Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

河南禹州与山西太原石炭—二叠纪多重地层划分与对比

河南禹州的本溪组、太原组与山西太原的岩性相似,唯厚度较小;禹州的石盒子组与太原的岩性和厚度差异大,而且太原的煤层厚、层位低,禹州的煤层薄、层位高。由本溪组至山西组呈向南穿时,石盒子组为向北穿时,显示海水先向南侵后又向北回泛的变化趋势。沉积环境由下而上由陆表海经三角洲向大陆体系演化,并向南迁移,反映了该区总体上北部是陆地,南部是海洋的古地理格局。     

豫西南晚白垩世红层时代厘定及其意义

研究区位于豫、鄂、陕三省相邻地带,在秦岭造山带后造山阶段构造体制转换过程中,形成了李官桥、滔河、西峡、夏馆、五里川、召北等一系列近于平行的断陷盆地,盆地内分别沉积了１０００～４０００ｍ的陆相碎屑沉积。根据恐龙蛋、轮藻、孢粉、介形类及一定数量的恐龙骨骼化石、同位素年龄等,将盆地内红层的时代归属为晚白垩世,并对每一盆地红层进一步作了详细划分。     

藏东八宿怒江桥—邦达一带嘉玉桥群研究的新进展

在西藏八宿怒江桥—邦达一带嘉玉桥群中发现较丰富的化石,其中腕足类有：Ｎｅｏｓｐｉｒｉｆｅｒ,Ｓｙｒｉｎｇｏｔｈｙｒｉｓ？Ａｓｙｒｉｎｘｉａ,Ｓｐｉｒｉｆｅｒ;牙形石：Ｐａｌｍａｔｏｄｅｌａｄｅｌｉｃｕｔｕｌａ,Ｐａｌｍａｔｏｌｅｐｉｓｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓｓｉｇ ｍｏｉｄａｌｉｓ,Ｓｐａｔｈｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｃｆ．Ｓｔａｂｉｌｉｓ,Ｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｈｕｓｐｕｒｕｓ;孢子：Ｌｅｉｇａｔｏｓｐｏｒｉｔｉｓｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ,Ｃｒａｓｉｓｐｏｒａｔｒｙｃｈｅｒａ,Ｓｕｌｃａｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｏｖａｔｕｓ,Ｌｉｍｉｔｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓ,Ｌｅｉｏｔｒｉｌｅｔｅｓ等。据此对嘉玉桥群的划分和时代进行了重新厘定。     

一批地质标准物质通过部级鉴定

一批地质标准物质通过部级鉴定１９９４年５月２０日～２１日全国地质矿产标准化技术委员会岩矿测试标准样品及方法分技术委员会在北京举行会议,组织评审了一批地质标准物质,通过了“黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿４种矿物标准物质的研制”、“铅锌、铅锌铜、镍钴、钨...     

金和铜矿床分类研究的过去、现状和未来

<正>1问题提出在自然科学研究中,为了阐明无数单独个体的共性和个性,对其开展分类研究极为重要,它可以使十分复杂的结构得以简化进而获取有规律性的结果.有鉴于此,与其他自然科学的分类研究一样,金和铜矿床类型的划分不仅是成矿理论研究的永恒主题之一,     

郯庐断裂中段鲁中基底韧性变形带的形成时代

郯庐断裂中段鲁中基底的韧性变形带可分为两类：（１）北东向韧性变形带,以发育中深层次的构造片麻岩为特征,形成于早中元古代花岗质岩体（２４８８Ｍａ）侵位之前;（２）北北东向韧性变形带,以中浅层次糜棱岩为特征,形成于晋宁期（９４１Ｍａ）。文中对以上两类韧性变形带的形成机制和时代进行了初步讨论。     

Geology and mineralization of the Tiegelongnan supergiant porphyry-epithermal Cu (Au,Ag) deposit (10 Mt) in western Tibet,China: A review

The Tiegelongnan Cu(Au,Ag)deposit in central Tibet contains more than 10 Mt of copper ranking 29 th in the world.It is characterized by typical porphyry-epithermal alteration and mineralization.In order to improve the understanding of porphyry-epithermal copper deposit in Tibet,new zircon U-Pb age and sulfur isotope data along with published data in the Tiegelongnan are presented to investigate the formation and preservation mechanism.Ore-related intrusive rocks in the Tiegelongnan including Early Cretaceous(about 120 Ma)granodiorite porphyry and diorite porphyry are closely related to the northward subduction of Bangongco-Nujiang ocean.Sulfur mainly comes from deep magma,and ore-forming fluid is affected by both magmatic and meteoric water.The metallogenic setting of Tiegelongnan is consistent with those of Andean porphyry copper deposits in South America.The cover of the Meiriqiecuo Formation volcanic rocks,Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and India-Eurasian collision have significance in the preservation and uplift of the deposit.The formation,preservation and discovery of Tiegelongnan play an important role in exploration of ancient porphyry-epithermal deposits in Tibet.     

Carbon cycle variability in tropical Atlantic across two Early Eocene hyperthermals

Early Eocene hyperthermals are geologically short-lived global warming events and represent fundamental perturbations to the global carbon cycle and the Earth’s ecosystem due to massive additions of isotopically light carbon to the ocean-atmosphere system.They serve as ancient analogs for understanding how the oceanic carbonate system and surface-ocean ecosystem would respond to ongoing and future climate change.Here,we present a continuous carbonate record across the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2(ETM2 or H1,ca.54.1 Ma)and H2(ca.54 Ma)events from an expanded section at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1258 in tropical Atlantic.The abundant calcareous nannofossils and moderate carbonate content throughout the studied interval suggest this record was deposited above the calcite compensation depth(CCD),but below the lysocline and under the influence of terrestrial dilution.An Earth system model cGENIE is used to simulate the carbon cycle dynamics across the ETM2 and H2 to offer insights on the mechanism of the rapid warming and subsequent recovery in climate and ecosystem.The model suggests moderate changes in ocean pH(0.1–0.2 unit)for the two scenarios,biogenic methane from a rechargeable methane capacitor and organic matter oxidation from thawing of the permafrost.These pH changes are consistent with a recent independent pH estimate across the ETM2 using boron isotopes.The carbon emission flux during the ETM2 is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum(PETM)(0.015–0.05 Pg C yr^-1vs.0.3–1.7 Pg C yr^-1).The comparable pre-and post-event carbonate contents suggest the lysocline did not over deepen following the ETM2 at this tropical Atlantic site,indicating spatial heterogeneity in the carbonate system due to strong dilution influence from terrestrial weathering and riverine discharge at Site 1258.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

高岭石热转变产物^29Si、^27Al魔角旋转核磁共振研究

运用魔角旋转核磁共振结合红外光谱及X射线衍射等手段，研究了苏州高岭石的560－1600℃热转变产物，主要获得以下结论：（1）高岭石－偏高岭石－莫来石的转变系列的确存在结构上的连续性。其转变经历了几个阶段；脱羟阶段（400－600℃），偏高岭石阶段（600－800℃），相分离阶段（800－1100℃），莫来石阶段（1100－1600℃）。（2）莫来石形成过程没有出现Al2O3的大量分凝，但存在SiO2的分凝。（3）偏高岭石－莫来石转变过程的中间相为Al-Si尖晶石和准莫来石。（4）引起1000℃放热反应的主要因素是准莫来石的形成。     

倾斜断层Vzz、Vzzz的联合反问题解

本文利用两个上延高度的V_zz极值距和其中之一高度的V_zzz的零值点获得了倾斜断层的位置、埋深、断距、倾向、倾角以及断层正逆性质等的反问题解。     

饶阳凹陷大王庄地区古近系东营组三段沉积微相研究

针对大王庄地区沉积相类型判定结论不一致的问题,以区域构造演化为基础,利用钻井数据、沉积构造标志、测井数据等地质资料,探讨了东营组三段(Ed3)沉积时期周边潜山、洼槽对大王庄地区物源方向、沉积相类型的控制作用,建立了东三段沉积模式.研究结果表明,东三段沉积时期,沉降中心位于研究区东北部,主要接受西南深泽低凸起的物源沉积.东营组沉积期间,随着断陷的抬升,湖盆面积迅速缩小,地形逐渐平坦,沉积相不断延伸,大王庄地区东三段发育曲流河相.沉积相的精细研究为储层预测提供了依据.     

污染物的固化/安定化处理的种类和研究应用现状

污染物的固化／安定化技术处理可归纳为6大类,即基于水泥的固化技术、基于石灰的固化技术、矿物吸附技术、热固技术、热塑技术和玻璃化技术等。其中有机聚合物固化剂（热固、热塑材料）一般用于处理固态有机污染物;玻璃化技术一般用于处理污染土、城市垃圾焚烧物和放射性物质。因无机胶结剂操作方便、成本低、能处理的无机污染物范围很广,因此使用频率较高（90％以上）,而有机胶结剂固化技术和废物玻璃化处理技术成本高,仅被用于特殊污染物的处理。     

邻二氮杂菲银/蒙脱石抗菌复合物的制备及表征

以X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT IR)、激光拉曼光谱(R am an)等手段对用微波辐射法制备邻二氮杂菲银/蒙脱石抗菌复合物抗菌及其热处理产物进行表征,结果显示:邻二氮杂菲与银离子所形成的络离子([A g(phen)2] )通过离子交换作用进入蒙脱石的层间形成有序插层结构,其d(001)值随热处理温度的上升呈规律性变化,复合物的热稳定性可达300℃。复合物中银离子的溶出量受热处理温度的控制。抗菌性能测试表明复合物及其热处理产物对大肠杆菌都具有良好的抗菌活性。微波辐射法较传统制备方式更为简便、快速。     

辽宁大连骆驼山地点的大斑鹿新材料

2013年在辽宁大连骆驼山金远洞堆积（39°23'59.01"N,121°41'20.28"E）中发现了哺乳动物残骸后,自2014年以来进行了系统发掘,出土了大量的哺乳动物化石。最近从偶蹄类化石中鉴定出较为罕见的大斑鹿（Cervus（Sika）magnus）。金远洞大斑鹿标本角柄短,角冠简单,第一枝距角环不远,眉枝与主枝的夹角较大,近于直角;上前臼齿齿冠上具明显的内中凹,上臼齿齿冠上的新棱、马刺等附属结构不存在,下前臼齿中p4臼齿化,下臼齿齿冠上的下外附尖不明显。根据目前掌握的大斑鹿化石地层资料,大斑鹿的时代分布可能是早更新世至中更新世。

     

蒙脱石/醋酸氯已定抗菌复合物的制备及其表征

以2：1型粘土矿物钠基、钙基蒙脱石为栽体,醋酸氯已定为抗菌组分,利用离子交换法制备一种新型的抗菌复合物。采用X射线衍射分析（XRD）对产物进行表征,并进行了抗菌性能测试。结果表明,醋酸氯已定离子进入了蒙脱石的层间,呈单层或“绞链”状态排列。所制备的蒙脱石／醋酸氯已定抗菌复合物对大肠杆菌有良好的抗菌活性,在组分含量1CEC时即表现出抗茵活性,而且抗菌活性随组分浓度的增加而增加。     

祁漫塔格成矿带磁铁矿Fe2+/Fe3+比值测定方法对比研究

为了厘清磁铁矿成分测试过程中Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺比值分析各种方法的准确性及适用范围;采用直接测氧法、Lβ/Lα强度比值法、电价差值法、剩余氧法和穆斯堡尔谱法,对祁漫塔格成矿带中典型矿床中磁铁矿的Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺比值进行了研究,结果表明电价差值法、剩余氧法和穆斯堡尔谱法是相对比较准确的测试方法,但穆斯堡尔谱法不是原位分析方法,存在适用范围的缺陷。     

伊利石测年在焉耆盆地油气成藏时期研究中的应用

油气藏成藏时期的确定是进行油气藏勘探与评价的重要工作内容之一。也是揭示成藏过程的有效途径，利用伊利石测年确定油气成藏期，能够得出其绝对年龄，因而受到人们重视，运用自生伊利石同位素年龄测定的原理和方法及自生伊利石同位素年龄资料对焉耆盆地博湖坳陷油气藏成藏时期及油气运移时期进行了分析，最后对自生伊利石同位素测年存在的问题和措施进行了有益的探讨并克服了以往只能根据地质综合研究定性确定油气藏成藏时期及油气运移时期问题，为定量确定油气藏成藏时期以及油气运移时期提供了科学的方法。     

分离的大陆板块边缘镁铁-超镁铁岩系Th/Hf-Ta/Hf判别

本文在论述了 Th/ Hf— Ta/ Hf关系判别岩浆岩源区大地构造环境机理的基础上 ,根据世界上典型大地构造环境区岩浆岩系的 Th、Ta、Hf特征 ,提出了分离的大陆板块边缘镁铁 -超镁铁岩的 Th/ Hf— Ta/ Hf判别标志 :Th/ Ta=1.8～ 4 .0 ,Ta/ Hf>0 .1