时频分析在北黄海东部坳陷中生界储层的应用

北黄海东部坳陷有利勘探区块为发育在斜坡上的扇三角洲沉积相,砂岩储层薄,横向变化大,利用常规的地震属性难以圈闭有利储集层,时频分析技术是寻找薄储层最有利的手段。通过研究短时窗傅里叶变换、连续小波变换、时频连续小波变换和S变换等几种经典时频分析方法的特点,分别从时间分辨率、频率分辨率总结了各自的优缺点和适应性,最后优选出S变换对北黄海东部坳陷地震资料进行频谱分解。结果表明,该项技术提高了地震分辨率,对地层细节的刻画更清晰,有效地识别了断层边界,并且能够预测储集层的沉积环境变化及沉积相划分,频谱分解方法是该研究区进行储层预测的新方法和新手段。     

基于小波包变换特征向量提取的隐蔽水声通信性能评价方法研究

针对水声通信系统的隐蔽性缺乏客观、有效的评价手段,提出一种基于小波包变换提取信号特征向量并比较特征向量相似度的信号隐蔽性评价算法。为了区别截获信号和环境噪声,考虑从能量分布特征的角度,提取截获信号的特征参数。所提算法利用小波包变换具有更高的时频分辨率、自适应选择频带等特点,获取信号的小波包能量占比、小波包能量熵、小波包尺度熵,采用上述 3 个特征参数组成特征向量和利用余弦相似度算法判别信号隐蔽性。仿真实验和海试结果表明,所提方法得到的信号隐蔽性能基本符合实际信号隐蔽性能随信噪比变化规律,为隐蔽水声通信系统评估设计和水声对抗性能评级提供有效参考。     

频谱分解技术在南黄海崂山隆起的应用

频谱分解技术是将地震信号从时间域转换到频率域,分析振幅、相位在频率域的变化。频谱分解能够得到高于常规地震剖面分辨率的成像效果,提高不同地质体对信号的响应能力。针对南黄海崂山隆起碳酸盐岩,通过对比短时傅里叶变换、连续小波变换和S变换等不同算法的频谱分解方法,探讨了各自的适用特点,最后优选出 S变换对南黄海崂山隆起地震资料进行频谱分解。结果表明,该项技术提高了地震分辨率,为研究区储层和断层识别奠定了基础。     

多尺度子波分解技术在地震解释中的应用

分辨率是影响地震解释精度的关键因素,多尺度子波分解作为一种提高分辨率的方法是将地震信号通过连续小波变换分解为一系列不同的尺度子波的集合,由于尺度与频率是一一对应的,也就相当于把信号由时间域变换到时间—频率域,这样就把信号分解为不同主频的子波。然后再选择与目的层频率相对应的子波重新组合,便得到了分辨率与目的层固有频率相对应的地震剖面,提高了剖面的分辨率。把这种方法应用到阿拉德油田哈浅区块地震解释的研究中,在目的层位标定和追踪、断层解释以及地震岩性解释3个方面都取得了很好的应用效果,提高了地震解释的精度。     

基于局域波分解的地震信号时频属性提取

局域波分解可以得到有意义的频率并可以抑制时频分布交叉项,是1种新的自适应信号分解方法.在局域波分解基本原理的基础上,研究基于局域波分解的地震信号分频谱及频率属性的提取方法.将局域波分解与传统时频分析结合,进行有效数值实现与对比分析,通过模型地震数据与实际2D地震数据试算验证方法的正确性和有效性.研究表明:基于局域波分解的Wigner时频分布分频谱,具有较高的时频分辨率,交叉项得到简单有效的抑制;基于局域波分解的时频分析方法计算提取的频率属性,避免无意义的负频率,物理意义明确,为在地震储层研究和油气检测中的正确应用奠定基础.     

时频分析技术在储层分析中的应用

时频分析是对地震信号进行分解,可以在不同频带上显示不同级别的地质现象。采用连续小渡变换方法,对地震资料进行储层时频分析和分频属性提取,时频主极值频率曲线与伽马曲线有较好对应关系,尤其是其低频趋势线。对A区块周边的两口井井旁道进行了时频分析,揭示出该区15Hz低频数据体与储层及含油气相关性较好。针对这一特征,对该区三维地震体进行了运算及属性提取,描述其储层展布。     

利用地震谱反演技术圈定南海神狐海域天然气水合物储集层

地震谱反演是近年发展起来的一种新的地震方法,可利用地震数据构建反射系数剖面,极大地提高地震资料的分辨率。利用谱反演方法对南海神狐海域天然气水合物赋存区的地震资料进行了处理,获得该区海底地层的反射系数剖面,结合BSR和测井资料,确定了该区天然气水合物储集层的顶界和底界,从而圈定了该区天然气水合物储集层。     

不同时频分析方法的精度比较及应用

在传统的地震资料分析、处理和属性分析提取等研究中,基于平稳信号分析处理理论的傅里叶变换是核心技术之一。地震信号往往是非线性、非平稳信号,传统傅里叶变换是一种整体变换,难于反映非平稳信号的局部特征,而时频分析技术能同时展示信号在时间域和频率域的局部化特征。在介绍几种地震常用的时频分析方法基础上,进一步深入研究自适应时频分析方法。理论分析和试验表明,自适应最优核时频分布在抑制交叉项的同时,时频聚集性也较好,因此,更有利于地震勘探信号的分析和地震属性的提取、频谱分解等。     

希尔伯特谱白化方法在海洋地震资料高分辨率处理中的应用

针对海洋地震资料高分辨率宽频处理的要求, 也为了克服常规谱白化、反Q滤波等方法无法同时增强时域和频域局部细节的不足, 基于希尔伯特黄变换(HHT)的谱白化方法对海洋地震资料进行高分辨率处理应用研究。对地震记录进行固有模态分解(EMD), 得到不同尺度的IMF分量; 再利用常规谱白化方法对每个分量根据瞬时频率进行合理的振幅均衡; 将均衡后的IMF分量进行反变换重构地震记录, 从而得到高分辨地震数据。通过理论模型和实际地震资料实验, 与常规谱白化方法的对比分析, 表明该方法信号局部时频刻画能力以及相对振幅保真性优于常规方法, 同时表明此方法能够有效增强地震信号时域和频域的分辨率, 使地震剖面更为连续和清晰, 并具有较高的信噪比     

参量阵浅地层剖面的处理方法及在识别浅层天然气水合物中的应用

近年来,参量阵浅地层剖面以其简便的野外采集方式、高分辨率的浅部地层成像能力,迅速发展为海底浅层天然气水合物探测的有效方法。为了更好地获取东海浅层天然气水合物赋存区的地质信息,针对参量阵浅地层剖面数据开展了精细化处理。首先将异常振幅压制和空间振幅均衡等方法有机结合,解决了数据中的各种噪音和能量不均衡等问题,然后利用Hilbert变换提高地层分辨率,最后利用信号增强技术进一步提高同相轴连续性,获得了波组特征更清晰的地震剖面。处理后的参量阵浅地层剖面具有信噪比较高、连续性好、地层结构清晰等特点,可以更好地揭示空白带、气烟囱、亮点和火焰状异常等地震反射特征,为识别浅层天然气水合物赋存区地质信息奠定基础。对精细处理后的数据进一步开展曲率属性、瞬时振幅属性、相干属性等地震属性分析,结果显示,与浅层天然气水合物渗漏相关的声学异常能够被清晰地识别出来。此项研究一方面验证了参量阵浅地层剖面数据处理方法的可行性,另一方面也探索了属性分析技术在海底浅层天然气水合物识别方面的应用。     

Scale-dependent gas hydrate saturation estimates in sand reservoirs in the Ulleung Basin,East Sea of Korea

Through the use of 2-D and 3-D seismic data, several gas hydrate prospects were identified in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea of Korea and thirteen drill sites were established and logging-while-drilling (LWD) data were acquired from each site in 2010. Sites UBGH2–6 and UBGH2–10 were selected to test a series of high amplitude seismic reflections, possibly from sand reservoirs. LWD logs from the UBGH2–6 well indicate that there are three significant sand reservoirs with varying thickness. Two upper sand reservoirs are water saturated and the lower thinly bedded sand reservoir contains gas hydrate with an average saturation of 13%, as estimated from the P-wave velocity. The well logs at the UBGH2–6 well clearly demonstrated the effect of scale-dependency on gas hydrate saturation estimates. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from the high resolution LWD acquired ring resistivity (vertical resolution of about 5–8 cm) reaches about 90% with an average saturation of 28%, whereas gas hydrate saturations estimated from the low resolution A40L resistivity (vertical resolution of about 120 cm) reaches about 25% with an average saturation of 11%. However, in the UBGH2–10 well, gas hydrate occupies a 5-m thick sand reservoir near 135 mbsf with a maximum saturation of about 60%. In the UBGH2–10 well, the average and a maximum saturation estimated from various well logging tools are comparable, because the bed thickness is larger than the vertical resolution of the various logging tools. High resolution wireline log data further document the role of scale-dependency on gas hydrate calculations.     

基于改进的广义S变换的海洋地震资料随机噪音压制

常规广义S变换采用固定的高斯窗参数,在时频分析时不能够兼顾高低频端的信号,同时标准S逆变换在时频域滤波时会产生滤波噪音。本文提出了基于变频率高斯窗的广义S变换,同时改进了S逆变换公式。该方法不仅提升了信号时频谱的聚焦度,而且还消除了滤波噪音。通过计算包含随机噪声干扰信号的瞬时信噪比阈值,然后根据不同阈值有针对性的选择压制随机噪音的处理策略。合成数据和实际地震数据处理结果表明,该方法能够有效的压制随机噪音,提高地震数据信噪比。     

Rock physics-based seismic trace analysis of unconsolidated sediments containing gas hydrate and free gas in Green Canyon 955, Northern Gulf of Mexico

The gas hydrate petroleum system at the 2009 Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II (JIP Leg II) Green Canyon 955 (GC955) site shows a complex seismic amplitude and waveform response of highly negative and positive amplitudes with continuous and discontinuous character within inferred gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sand reservoirs. Logging-while-drilling (LWD) data obtained during JIP Leg II and conventional 3-D seismic data allowed for the identification of thick highly concentrated hydrate layers by integrating rock physics modeling, amplitude and thin layer analysis, and spectral decomposition. Rock physics modeling with constraints from three JIP LWD holes allowed for the analysis of variations in acoustic amplitude characteristics as a product of hydrate saturation, gas saturation, and reservoir thickness. Using the well log-derived acoustic models, thick highly concentrated gas hydrate with and without underlying free gas accumulations have been identified. These results suggest that thick highly concentrated gas-hydrate-bearing sand units (with thicknesses greater than half of the seismic tuning thickness and gas hydrate saturations greater than 50%) underlain by gas can be differentiated from sands containing only gas, but thin gas-hydrate-bearing sand units with low gas hydrate concentrations (with thicknesses less than half of the seismic tuning thickness and gas hydrate saturations less than 50%) are difficult to identify from post-stack seismic amplitude data alone. Within GC955, we have identified six zones with seismic amplitude anomalies interpreted as being caused by gas hydrate deposits with variable lateral extent, thickness and saturation, and in some cases overlying free-gas-bearing intervals. Synthetic seismic images produced from well-log- and model-derived velocity and density distributions mimic similar reflection characteristics in the corresponding field seismic data.     

Two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform of simulated spatial images of waves on a slowly varying topography

The wavelet transform (WT) is now recognized as a useful, flexible, and efficient technique to analyze intermittent, non-stationary and inhomogeneous signals as well as images which are obtained from experimental or in situ measurements. In this study, the two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform (2-D CWT) was introduced to analyze the spatial image of waves. The numerical algorithm of 2-D CWT was developed and testified in simulated wave field of regular and random waves. Some more simulated wave fields of various wave conditions and sea bed slopes were then assumed to verify the analytical accuracy of this new technique. The comparisons of estimations to theoretical values for several wave parameters show that the 2-D CWT is capable of identifying the directional spectra and wave properties in shallow water.