Heavy minerals clustering analysis in application of provenance analysis of Kong 2 Member in Kongnan area

The main task of provenance analysis is to determine the source of sediments and the position of parent rocks.Provenance analysis may find out the relationship between erosion districts and sediment zone,between the uplift and the depression in the process of basin development.The authors use the method of heavy mineral clustering analysis and estimate the provenance direction of Huanghua Depression in the Paleogene Kong 2 Member.Research shows that there were five provenance areas of Kong 2 Member in Kongnan area.They are western(Shenusi),northwestern(Cangzhou),eastern(Ganhuatun),northeastern and southeastern.The main provenance areas were northwestern and western,while the southern provenance could not be ruled out.And these areas are consistent with the known provenance areas.     

不同物源体系致密储层微观结构特征及成因分析:以陇东地区樊家川和南梁长6段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油气资源丰富,其中陇东地区长6储层的发育受多物源体系的控制,成为当前研究热点,但目前对不同物源控制的砂体微观结构特征差异等缺乏深入了解,制约了该地长6储层的勘探与评价。通过铸体薄片鉴定、镜下观察、X衍射及恒速压汞分析等实验手段,开展了不同物源体系控制下的储层微观结构特征研究,对比分析了沉积微相对储层发育的影响,建立了对应的孔隙演化模型,并探讨了主要成岩作用对储层致密化的控制。结果表明：(1)喉道是控制储层渗透率的主要因素,北东部物源沉积区较西部物源沉积区的喉道发育状况更好,渗透率更高;(2)随着渗透率升高,受北东部物源控制的南梁地区半径大于0.50μm的较大喉道对渗透率的贡献明显增加;(3)沉积微相是控制不同物源体系砂体物性的重要因素,受北东部物源控制的南梁地区的砂质碎屑流和浊流砂体物性均好于受西部物源控制的樊家川地区;压实作用是造成储层致密化的主要原因,受不同物源体系储层伊利石和绿泥石含量差异的影响,北东部物源沉积区压实减孔量(19.29%)小于西部物源沉积区(22.32%)。该研究成果对不同物源体系致密油的后期评价具有指导意义。     

四川盆地川西坳陷须三段砂岩储层致密化过程定量模拟

为了明确川西坳陷须三段砂岩储层致密化过程, 定量恢复致密砂岩储层孔隙度演化, 综合利用常规薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和包裹体等资料, 对须三段成岩作用进行了系统分析, 探讨了成岩作用与孔隙度演化之间的关系。在此基础上, 结合地层埋藏史和热演化史研究, 基于效应模拟原则, 即不对具体成岩作用进行模拟, 而是通过地质参数来模拟各种成岩作用的综合叠加结果, 从而建立须三段砂岩孔隙度演化数学模型, 明确砂岩储层致密化过程。研究结果表明: 须三段主要发育岩屑石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩; 砂岩经历压实、胶结、溶蚀等成岩作用, 其中压实作用和胶结作用是主要的破坏性成岩作用, 且一直存在于砂岩储层演化过程中; 溶蚀作用是主要的建设性成岩作用, 且只出现在特定的60~120℃温度窗口。基于对现今砂岩孔隙度与深度关系的观察, 明确砂岩先后经历了压实、胶结作用和溶蚀作用, 以及溶蚀后的压实、胶结作用。因此, 可将孔隙度演化划分为正常压实与胶结阶段、溶蚀增孔阶段和溶蚀后正常压实与胶结3个阶段。此外, 将孔隙度演化分解为孔隙度减小模型和孔隙度增大模型, 这2种模型在孔隙度演化的3个阶段分别叠加, 可得到模拟孔隙度演化的三段式分段函数模型, 进而实现砂岩储层孔隙度演化过程模拟。通过应用该模型对典型砂岩储层孔隙度演化过程的模拟表明, 川西坳陷须三段因压实作用和早期胶结作用影响, 具有早期致密的特点。      

西南地区夏季旱涝与厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)的关系分析

利用中国西南地区多个站点1951~2008年夏季逐月降水资料,1951~2008年的厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)指数(Nino3.4),对西南地区夏季旱涝与厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)的相关联系进行了分析,得出以下结论:前期厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)指数与中国西南地区的夏季降水存在一定的相关关系,如云南的中部,西部和南部,广西的西北部和贵州中部,东南部呈弱的负相关,除这几个地区都是呈现正相关。整个西南地区的相关系数,南部呈负正负,北部呈正的强弱强分布。合成分析表明:厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜事件发生后的夏季,西南地区降水距平基本呈现相反的分布特征。厄尔尼诺事件发生后,西南地区夏季降水较多,易造成涝灾;拉尼娜事件后,西南地区夏季降水较少,易造成旱灾。     

四川盆地须家河组致密砂岩物源体系的控储作用

为明确四川盆地须家河组致密砂岩物源特征及控储作用,运用储层岩石学测试和镜下分析,研究了物源与储层发育的关系及分布,探讨了物源体系的控制因素。研究结果表明,四川盆地须家河组储层具有成分成熟度较低、物性差异性强、以中-细粒为主、主要为溶蚀孔隙和成岩效应存在两面性5个基本特征;物源控制了储层岩石类型的发育范围,平面展布存在差异性,其可溶矿物组分及含量亦有所不同,导致各地区孔隙发育及规模有所不同;西部龙门山和东北部大巴山是须家河组的主要供源区,前者表现为碳酸盐岩岩屑含量相对较高,后者表现为火山岩岩屑含量相对较高。不同时期造山活动强度的阶段性变化使得物源供应强度及类型也随之变化,储层岩石组分差异分化,进而控制储层垂向非均质性。研究成果可以为该区下一步的油气精细勘探提供借鉴。      

Early Cretaceous precious fossil-bearing beds in Weijialing—Yaolugou of Jianchang Basin,western Liaoning

The Jianchang Basin is one of the main localities of the precious fossils of Jehol Biota in western Liaoning. The fossil-bearing horizons are mainly in the Yixian- and Jiufotang formations. In the Weijialing- Yaolugou of southwest Jianchang Basin, many precious fossils have been found at Luojiagou Bed of the 2nd Member of the Yixian Formation and at Xidian Bed of the 1 st member of the Jiufotang Formation. The geologic setting, sedimentary environment and paleogeography of the precious fossil-bearing beds were also studied.     

Quartz grain surface microtextural evidence for provenance of the Quaternary aggradation red earth deposit,southern China

The Quaternary aggradation red earth(QARE) deposit in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(MRYR) in southern China provides important evidence for understanding the paleoenvironment. However, its provenance remains controversial. In this study, the surface microtextures of grains from the QARE were observed, and compared with those of grains from the loess deposit on the Loess Plateau in northern China. The results show that the surface microtextures and morphologies of the quartz grains in the QARE are distinctly different from those in the northern loess, indicating that the deposits in the two regions have different provenances. The Gobi and deserts in inland northwestern China are not considered as the primary provenance for the QARE in southern China. It is suggested that the large areas of dry and bare river and lake beds and floodplains in the MRYR, which became exposed during glacial periods, provided the dominant source for materials in the QARE. We suggest that against the background of the middle-Pleistocene climate transition(MPT), regional aridification and a strengthened east Asian winter monsoon(driven by global cooling and the rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau) were primary drivers for the initiation of the QARE deposit in the MRYR region in southern China. The development of large areas of aeolian red earth deposit is direct evidence of environmental deterioration in the MRYR, indicating a cold and dry environment with frequent aeolian activity, in an area that now experiences a warm and humid subtropical monsoon climate. The results are also evidence of a regional response in the mid-subtropics of southern China to the MPT global cooling event around 1.2 Ma.     

Characteristics and evolution of lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7 Member of Yanchang Formation in northern Shaanxi

Lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7 Member in the studied area consists of sihstone and fine sandstone with respect to grain size, which is feldspathic lithie sandstone, syrosem arkose and arkose with respect to mineral constitution affected by provenance. There are such apparent signatures as lithology, sedimentary structure, sedimentary sequence and well logs, to recognize turbidite. During the paleogeographic evolution of Chang-7 Member, lake basin and deep lake are both at their maximum extent during Chang-73 stage, resulting in the deposition of Zhangjiatan shale with widespread extent and of turbidite with fragmental-like. Deep lake line is gradually moving toward lake center and turbidite sand bodies are gradually turning better with better lateral continuity, connectivity and more thickness, from stages of Chang-73, Chang-72 and Chang-7t, which can be favorable reservoir in deep-water.     

豫西渑池地区中元古界兵马沟组沉积环境分析

华北克拉通南缘中元古代早期发育陆源碎屑-碳酸盐岩沉积,豫西地区兵马沟组作为其早期陆源碎屑充填沉积,对于探讨中元古代早期华北克拉通南缘沉积环境演化有重要意义。在野外地质剖面实测基础上,结合岩性及粒度特征划分沉积相,探讨渑池地区兵马沟组沉积环境演化,为华北克拉通南缘中元古代早期沉积环境演化提供约束。豫西渑池地区兵马沟组剖面自下而上主要岩性为含砾砂岩-粉砂岩、泥岩-含砾砂岩,垂向上沉积物粒度特征具粗-细-粗的变化,概率累计曲线揭示其水动力条件先减小后变大,兵马沟组下段为河控三角洲的三角洲平原-三角洲前缘-前三角洲-三角洲前缘亚相,上段为滨海相的临滨-前滨亚相,其代表华北克拉通南缘构造活跃期-稳定盖层沉积期之间初期海进-海退旋回;中元古代早期,华北克拉通南缘表现为北东高南西低的古地形特征,兵马沟组是该时期熊耳群或华北克拉通古老基底遭受快速剥蚀的产物;对比不同地区的兵马沟组沉积特征,其在区域上的沉积差异可能是沉积时间及古地形差异性造成的。渑池地区兵马沟组在该时期仍受华北克拉通熊耳裂谷活动的影响,兵马沟组记录了裂谷盆地充填早期的演化过程,对研究华北克拉通南缘中元古代早期大地构造演化具有重要意义。     

川东北元坝西部须家河组致密砂岩裂缝发育特征及控制因素

川东北元坝西部上三叠统须家河组受晚期构造活动影响小,裂缝发育程度较中东部低,前人对其重视不够,裂缝发育控制因素不清楚。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测井解释、裂缝充填物包裹体分析等多种技术手段,对元坝西部须家河组致密砂岩裂缝发育特征及控制因素开展了系统研究,明确了裂缝类型和特征参数,建立了裂缝发育模式。结果表明：(1)元坝西部须家河组以低角度剪切缝和成岩收缩缝为主;须三段裂缝多为方解石充填,须二段裂缝以泥质充填为主。(2)元坝西部须家河组裂缝可划分为3期,分别对应晚侏罗世、早白垩世晚期和晚喜山期,前2期裂缝全充填-半充填,第三期未充填。(3)研究区裂缝发育程度受地层变形强度、至断裂距离、单层砂岩厚度和砂岩类型的控制。九龙山背斜枢纽部位和东南翼地层曲率较大部位以褶皱相关裂缝为主,在东南翼断裂附近以断层相关裂缝为主,2类裂缝区为开发评价有利区。须三段砾岩区发育由砾缘缝和穿砾平缝组合而成的、开度小、未充填的网状缝,须二段石英砂岩发育沿层理破裂的低角度剪切缝及微裂缝,也是元坝西部须家河组气藏下一步开发评价需关注的有利区。     

东昆仑黑海地区沙松乌拉组变质碎屑岩的地球化学特征及其对物质来源的约束

沙松乌拉组是整个东昆仑地区早古生代最早的海相沉积,是原特提斯洋盆打开时的沉积记录。对沙松乌拉组的物质来源进行研究,可以为恢复和反演东昆仑地区早古生代构造格局提供依据。本文在野外地质调查的基础上,对沙松乌拉组的岩石地球化学特征进行了研究。通过系列判别图解,得到沙松乌拉组的岩石类型为杂砂岩、岩屑砂岩,源岩主要为长英质及部分古老沉积组分;得到物源区大地构造环境主要为大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘,少量物源来自被动大陆边缘。分析前期通过碎屑锆石法得到的小庙群、万宝沟群、晋宁期岩浆岩及白沙河组物源区的形成环境及岩石性质,与地球化学判别结果较为吻合。     

川西坳陷须三段致密砂岩气藏源储特征及成藏模式

川西坳陷须家河组致密气藏已成为拓展油气勘探、发现新储量的重要领域,致密气藏发育特征及其成藏机理成为目前亟需解决的关键科学问题之一。运用地球化学、地球物理和沉积学等分析方法,对须三段源储特征及成藏模式进行了系统分析,对高效烃源岩和优质储层进行了判别和预测,厘定了致密气藏成藏期次和成藏模式。得出以下结论:①须三段发育成熟-高成熟湖相烃源岩,以Ⅲ型干酪根为主,局部偶见Ⅱ₂型干酪根。发育于须三下亚段最大湖泛面附近,泥页岩体积分数在65%以上或者单层厚度较大、且1.50% ≤ w（TOC）≤ 10%时,属于高效烃源岩。②基于砂岩粒度中值识别出4期（S1,S2,S3和S4）优质储层,都属于低孔低渗-特低孔特低渗致密储层,中砂-细砂,粒度分布范围为0.5~0.062 5 mm,厚度一般5~10 m。主要发育于三角洲前缘和前三角洲。③烃源岩生排烃时间持续较长,中侏罗世开始生烃,一直持续至晚白垩世;从晚侏罗世开始排烃,早白垩世达到高峰。优质储层经历早期天然气持续充注和晚期凝析气充注,天然气充注时间要早于凝析气充注时间。形成了"断层垂向输导,先聚集后致密,晚期改造调整"的致密气藏成藏模式。      

Early Cretaceous precious fossil-bearing beds in Weijialing－Yaolugou of Jianchang Basin , western Liaoning

The Jianchang Basin is one of the main localities of the precious fossils of Jehol Biota in western Liaoning. The fossil-bearing horizons are mainly in the Yixian- and J iufotang formations. In the Weijialing－Yaolugou of southwest Jianchang Basin, many precious fossils have been found at Luojiagou Bed of the 2nd Member of the Yixian Formation and at Xidian Bed of the 1st member of the Jiufotang Formation. The geologic setting, sedimentary environment and paleogeography of the precious fossil-bearing beds were also studied.     

The sediment and hydrographic characteristics of three horseshoe crab nursery beaches in hong kong

1　Introduction　Thelifecycleofhorseshoecrabsislengthywhencom paredtoothermarinearthropodssuchasbluecrabsandshrimpspecies (Sekiguchietal.,1988) .Thetwospecies,TachypleustridentatusandCarcinoscorpiusrotundicauda,knowntooccurinHongKongrequire ,respectively ,betweenthirteentofourteenandtentoelevenyearstomaturebeforedepartingtheirnurserybeachesfordeeperwaters (ChiuandMorton ,1999a ;Sekiguchietal.,1988) .Thelivingenvironmentofthenurserybeacheswheretheeggsarelaidandincu bated ,andfromwhichtheyoun…     

塔里木柯坪地区下志留统碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学特征及其地质意义

柯坪地区物源及演化与塔里木盆地的古地理位置密切相关。通过对下志留统碎屑锆石的形态特征和U-Pb年龄分布特征进行分析,系统研究了柯坪地区下志留统的物源及其演化。结果表明:柯坪地区下志留统锆石均为岩浆锆石,锆石U-Pb年龄反映的是成岩年龄或结晶年龄,可有效指示物源区;下志留统柯坪塔格组的物源区主要为沙雅隆起西部、塔中隆起及塔西南前缘隆起,之后受海侵的影响,塔中隆起被海水淹没,下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组的物源区演变为沙雅隆起西部、塔西南前缘隆起及塔中隆起的南部于田、康西瓦地区;满加尔凹陷的存在使得柯坪地区与塔中、塔东地区的物源具有很大的差异;900～700Ma的锆石年龄谱表明,塔里木地块与冈瓦纳大陆具有一定的亲缘关系。     

Spatial-temporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Land Development Intensity in the Western China from 2000 to 2015

The change in land development intensity is an important perspective to reflect the variation in regional social and economic development and spatial differentiation. In this paper, spatial statistical analysis, Ordinary Least Squares(OLS), and Geographically weighted regression(GWR) methods are used to systematically analyse the spatial-temporal characteristics and driving forces of land development intensity for 131 spatial units in the western China from 2000 to 2015. The findings of the study are as follows: 1) The land development intensity in the western China has been increasing rapidly. From 2000 to 2015, land development intensity increased by 3.4 times on average. 2) The hotspot areas have shifted from central Inner Mongolia, northern Shaanxi and the Beibu Gulf of Guangxi to the Guanzhong Plain and the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. The areas of cold spots were mainly concentrated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan, and Xinjiang. 3) Investment intensity and the natural environment have always been the main drivers of land development intensity in the western China. Investment played a powerful role in promoting land development intensity, while the natural and ecological environment distinctly constrained such development. The effect of the economic factors on land development intensity in the western China has changed, which is reflected in the driving factor of construction land development shifting from economic growth in 2000 to economic structure, especially industrial structure, in 2015.     

基于CMIP6的中国未来高温危险性变化评估

评估高温灾害的危险性变化,能够为区域高温灾害风险管理和制定减灾措施提供决策依据。本研究选取高温日数、最高温度和平均高温强度3个指标,基于1961—2020年中国2517个气象站点日最高温数据和CMIP6情景模式比较计划中SSP2-4.5情景下12个气候模式提供的2031—2099年未来气候预测数据集,用核密度概率估计方法计算了4个重现期（即5、10、20和50年）下3个指标的取值,对中国未来高温危险性变化进行了评估。结果表明：① 在SSP2.4-5情景下,中国的高温日数呈现出4个危险中心,分别是：西北干旱（半干旱）地区中部、华北和华中地区的交汇区域、西南地区中部和华南地区南部,并且高温日数从这4个中心向外逐渐减少;最高温度在空间上的分布北部大于南部,东部大于西部。平均高温强度的分布则呈现出从华北地区南部、西北干旱（半干旱）地区西部和东部地区西部向我国除青藏高原地区外的其它地区减少的趋势; ② 在SSP2.4-5情景下,随着重现期年限的增长,中国地区3个高温指标均呈增长趋势且增幅较大,并且高值范围也在不断扩大;③ 3个高温指标变化值均呈现出了明显的空间聚集性,3个指标共同显示的热点区域包括西南地区北部和南部、西北干旱（半干旱）地区中部和华北、华中地区的少部分区域,这些地区发生高温灾害的可能最大,同时根据高温日数变化和最高温度变化,东部地区西部发生高温灾害可能也较大,3个指标共同显示的冷点区域包括青藏高原地区东南部、西北干旱（半干旱）地区的西部和我国东南沿海地区,这些地区几乎不会发生高温危险。     

Geochemistry of the upper Permian sandstones in the Dalong Formation in the South Yellow Sea Basin,East China: implications to provenance,weathering, and tectonic setting

To reconstruct the paleoenvironment, the petrography and geochemical compositions of the upper Permian Dalong Formation(Fm)(P_3d) sandstones in the Central Uplift, South Yellow Sea Basin, was investigated, after which the provenance, tectonic setting, weathering conditions, and diagenetic history were determined. The Dalong Fm is mainly composed of sandstones with a few mudstones and limestones. The petrographic analysis showed that the P_3d sandstones are in low maturity and could be classified into feldspar sandstone and lithic sandstone on average framework composition of Q_(63)F_(16)L _(21). The major and trace element results show that Dalong Fm sandstones are enriched in Rb and depleted in Cr and Ni compared with the upper continental crust(UCC). The chemical weathering intensity is weak to low moderate in the source area as indicated by the chemical index of alteration(CIA) and other results from a variety of methods. The diagenetic process included three main stages: eodiagenesis, mesodiagenesis, and telodiagenesis. Tectonic discrimination plots show that the source areas were an active continental margin(ACM) and a passive continental margin(PCM), which may have been related to the northward movement of the Lower Yangtze Plate(LYP) and the collision between the LYP and the North China Plate(NCP).     

Characteristics and evolution of lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7Member of Yanchang Formation in northern Shaanxi

Lacustrine turbidite of Chang-7 Member in the studied area consists of siltstone and fine sandstone with respect to grain size, which is feldspathic lithic sandstone, syrosem arkose and arkose with respect to mineral constitution affected by provenance. There are such apparent signatures as lithology, sedimentary structure, sedimentary sequence and well logs, to recognize turbidite. During the paleogeographic evolution of Chang-7 Member, lake basin and deep lake are both at their maximum extent during Chang-73 stage, resulting in the deposition of Zhangjiatan shale with widespread extent and of turbidite with fragmental-like. Deep lake line is gradually moving toward lake center and turbidite sand bodies are gradually turning better with better lateral continuity, connectivity and more thickness, from stages of Chang-73, Chang-72 and Chang-71 , which can be favorable reservoir in deep-water.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘麻黄山地区延8储层特征

通过对延8储层铸体薄片、扫描电镜、孔渗测定、压汞资料等分析,延8储层具有以下特征:研究区北边富长石、南边富石英,具有不同的物源;砂岩粒度以中粒为主,细粒和粗粒次之;主要的储集空间为粒间孔和粒内溶孔;由于大量的长石、岩屑被溶,孔隙度、渗透率不呈正态分布,均偏大,溶蚀作用形成的大量微孔造成高束缚水饱和度,产纯油或含水率极低;砂体厚度、岩石相和成岩作用共同控制着储集层的物性。结果表明,位于河道中部弱胶结的中砂岩具有良好的储集性能。