Chemical Composition of Ores from the Takara Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Central Japan

Abstract. The Takara volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit occurs in Miocene formation of the Misaka Mountain, the South Fossa Magna region, central Japan. The tectonic setting of the Misaka Mountain is reconstructed to be a part of the paleo Izu-Ogasawara arc which collided with the Honshu arc and to form accreted body in the present position. The Takara deposit, therefore, is considered to have formed in the paleo Izu-Ogasawara arc.
The ores from the Takara deposit are classified into pyrite-type ore, chalcopyrite-type ore, and sphalerite-type ore on the basis of chemical composition and their mineral assemblages. Some pyrite-type ores are characterized by their high Au content. The Au content is hardly recognized in the chalcopyrite-type and sphalerite-type ores.
The ores from the Takara deposit have intermediate bulk chemical composition between those from the Besshi-type deposits and the Kuroko-type deposits that are two representative VMS deposits. However, the bulk chemical composition is closer to that from the Kuroko-type deposits. And moreover, chemical composition of tetrahedrite-tennantite series minerals (tetrahedrite) is similar to that from the Kuroko-type deposits. The bulk chemical composition (Cu, Zn, Co, Pb, and As contents) of ores is affected by the chemical composition of volcanic rocks associated with VMS deposits.     

古代与现代海底黑矿型块状硫化物矿床矿石地球化学比较研究

选择西南太平洋冲绳海槽现代海底烟囱硫化物矿床、日本小坂矿山上向黑矿（第三纪）和中国西南呷村黑矿型矿床（三叠纪）进行了矿石地球化学比较研究。黑矿型矿床矿石吨位－品位模式与其他火山成因块状硫化物（ＶＭＳ）矿床类似，矿田（２０－５０ｋｍ＾２）矿石吨位与单个喷气－沉积型（Ｓｅｄｅｘ）矿床相当，金属总量４－６Ｍｔ，为矿田范围内热液流体搬运的最大金属量。与洋脊环境ＶＭＳ矿床相比，岛弧裂谷环境产出的黑矿型矿床相     

Mechanisms for anhydrite and gypsum formation in the Kuroko massive sulfide–sulfate deposits,north Japan

The Sr, Ba, and rare earth elements (REEs) concentrations and Sr isotopic composition of anhydrite and gypsum have been determined for samples from the Matsumine, Shakanai, and Hanaoka Kuroko-type massive sulfide–sulfate deposits of northern Japan to evaluate the mechanisms of sekko (anhydrite and gypsum) ore formation. The Sr isotopic compositions of the samples fall in the range of 0.7077–0.7087, intermediate between that for middle Miocene (13–15 Ma) seawater (0.7088) (Peterman et al., Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 34:105–120, 1970) and that for country rocks (e.g., 0.7030–0.7050) (Shuto, Assn Geol Collab Japan Monograph 18:91–105, 1974). The Kuroko anhydrite samples exhibit two types of chondrite-normalized REE patterns: one with a decrease from light REEs (LREEs) to heavy REEs (HREEs) (type I), and another with a LREE-depleted pattern (type II). Based on the Sr content and isotopic ratio (assuming an Sr/Ca (mM/M) of 8.7 for seawater), anhydrite is considered to have formed by mixing of preheated seawater with a hydrothermal solution of Sr/Ca (mM/M) = ca. 0.59–1.36 under the condition in which the partition coefficient (Kd) ranges between ca. 0.5 and 0.7. This results in the formation of anhydrite with higher Sr content with an Sr isotopic value close to that of seawater under seawater-dominant conditions. Larger crystals of type II anhydrite are partly replaced by smaller ones, indicating that anhydrite dissolution and recrystallization occurred after or during the formation of sekko ore. Gypsum, which partially replaces anhydrite in the Kuroko deposits, also exhibits two distinct chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Because LREEs are likely to be more readily mobilized during dissolution and recrystallization, it is hypothesized that LREEs are leached from type I anhydrite, resulting in the formation of type II anhydrite with LREE-depleted profiles.     

"Brown Ore" from the Fukasawa Kuroko Deposits, Northeast Japan: Its Characteristics and Formation Process

Abstract: Brown–colored sulfide ore (brown ore) occurs in the easternmost part of the Tsunokakezawa No. 1 orebody of the Fukasawa kuroko-type deposits, northern Honshu, Japan. As this type of ores also occur in the marginal or uppermost part of several other kuroko deposits in Japan, the formation of brown ore appears to be repeated in the process of kuroko formation. The brown ore is characterized by its higher Ag concentration (up to around 2000 g/t) than ordinary black ore (Zn–Pb ore) of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. The brown ore from the Fukasawa deposits can be divided into following three ore types based on its texture and mineral composition: pyritic brown ore, principal brown ore and “diseased” brown ore. Primary precipitation textures such as framboidal– and colloform-textures and compositional zoning within sulfide grains are significant in the brown ores. This seems to be due to lack of overprinting high temperature mineralization resulting in preservation of primary features. The Ag-Au mineralization is widely observed within the brown ores. Silver and gold are especially concentrated in the barite veinlets in the principal brown ore, which are supposed to be fillings of conduit of hydrothermal solution precipitated in the latest stage of hydrothermal activity. This mineralization seems to occur at waning stage of brown ore formation by ore solution at a lower temperature (around 250°C) than that of main part of brown ore (around 270°C). Relatively low fluid temperature and contribution of oxic ambient seawater may be responsible for the development of the Ag-Au mineralization in the brown ore. The occurrence of framboidal-rich pyritic brown ore having negative δ³⁴S values (less than –10%) and filamentous texture of sphalerite, seeming remnant of bacteria, indicate the presence of intensive microbial activity in the hydrothermal area for brown ore formation. Formation environment of each ore type of the brown ore is supposed to be as follows: Pyritic brown ore is likely to have formed on the sea-floor around redox boundary at temperature (around 240°C) lower than ordinary black ore. Principal brown ore seems to have been formed beneath the shell of the pyritic brown ore at temperature around 270°C. Footwall of the brown ore is disseminated tuff breccia corresponding to feeder zone of hydrothermal fluid. Overprinting chalcopyrite mineralization is not observed in the brown ore except in limited part of “diseased” ore, which occurs just above the disseminated tuff breccia. Based on the features distinct from the ordinary black ore, the brown ore can be regarded as a product in the marginal part of submarine hydrothermal system, where temperature and flow rate of hydrothermal solution was relatively low and microbial activity was intensive. The brown ore seems to well preserve its primary features after its deposition and might show the initial feature of some part of the ordinary stratiform black ore.     

The comparison of strata-bound massive sulfide deposits using the fuzzy-linguistic diagnosis of the Zlaté Hory deposits,Czechoslovakia, as an example

The Zlaté Hory ore deposits — as an example of volcanogenic, strata-bound, massive, base-metal sulfides occurring in the Devonian formations of the Jeseníky Mts. — are compared with distinctive Phanerozoic types representing this type of ore deposit, i.e., with Kuroko-type, Rosebery-type, Besshi-type and Cyprus-type deposits. The results of comparison performed with fuzzy-linguistic diagnosis indicate close resemblance of the Zlaté Hory deposits to Rosebery-type massive sulfides with regard to primary features; however, individual features point to certain original similarity with Kuroko-type deposits, too. The metamorphic history of the ore deposits studied was similar to that of the Rosebery and Besshi types.     

Application of a feedforward neural network in the search for Kuroko deposits in the Hokuroku district, Japan

A feedforward neural network with one hidden layer and five neurons was trained to recognize the distance to kuroko mineral deposits. Average amounts per hole of pyrite, sericite, and gypsum plus anhydrite as measured by X-rays in 69 drillholes were used to train the net. Drillholes near and between the Fukazawa, Furutobe, and Shakanai mines were used. The training data were selected carefully to represent well-explored areas where some confidence of the distance to ore was assured. A logarithmic transform was applied to remove the skewness of distance and each variable was scaled and centered by subtracting the median and dividing by the interquartile range. The learning algorithm of annealing plus conjugate gradients was used to minimize the mean squared error of the scaled distance to ore. The trained network then was applied to all of the 152 drillholes that had measured gypsum, sericite, and pyrite. A contour plot of the neural net predicted distance to ore shows fairly wide areas of 1 km or less to ore; each of the known deposit groups is within the 1 km contour. The high and low distances on the margins of the contoured distance plot are in part the result of boundary effects of the contouring algorithm. For example, the short distances to ore predicted west of the Shakanai (Hanaoka) deposits are in basement. However, the short distances to ore predicted northeast of Furotobe, just off the figure, coincide with the location of the Nurukawa kuroko deposit and the Omaki deposit, south of the Shakanai-Hanaoka deposits, seems to be on an extension of short distance to ore contour, but is beyond the 3 km limit from drillholes. Also of interest are some areas only a few kilometers from the Fukazawa and Shakanai groups of deposits that are estimated to be many kilometers from ore, apparently reflecting the network's recognition of the extreme local variability of the geology near some deposits.     

北祁连清水沟-白柳沟Fe-S和Pb-Zn-Cu型块状硫化物矿床形成环境探讨

青海祁连县清水沟—白柳沟新元古代寒武纪大陆裂谷双峰式海相火山岩中产有Fe-S和Pb-Zn-Cu型块状硫化物矿床.这两类矿床除受所在火山岩陆壳幔源区的部分熔融程度和火山作用旋回性不同影响外,主要受产生构造位置和火山岩浆源区物性条件所控制.其中产Fe-S型矿床的石头沟-香子沟穹窿火山作用,相对形成于近裂谷扩张中心的深海环境,以低K2O钙碱性的拉斑玄武质或英安质下地壳为物源区环境;郭米寺-白柳沟穹窿的Pb-Zn-Cu型火山作用形成于远离扩张中心的陆缘弧环境,源区为一种由地幔源和壳源共同构成的混合源.在矿床成因类型方面,前者近似塞浦路斯的铜黄铁矿,后者为较典型的日本黑矿型.     

High thallium content in Kuroko-type ore

Tl, Ga and Ge contents of Kuroko and other types of ore deposits were analysed semiquantitatively and quantitatively. The results show that Tl content is extremely high in Kuroko-type deposits compared to other types of mineralization. The T1 content is especially high in yellow ore and pyrite crystals; thus this element is considered to be incorporated in pyrite.     

Discriminant analysis for evaluating the use of lithogeochemistry along the Tetsusekiei Horizon as an exploration tool in search for Kuroko type ore deposits

Tetsusekiei (literally, iron quartz) is in the form of thin, discontinuous beds that occur in the hanging wall of the Kuroko-type massive sulphide ores and at some distance beyond ore, along the uppermost part of the ore horizon tuff. The presence of tetsusekiei within a volcano-sedimentary sequence marks a horizon of fossil hydrothermal activity. Tetsusekiei shows elevated concentrations in trace elements of exhalative input relative to normal pelagic sediments and consists of two components; a clastic and a chemical component. Discriminant analysis applied to the following three groups: chemical component of tetsusekiei, clastic component of tetsusekiei and the upper part of the ore horizon tuff which is stratigraphically equivalent to tetsusekiei, has aided in providing the exploration geologist with a number of statistically significant major and trace elements that may be useful to exploration. The lateral distribution of the statistically significant major elements, expressed in the alteration index $$\operatorname{R} \% = \frac{{\left( {K_2 O + MgO} \right) \times 100}}{{K_2 O + Na_2 O + MgO + CaO}}$$ (Ishikawa et al. 1976) for the clastic component of tetsusekiei along the same stratigraphic horizon, shows an increase from about 50% to 90% approaching the Fukazawa mine from the northwest. The trace elements which are of exhalative origin show a relatively erratic distribution. In addition, the accommodation of barium, which is of exhalative origin, in the sericite constituent of the clastic component, combined with its higher concentration in the clastic relative to that in the chemical component, may indicate the presence of sulphide and/or barite ore lower in the stratigraphy.     

北祁连黑矿型和塞浦路斯型硫化物矿床容矿火山岩的物质来源与形成环境

文章以白银厂石英角斑岩和石居里富钠玄武岩为代表,对产于北祁连造山带的"黑矿型"和"塞浦路斯型"铜多金属块状硫化物矿床的容矿火山岩做了系统的常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素及锶、钕、铅同位素分析。结果表明,这2种火山岩均表现出俯冲带岩浆作用的特征。所不同的是,白银厂"黑矿型"块状硫化物矿床容矿火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧环境;石居里"塞浦路斯型"硫化物铜矿床形成于大洋板块内部的洋生弧环境。与各自的形成环境相对应,白银厂的石英角斑岩来源于原生地幔在俯冲板片流体参与下的部分熔融,岩浆在上升侵位过程中有部分大陆地壳物质混入。石居里的富钠玄武岩同样也是产生于原生地幔在板片流体作用下的部分熔融,但没有遭受陆壳物质混染。     

藏南色如朗金红石矿床地质特征及控矿条件

藏南色如朗金红石矿床位于米拉山口断裂带东段北缘,矿床的赋矿岩石主要为绿片岩。由北向南圈定了3个矿体,矿体沿北东方向延伸,呈层状、似层状产出。矿石矿物以金红石为主,其他金属矿物有磁铁矿、赤铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿等。金红石主要为红褐色,少数为暗红褐色,呈自形-半自形柱状和他形粒状,粒径多为0.01~0.2mm,大者可达1~2mm。该矿床的形成主要受地层和变质作用控制,后期构造对矿床形态有一定的破坏作用。通过与中国典型金红石矿床地质特征对比,初步认为色如朗金红石矿床的成因类型为中低压变质型。     

Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications

The most remarkable difference in mineralogy of the Kuroko deposits in Japan is shown in their mineral assemblages of wall-rock alteration. They can be divided into three types, namely: (I)kaolinite-pyrophyllite-diaspore type, (II)sericite-chlorite type, and (III)sericite-chlorite-carbonate type. The assemblage of sulfide minerals characteristically differs in each type of the deposits. The distribution of the Kuroko deposits, classified according to the three types, shows regional zoning. At the waning stage of the deposition of black ore of type (II), related mineral assemblages of both types (I) and (III) are found locally. Slight increase in fugacities of oxygen and sulfur, and decrease in temperature took place during the formation of a deposit. Regional zoning of the assemblage of alteration minerals, therefore, corresponds to slight differences in the processes of ore formation during deposition.     

Whole-rock and sulfide lead-isotope data from the hydrothermal JADE field in the Okinawa back-arc trough

The mineralization of the active hydrothermal JADE field resembles in many aspects the Kuroko-type mineralization. The JADE field is located in a back-arc graben and is associated with a bimodal volcanism. Lead isotope data from igneous rocks, sediments, and ores further emphasize the similarities with the Kuroko ores and suggest that both sediments and volcanic rocks contributed comparable amounts of lead to the deposit. When compared to the sediments, a much larger volume of volcanic rocks must have contributed lead to the deposit, because of the considerably lower lead concentration of volcanic rocks. In contrast to the crustal type lead of the JADE field and the Kuroko-type sulfide deposits the lead isotope signatures of VMS-type deposits at mid-ocean ridges is distinctly different. In the absence of a sedimentary cover it reflects the composition of the mantle source, whereas in the presence of a sedimentary cover it is either a mixture of mantle and sedimentary lead or it may even be completely dominated by the latter. Received: 5 October 1995 / Accepted: 10 May 1996     

祁连优地槽区块状硫化物矿床形成地质环境的初步对比研究和探讨

在成矿规律学的研究中,许多研究者常把优地槽的发展演化与矿床形成阶段相结合并力图给予模式化,认为块状硫化物矿床是优地槽发展初期的坳陷阶段,地槽基底下坳带来巨厚沉积和强烈火山作用时期,与火山和沉积作用有关的形成物(毕利宾,1950;斯米尔诺夫,1973)。     

滇东北富锗银铅锌多金属矿集区矿床模型

滇东北富锗银铅锌多金属矿集区是扬子地块西南缘之川-滇-黔铅锌多金属成矿域的重要组成部分。矿床矿石品位特高、共(伴)生锗和银等组分多、矿体延深大、矿床规模大、经济价值巨大,该类矿床典型的地质特征反映了矿床成矿环境的特殊性,有别于国内外已知类型铅锌矿床(密西西比河谷型(MVT)、火山喷流沉积块状硫化物型(VHMS)、热水沉积型(SEDEX)等)的特性,提出了该类矿床是铅锌矿床的新类型——会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿床,其形成与海西晚期伸展环境与印支期造山挤压环境的构造体制转换有关,并建立了"构造-流体‘贯入’成矿"的矿床模型。矿床的形成过程大致经历了3个阶段:构造推覆—大规模流体运移;流体"贯入"—气液分异;流体卸载—重力分异成矿。该模型诠释了滇东北矿集区富锗银铅锌多金属铅锌矿床的成矿机理,无疑对川-滇-黔铅锌多金属成矿域的矿床研究与深部、外围的隐伏矿定位预测、勘查评价具有重要意义。     

滇西大平掌铜多金属矿床火山喷流沉积原因

大平掌矿床由上部层状块状硫化物矿体和下部细脉浸染状矿体组成,双层结构清楚。块状矿体中发育典型的草莓状和鲕状硫化物。成矿地质背景和矿石中的金属元素及REE配分形式、S同位素组成、流体包裹体特征等均与黑矿型矿床及现代海底热液活动区硫化物矿床相似。矿床典型的火山喷流沉积成因。     

湖南省铅锌金银多金属矿床地质特征与成矿规律

在对前人典型矿床研究的基础上,总结了湖南省铅锌金银多金属矿床的地质特征、成因类型及成矿规律,重点分析了13处铅锌金银多金属(铜、钨、锡等)矿床(体)的地质特征及成矿机制.湖南省铅锌金银多金属矿床包括接触交代型(夕卡岩型)、岩浆热液型(充填交代型及蚀变岩型)和浅成中-低温热液型(沉积热液再造型)3个三级(四级)成因类型....     

Jusa and Barsuchi Log Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits from the Southern Urals of Russia: Devonian Analogs of the Kuroko Deposits of NE Honshu, Japan

Chemical analysis of 60 samples from the Jusa and Barsuchi Log volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry shows that, on average, the Jusa deposit is more enriched in the chalcophilic elements than the Barsuchi Log deposit, whereas the Barsuchi Log deposit is more enriched in the lithogenous elements and Te. In addition, the yellow ores in these deposits are more enriched on average in Cu, As and Mo and the black ores more enriched in Zn, Ga, Cd, Sb, Ba , Hg and Pb relative to each other. Both these deposits are similar in composition to the Kuroko deposits of NE Honshu and may be considered to be analogs of these deposits. The Kuroko deposits, however, contain much higher concentrations of As, Ag, Sb, Ba, Hg and lower contents of Te on average than the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits. Based on the higher contents of Te in the Barsuchi Log deposit compared to the Jusa deposit, as well as on textural considerations, it is concluded that the Barsuchi Log deposit is intermediate between the Urals- and Kuroko-type deposits, whereas the Jusa deposit is more analogous to the Kuroko-type deposits. Based on the compositional data presented here, the Jusa and Barsuchi Log deposits may be described as Zn-Pb-Cu-Ba deposits rather than as Zn-Cu-Ba deposits, as the Baimak-type deposits of the west Magnitogrosk zone have previously been described.     

Mineralogy and composition of Kuroko deposits from northeastern Honshu and their possible modern analogues from the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc south of Japan: Implications for mode of formation

The Kuroko deposits of NE Honshu are a key type deposit for the study of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. However, these deposits have not been studied in detail since the early 1980's and knowledge of their mode of formation is now dated. In this study, we present the analysis of 12 samples of the Kuroko deposits, 12 samples of submarine hydrothermal minerals from the Sunrise deposit and 6 samples from Suiyo Seamount, both of which are located on the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, for 27 elements. For the Kuroko deposit, Cd>Sb>Ag>Pb>Hg>As>Zn>Cu are highly enriched, Au>Te>Bi>Ba>Mo are moderately enriched, In>Tl are somewhat enriched and Fe is not significantly enriched relative to the average continental crust. Within each of these deposits, a similar pattern of element associations is apparent: Zn–Pb with As, Sb, Cd, Ag, Hg, Tl and Au; Fe–Cu–Ba with As, Sb, Ag, Tl, Mo, Te and Au; Si–Ba with Ag and Au; CaSO₄. The enrichment of the chalcophilic elements in these deposits is consistent with hydrothermal leaching of these elements from the host rocks which are dominantly rhyolite–dacite in the case of the Kuroko deposits, rhyolite in the case of the Sunrise deposit and dacite–rhyolite in the case of the Suiyo Seamount deposit. However, this pattern of element enrichment is also similar to that observed in fumarolic gas condensates from andesitic volcanoes. This suggests that there may be a significant magmatic contribution to the composition of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the formation of the Kuroko deposits, although it is not yet possible to quantify the relative contributions of these two sources of elements.The compositional data show that Sunrise and Suiyo Seamount deposits are much closer compositionally to the Kuroko deposits from NE Honshu than are the submarine hydrothermal deposits from the JADE site in the Okinawa Trough which contain, on average, significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Zn, Sb, As and Ag than each of these deposits. In spite of the greater similarity in tectonic setting of the Hokuroku Basin in which the Kuroko deposits formed to the Okinawa Trough (intracontinental rifted back-arc basin) compared to Myojin Knoll and Suiyo Seamount (active arc volcanoes), it appears that submarine hydrothermal deposits from Myojin Knoll and Suiyo Seamount are closer analogues of the Kuroko deposit than are those from the Okinawa Trough. The present data are consistent with the magmatic hydrothermal model for the formation of Kuroko-type deposits as formulated by Urabe and Marumo [Urabe, T., Marumo, K., 1991. A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episodes 14, 246–251].     

从29届地质大会看矿床地质学研究的进步

本文全面概括地介绍了第29届国际地质大会有关矿床地质学的进展和发展趋势,重点对海底热水成矿、浅成低温热液金矿和黑矿型矿床新模式作了详细介绍,此外也对成矿流体、矿床成因理论、矿床实验研究、矿床形成环境和演化规律,以及隐伏矿床的勘查方法等方面作了简要介绍。地幔流体研究和区域成矿学日益受到重视,一些新的基础理论,如化学动力学、表面化学、耗散结构、分形几何学以及非线性热力学和动力学等开始引用于矿床学研究。同位素地球化学方法在勘查中的应用有较明显的进展。矿床学研究的4个重要趋势是:1．向宏观发展:如地球历史中成矿作用的时空演化和成矿的大地构造背景;2．向微观深入:如同位素地球化学、成矿实验和水—岩作用机理的研究;3．成矿多来源、多成因和多阶段的研究;4．现代成矿作用与古老成矿作用的对比研究。