潮流能水轮机仿真及尾流场分析

为了研究潮流能水轮机尾流场的变化规律,本文在水平轴水轮机现有理论基础上,采用计算流体力学技术建立了数值模型,计算了水轮机的功率特性,进行了网格独立性验证,比较了模型中旋转区域不同对结果的影响。仿真结果与试验结果进行了对比分析,验证了数值模型的有效性。研究了全工况下尾流场速度衰减随尖速比和距离变化的规律,结果显示在小尖速比下尾流场速度恢复情况相对大尖速比下较好;靠近水轮机轮毂中心线位置处,衰减相对较大。研究建议水轮机在同等功率表现下尽量选择在小尖速比下工作,水轮机组在实际排列时避免采用成列布置,水轮机设计阶段应综合考虑功率特性和尾流场衰减。本文研究内容可以为潮流能水轮机的研究以及阵列式应用提供参考。     

海底地形对潮流能水轮机水动力学性能影响数值模拟研究

为研究海底地形尾流对潮流能水轮机水动力学性能的影响,采用CFD方法,使用开源软件Code_saturne,选取具有代表性的二维梯形地形,对有无地形两种工况下的水轮机的性能分别进行数值模拟,得到不同尖速比的水轮机性能参数曲线。通过水槽试验与数值模拟结果对比,验证用CFD数值模拟直接求解含有地形流场中的水轮机各项性能参数的可靠性。利用数值模拟方法对梯形地形的尾流分布进行分析,进而研究海底地形尾流对水轮机性能的影响距离,为潮流能水轮机的微观选址提供一定参考。     

水平轴潮流能水轮机数值模拟方法对比分析

叶素动量理论和CFD方法是水平轴潮流能水轮机性能分析中运用较为广泛的数值模拟方法,文中结合小尺寸水轮机模型试验,对比分析了叶素动量理论和CFD方法在水轮机性能分析中的准确性和适用性.验证结果表明:叶素动量理论和CFD方法均能对水轮机的性能进行预报,且CFD精度高于动量叶素理论;大尖速比时,动量叶素理论偏离较高,不再适合性能预报;在小尖速比下,建议采用RNGk-ε模型的CFD方法进行分析计算;动量叶素理论适合设计初期设计方案的对比分析,而CFD方法适合对设计结果的验证校核和详细分析.     

两种湍流模型在潮流能水轮机数值模拟中的适用性研究

在对特定湍流条件下的水平轴潮流能水轮机进行数值模拟时,不同的湍流模型对于计算结果具有一定的影响。为选择合适的湍流模型对所设计水轮机的三维流场进行描述,将采用常用的两方程模型(SSTk-ω与Realizable k-ε)进行数值模拟,得到不同工况下水轮机的性能参数以及水轮机后1.5D处流场的流速、湍流强度分布情况,并进行模型水槽试验,试验值与采用两种湍流模型进行数值模拟得到的仿真值对比表明:在低尖速比工况下,采用SSTk-ω进行数值模拟得到的仿真值比Realizable k-ε更接近试验值,在较高尖速比时,采用Realizable k-ε进行模拟得到的数值更接近试验值;采用两种湍流模型进行数值模拟得到的速度分布具有相似性,但对于湍流强度的预测,SSTk-ω更具有优势。考虑此水轮机的实际工况,选择SSTk-ω湍流模型进行描述更加合理。     

潮流能水平轴水轮机叶片扭角与弦长分布研究

叶片是潮流能水轮机的关键部件,为获取综合性能良好的潮流能水平轴水轮机,采用解析计算与CFD仿真结合的方法研究叶片扭角与弦长分布。以叶素效率最大原则,推导叶片扭角与弦长的理想分布计算模型,并研究尖速比对叶片扭角与弦长分布的影响;综合考虑水轮机获能效率、可靠性、安全性及叶片加工制造等因素,提出对叶片扭角与弦长修正分布模型;运用Fluent软件对20kW水轮机设计实例性能分析,结果显示修正模型水轮机转矩满足获能要求,轴向力明显减小,有利于工程应用中水轮机的稳定运行。     

偏航工况下潮流能水轮机性能及尾流场特性分析

潮流能发电机组在工作中,水轮机与潮流流向之间的偏航角对于机组的性能有较大影响。基于ANSYS Fluent软件采用SST k-ω湍流模型和滑移网格旋转模型对不同偏航角下水轮机进行数值模拟,分析偏航工况下水轮机性能及尾流场特性,并进行试验验证。结果表明:随着偏航角的增大,轴向力系数与功率系数降低,尾流场流速变化不对称现象趋于明显,同时造成周围流场湍流强度增大。     

湍流对潮流能发电水轮机性能影响数值仿真研究

潮流能发电水轮机的实际工作海域往往存在不同程度的湍流,而湍流会对潮流能发电水轮机的获能系数、轴向力系数和尾流场性能等产生影响。研究湍流对潮流能发电水轮机性能的影响规律,对于实海况下潮流能发电水轮机的性能预测、可靠性和安全性的提高以及潮流能发电场多机组排布优化等具有一定的参考价值。通过对潮流能发电水轮机试验模型进行建模,并用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)分析软件Fluent对处于不同湍流强度下的潮流能发电水轮机性能进行数值模拟,得到其获能系数、轴向力系数及尾流场特性。通过分析数值模拟结果,并与相关参考文献的试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明:湍流强度越大,水轮机获能系数和轴向力系数越小,尾流场速度恢复越快;水轮机后方尾流场纵向和横向影响区域更大。     

水平轴潮流能叶轮尖速比特性分析研究

针对设计尖速比对水平轴潮流能叶轮动力特性的影响问题开展研究工作。基于叶素-动量理论建立叶轮动力特性仿真模型,以叶片数量分别为2、3、4的叶轮为对象,考察设计尖速比对叶轮的功率系数的影响。研究结果表明:设计尖速比越大的叶轮,其最大效率也越高;叶片数量多的叶轮,其功率系数略优于叶片数量少的叶片。结合分析结果,给出了水平轴潮流能叶轮的设计尖速比的选择建议。     

水平轴潮流能发电装置结构对其水动力性能的影响

为研究水平轴潮流能发电装置结构对其水动力性能的影响,运用格子玻尔兹曼(LBM)方法,建立水平轴潮流能发电装置的数值模拟分析模型,对水轮机在不同尖速比工况下的水动力性能进行模拟。将模拟结果与同工况水池拖曳实验得到的数据相对比,二者捕获能系数误差在2%左右,验证了LBM方法的可行性和准确性。在此基础上利用LBM方法研究机舱和立柱结构对水轮机特性的影响,得到其对水轮机捕获效率的影响规律。     

基于UDF的水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转水动力性能研究

针对水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转问题,基于Fluent 17.0,运用UDF(User Defined Function)控制滑移网格对网格进行动态调整,仿真研究水轮机在不同安放角下被动旋转的水动力特性。通过仿真分析,结果表明:潮流能水轮机随着叶片安放角度的增加,尖速比、输出功率、捕能系数都是先增大后减小,叶片安放角为6°时,叶轮前后速度差最大,对潮流能利用充分,且各项性能均达到最佳;通过分析叶片受力,叶尖叶素在安放角为2°时阻力最大,3°时升力最大,升阻比在6°时最大,此时叶尖叶素升阻比C_L/C_D=6.27、攻角α=3.06°。由仿真结果可知水平轴潮流能叶轮的自启动过程由5个阶段组成,即加速度增大的加速运动段—加速度减小的加速运动段—加速度反向增大的减速运动段—加速度反向减小的减速运动段—稳定运行段,这对潮流能水轮机的设计具有重要的指导意义。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.