡的流域边缘地带;4.相对其他因子,降雨与坡度对该流域侵蚀产沙的影响更为突出。     

Application of dynamic compaction and rolling compaction in the subgrade improvement of Qarhan-Golmud Highway

Melt shrinkage, salt bulge, and corrosiveness are common problems with saline soils, which damage highway foundations and cause huge financial losses. In order to improve the saline soil subgrade, dyna...