长鳍裸颊鲷(Lethrinus erythropterus)血细胞的发生

通过Wright染色对长鳍裸颊鲷(Lethrinus erythropterus)的头肾、体肾、脾脏、肝脏等组织涂片、印片的观察,发现其头肾、体肾、脾脏是其主要的造血器官。红细胞、粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞主要在头肾和体肾中发生,其次是脾脏。肝脏中无原始型血细胞,可能不是其造血器官。血细胞的发生大致经过三个阶段,即原始阶段、幼稚阶段、成熟阶段。本文着重描述了长鳍裸颊鲷的红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞发生过程中各阶段细胞的形态特征。嗜碱性粒细胞的发育也可以在头肾中被发现。     

斜带髭鲷(Hapalogenys nitens)血细胞发生及外周血细胞化学染色观察

通过Wright-Giemsa染色对斜带髭鲷[Hapalogenys nitens (Richardson)]的头肾、体肾、脾脏、肝脏四组织涂片、印片的观察,发现其头肾、体肾、脾脏是其主要的造血器官。头肾能发育生成各类型血细胞,体肾能生成红细胞和粒细胞,脾脏能生成淋巴细胞和红细胞。肝脏中未发现幼稚型血细胞。血细胞发生大致经过原始、幼稚和成熟三个阶段。细胞化学染色显示:外周血细胞中,除淋巴细胞外,均有糖原;嗜中性粒细胞含有ACP、ALP、NACE、αNAE和POX;嗜酸性粒细胞含有ACP、NACE和POX;单核细胞含有ACP、αNAE和POX;小淋巴细胞有ACP。研究发现斜带髭鲷是一种抗病能力较强的鱼类。血细胞组织化学染色可作为斜带髭鲷疾病诊断的辅助手段。     

波纹唇鱼血细胞显微结构和血液生化指标

以Wright's和Giemsa双重染色法对波纹唇鱼(Cheilinus undulatus)外周血细胞的形态进行显微观察研究并计数,同时测定各类血细胞的大小及血液的生化指标.血涂片观察发现:波纹唇鱼的外周血细胞可区分出红细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞等五种血细胞,未观察到嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞....     

青弹涂鱼Scartelaos virids血细胞的研究

报道了青弹涂鱼 ( Scartelaos virids ) 外周血细胞的显微结构,血涂片经过Wright液染色,可鉴定出红细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞、血栓细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,未发现嗜酸性粒细胞.红细胞数量多,圆形,具圆核;血栓细胞体积最小,呈三五个聚集分布;嗜碱性粒细胞体积最大.淋巴细胞大小有三种:大淋巴细胞、中淋巴细胞和小淋巴细胞.在数量上,血栓细胞最多,淋巴细胞次之,单核细胞,嗜中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞则较少.此外,还见到红细胞、单核细胞可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生,这说明红血细胞及白血细胞的部分种类也可在外周血直接分裂.     

红鳍笛鲷外周血细胞的显微结构观察

报道了红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)外周血细胞的显微结构,血涂片经过Wright染色液染色,可区分出:红血细胞、血栓细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞等5种血细胞,无嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞。白血细胞中:血栓细胞体积最小,单核细胞体积最大;血栓细胞数目最多,嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞数目最少;淋巴细胞有大中小3种类型:大淋巴细胞、中淋巴细胞和小淋巴细胞。此外,在外周血液中还观察到少量幼稚的红细胞,偶而可见正在分裂的红细胞,提示红细胞也可在外周血直接分裂。     

杂交石斑鱼Epinephelusfuscoguttatus♀×E.lanceolatus♂血细胞的类型及发生

为查明杂交石斑鱼Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂血细胞形态分类及血细胞发生特点,文章通过血液和组织涂(印)片、细胞染色和显微观察,研究了体重263.18±12.31g的杂交石斑鱼外周血液白细胞的分类组成,以及头肾、脾脏、体肾和肝脏等4种组织中各类血细胞的发生情况,并将结果与其母本进行比较。结果表明,杂交石斑鱼外周血液白细胞由淋巴细胞[(55.46±12.38)%]、血栓细胞[(21.11±5.38)%]、嗜中性粒细胞[(19.44±12.02)%]、单核细胞[(1.66±2.13)%]和嗜酸性粒细胞[(2.33±1.91)%]组成;4种组织印迹片中,头肾中未成熟的细胞总数比例最高[(16.12±0.30)%]],体肾次之[(7.90±0.35)%],脾脏[(2.56±0.21)%]和肝脏[(0.97±0.18)%]未成熟细胞比例较低;由此推断杂交石斑鱼主要造血组织是头肾,其次是体肾。在杂交石斑鱼4种组织中均观察到浆细胞,在头肾、体肾和脾脏印迹片中观察到嗜碱性粒细胞和巨噬细胞,在体肾印迹片中观察到巨大原单核细胞。杂交石斑鱼与其母本相比,外周血液白细胞中淋巴细胞比例接近(+2.16%),血栓细胞较少(-14.58%),嗜中性粒细胞(+9.10%)、嗜酸性粒细胞(+2.18%)和单核细胞(+1.38%)较多;主要造血组织都是头肾,但淋巴细胞的主要发生组织不同(分别是体肾和头肾),次要造血组织也不同(分别是体肾和脾脏);此外杂交石斑鱼各组织中未成熟细胞比例明显高于母本,显示出活跃的造血活动。本研究结果能为杂交石斑鱼的血液生理学、病理学研究及石斑鱼杂交选育提供基础资料。     

青石斑外周血细胞显微结构的观察

报道了青石斑外周血细胞的显微结构,血涂片经过wright染色液染色,可区分出:红血细胞、血栓细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞等5种血细胞,未发现嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞。白血细胞中,血栓细胞体积最小,单核细胞体积最大;在数量上,血栓细胞最多,淋巴细胞次之,单核细胞和嗜中性粒细胞则较少。青石斑的淋巴细胞可分为以下三种类型:大淋巴细胞、中淋巴细胞和小淋巴细胞。此外,在外周血液中还观察到少量未成熟的红血细胞和嗜中性粒细胞,幼稚型、成熟型和功能衰退型以及三者之间过渡类型的嗜中性白细胞皆可见到。偶尔可见正在分裂的红血细胞及单核细胞,提示红血细胞及白血细胞的部分种类也可在外周血直接分裂。     

美国红鱼肾肿大症的组织病理和超微病理分析

采用组织学方法,获得患肾肿大症美国红鱼的心、脾、肾、肝、肠和鳃6种组织,利用组织切片以及超薄切片电镜技术对患病组织的病理变化进行了研究分析,探讨该病的致病机制。患病红鱼解剖后主要症状为:体表溃烂,部分病鱼鳍条上有肿块;病鱼肾脏显著肿大,体积甚至达到正常肾脏的1()倍;肝脏、脾脏及胆囊等也有肿大现象;有些病鱼脏器上有白色结节。组织病理显示:美国红鱼肾肿大症的主要表现为肾脏有典型的肉芽肿,大量炎性细胞浸润,肾小管管壁破裂、坏死;肝脏中肝实质有充血现象,实质细胞呈空泡变性;脾脏充血,现大量病变的红细胞,有脂肪样变。超徽病理显示:肾近曲小管上皮细胞凋亡现象严重,肾小管内刷状缘排列稀疏;肝细胞坏死严重,肝细胞界限模糊不清;脾脏组织脾窦扩张,有大量凋亡红细胞和淋巴细胞。实验结果表明:美国红鱼肾肿大症的组织细胞结构发生明显的病理变化,肾脏和肝脏等主要组织器官受到严重损伤病变,使鱼体不能进行正常的生命活动,最后导致死亡。     

花尾胡椒鲷血细胞在光镜和扫描电镜下的结构

以花尾胡椒鲷血细胞进行光镜及扫描电镜观察。结果在血涂片中可分辨出红细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞与血栓细胞,没有发现嗜碱性粒细胞。白细胞中,以淋巴细胞的比例最高,嗜酸性粒细胞数量最少。在扫描电镜下,红细胞椭圆形,表面光滑,无突起：而各种白细胞为圆形,细胞表面不平,具有各种突起,提示白细胞具有活跃的变形运动和吞噬能力。还见到红细胞、血栓细胞可在外周血液中通过直接分裂产生。     

美国红鱼海上网箱养殖技术研究

美国红鱼属鲈形目,石首鱼科,拟石首鱼属,学名为Ｓｃｉａｅｎｏｐｓｏｃｅｌｌａｔｕｓ,中文直译名为眼斑拟石首鱼,在台湾等地又称红鱼、红姑鱼、斑尾鲈、黑斑红鲈等。体型与鮸鱼、大黄鱼近似,体色微红,尾鳍基部通常有１～４个黑色圆斑。美国红鱼原产墨西哥湾及美国西南部沿岸,是美国重要的商业养殖鱼类。１９９１年国家海洋局第一海洋研究所从美国引进该鱼的仔鱼进行入工养殖,对其在我国的生态、生长特性、养殖技术做了初步研究,并于１９９５年成功地培育出了第一代美国红鱼鱼苗［１～５］。美国红鱼具有生长快、适温广,能在海水…     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.