采动覆岩分布式光纤感测模型试验及沉降预测方法研究

煤层采动覆岩沉降提前于地表,可作为地表稳定性的预警指标。针对煤层开采引起的覆岩沉降预测问题,采用分布式光纤感测技术,通过制作大柳塔煤矿采动覆岩相似材料试验模型,研究了煤层开采引起的覆岩变形特征,基于灰色理论和Knothe时间函数,建立了基于实测应变的采动覆岩沉降预测模型,探讨了预测精度,并取得了如下研究成果：有关分布式光纤感测技术的覆岩应变分布,准确反映了垮落带和导水裂缝带的发育特征,基于GM(1, 1)模型和新陈代谢模型的覆岩沉降预测精度较好但限于短期预测;当相对残差最大值与相对残差和均取最小值时,Knothe时间函数中获得较为准确的参数c值和τ值并提高了预测精度,建立了大柳塔煤层覆岩动态沉降预测模型的表达式,其预测模型适用于覆岩沉降的前期阶段和后期阶段。     

采动覆岩离层多层位注浆地表沉陷控制技术

为了解决上覆岩层中无明显厚硬岩层、采动过程中难以产生较大尺寸离层空间、离层注浆充填率低的问题,提出采动覆岩离层多层位注浆技术。通过相似材料模拟实验对多层位离层注浆覆岩时空演化规律进行研究,并在淮北矿区某工作面进行现场试验。结果表明:在无较大采动覆岩离层情况下,采用增加钻孔数目的多层位离层注浆方法,在采动覆岩内部形成不同扩散半径的注浆充填体,共同叠加支撑上覆岩层,可以有效减小覆岩破坏程度。实施多层位离层注浆方法,可以有效提高注浆总量和注采比,地表减沉率可达79.92%。提出的离层注浆量计算公式可以精确预计浆液灌注量,准确率超过91%,可为覆岩离层注浆工程提供指导,并为注浆减沉率预计提供参考。这为解决煤炭资源开采引起的地表沉陷问题提供了一种有效和经济的方法,同时扩大覆岩注浆技术的应用范围。      

开采引起的含水层失水对地表下沉的影响

为了改善矿区开采沉陷预计精度,解释华东矿区地表下沉系数大于1的原因,减小采动损害,本文基于现场钻孔水位动态观测结果,获得了覆岩破坏与含水层水位变化的3种对应关系。根据含水层失水后固相颗粒有效应力增加引起岩土体孔隙比的变化,建立了含水层失水固结沉降机理,利用叠加原理,导出了地下开采与含水层失水共同引起的地面沉降计算方法。研究实例表明,失水下沉占煤层开采下沉的25%。      

Catastrophic subsidence: An environmental hazard,shelby county,Alabama

Induced sinkholes (catastrophic subsidence) are those caused or accelerated by human activities These sinkholes commonly result from a water level decline due to pumpage Construction activities in a cone of depression greatly increases the likelihood of sinkhole occurrence Almost all occur where cavities develop in unconsolidated deposits overlying solution openings in carbonate rocks. Triggering mechanisms resulting from water level declines are (1) loss of buoyant support of the water, (2) increased gradient and water velocity, (3) water-level fluctuations, and (4) induced recharge Construction activities triggering sinkhole development include ditching, removing overburden, drilling, movement of heavy equipment, blasting and the diversion and impoundment of drainage Triggering mechanisms include piping, saturation, and loading Induced sinkholes resulting from human water development/management activities are most predictable in a youthful karst area impacted by groundwater withdrawals Shape, depth, and timing of catastrophic subsidence can be predicted in general terms Remote sensing techniques are used in prediction of locations of catastrophic subsidence. This provides a basis for design and relocation of structures such as a gas pipeline, dam, or building Utilization of techniques and a case history of the relocation of a pipeline are described     

Assessment of rigid overlying strata failure in face mining

The method of overlying strata failure assessment of extracted seams is based upon the simultaneous assessment of surface subsidence and seismic activity, considering the spatiatemporal progress of mining, depending on the character of the rock mass. The rigid overlying strata failure assessment results in finding whether a failure of the firm overlying rocks occurred or whether a strutting arch was formed over the mined-out area. The practical importance of the overlying strata failure assessment consists in determining the size of the mined-out area at which the com-plete failure of the rigid overlying strata occurred and in the assessment of the current stress condition of the overlying strata failure. The assessment method is applicable in deep mine workings where thick coal seams are being mined by means of the method of longwall mining with controlled caving. The results of this method are used to amend contemporary known methods of rock-burst protection, namely (regarding the use of surface measurements for the evaluation) in overlying strata areas.     

Sinkhole formation and subsidence along the Dead Sea coast,Israel

More than 4,000 sinkholes have formed since the 1980s within a 60-km-long and 1-km-wide strip along the western coast of the Dead Sea (DS) in Israel. Their formation rate accelerated in recent years to >400 sinkholes per year. They cluster mostly in specific sites up to 1,000 m long and 200 m wide, which align parallel to the general direction of the fault systems associated with the DS Rift. The abrupt appearance of the sinkholes reflects changes to the groundwater regime around the shrinking DS. The eastward retreat of the shoreline and the lake-level drop (1 m/year in recent years) cause an eastward and downward migration of the fresh/saline groundwater interface. Consequently, a subsurface salt layer, which was previously enveloped by saline groundwater, is gradually being invaded and submerged by relatively fresh groundwater, and cavities form due to the rapid dissolution of the salt. Collapse of the overlying sediments into these cavities results in sinkholes at the surface. An association between sinkhole sites and land subsidence is revealed by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements. On a broad scale (hundreds of meters), subsidence occurs due to compaction of fine-grained sediments as groundwater levels decline along the retreating DS shoreline. At smaller scales (tens of meters), subsidence appears above subsurface cavities in association with the sinkholes, serving in many cases as sinkhole precursors, a few weeks to more than a year before their actual appearance at the surface. This paper overviews the processes of sinkhole formation and their relation to land subsidence.     

The formation of sinkholes in karst mining areas in China and some methods of prevention

 Mining of coal, lead and zinc, gold, and iron ore deposits in karst areas has been closely associated with sinkholes in China. Surface collapse causes an increase in mine water drainage and the possibility of major water inflow from karst aquifers, which threatens the environment in mining areas and endangers mine safety. The origin of such sinkholes is analyzed quantitatively in this paper and a combination of factors including soil weight, buoyancy, suffosion process and vacuum suction can contribute to surface subsidence. The key measures to prevent sinkholes in mining areas are to control the amount of mine drainage, reduce water-level fluctuation, seal off karst conduits and subsurface cavities in the overlying soil, prevent water inflow, and to increase gas pressure in the karst conduits. Received: 2 May 1996 · Accepted: 29 July 1996     

湖南郴州地区岩溶塌陷分布规律及其影响因素浅析

通过地质环境调查,分析湖南郴州地区岩溶塌陷分布规律及其影响因素,结果表明:(1)1980-1983年为岩溶塌陷盛发期,平均8.5个?年-1;2012-2020年塌陷发生频率增加,平均5.88个/年;岩溶塌陷主要发生在3-7月份雨季;(2)低丘冲沟中发生塌陷54个,占塌陷总数的55.67％;岩溶平原中发生塌陷40个,占4...     

基于Weibull时间序列函数的动态沉陷曲线模型

研究开采沉陷灾害发生及发展的动态过程具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。因采场上覆岩层及采矿过程的复杂性,全面研究采矿过程中上覆岩层的移动及地表的沉陷具有很大的难度,以研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉变化过程的时间序列为切入点,对开采沉陷的动态过程进行了研究。通过研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉量的时间序列发现,Weibull（韦布尔）函数可较准确地拟合和描述地表观测点的下沉过程曲线。煤层开采地表移动过程的FLAC3D模拟研究发现,同一沉陷区内各观测点的下沉过程在时间和空间上具有独立性。在该基础上,将概率积分沉陷曲线模型与Weibull时间序列函数相结合,给出沉陷区主剖面的动态下沉、倾斜和曲率曲线的唯象学模型,经实例证明建模思路是可行的。     

In situ investigation into fracture and subsidence of overburden strata for solid backfill mining

Controlling the subsidence of overburden strata is the main objective for backfill mining technology. In order to understand the controlling effect of filling body, a detection scheme with three direction boreholes was designed in the tailgate of T₃290 mining face in Tangshan Coal Mine to monitor the fracture developing process of overburden strata. In addition, a few displacement and stress sensors used for monitoring the roof subsidence and filling body stress were arranged behind the longwall face to monitor and record the force and deformation of gangue. The field investigation shows that the solid backfill mining technology can effectively reduce the fracture of overburden strata, i.e., the fracture height and the damage degree. The subsidence of overburden strata is mainly caused by the subsidence of roof which is divided into four stages: roof subsidence stage of mining face, rapid subsidence stage of gob roof, relatively stable stage, and long-term rheological stage. The gauge plays an essential role in slowing down the subsidence in each stage of the overburden subsidence, especially the relatively stable stage.     

Study on Distribution Characteristics of Mining Stress and Elastic Energy Under Hard and Thick Igneous Rocks

In the coal measure strata, igneous rocks are often invaded, and their occurrence, size, and distribution form play an important role in mining safety. The breakage of hard and thick igneous rocks easily induces dynamic disasters, such as rock burst, mine seismicity, gas outburst, and surface subsidence, which seriously threaten mine safety production. In view of the working face with overlying hard and thick igneous rocks, the evolution characteristics of mining stress and energy distribution under hard and thick igneous rocks were investigated. Furthermore, the influence law of different horizons and thicknesses of igneous rock on overlying strata movement law, stress distribution, and energy distribution was analyzed based on FLAC3D numerical simulation. Results show that no evident subsidence of the overlying strata exists before the igneous rock is broken. Additionally, the subsidence amount of the overburden is suddenly increased after the igneous rock is broken, thereby showing significant mutability. Before the igneous rock breaks, a high stress area is formed around the goaf, and the stress concentration gradually increases with the increase of the mining scope. After the igneous rock breaks, the coal under high stress is prone to induce dynamic disasters under the action of strong dynamic load. However, the advanced abutment pressure and stored energy rapidly decreased. The accuracy of the numerical simulation is verified by field monitoring. Results of the study are of considerable significance for safe mining of working face under similar geological conditions.     

采动覆岩裂隙分布及其空隙率特征

利用弹性薄板理论和关键层理论,对采空区上覆岩层的下沉进行定量描述,研究采动影响下覆岩裂隙的分布特征,得到了基于相对下沉量的覆岩规则移动带空隙率的近似公式。研究表明,覆岩裂隙场内,裂隙数量分布以两边为多,中部较少,在关键层下部的岩层往往产生较大的离层空间;随着岩层深度减小,空隙率逐渐变小,覆岩底部,空隙率曲线沿走向呈现马鞍状,在关键层或者硬岩起作用的区域形态发生改变,曲线形态逐渐变成拱状。其结论可应用于岩体渗流研究及瓦斯综合治理。     

岩层及地表移动与冲击地压相关性研究

对岩层及地表移动规律的观测、室内试验和数值计算分析表明,采动覆岩层沉陷运动的不协调性造成裂隙带上部弯曲带岩体中产生大范围的离层空隙。随着工作面的推采,离层空隙周期性悬露垮断构成了上覆岩层及地表移动变形运动的不同特征。根据现场观测,砾岩层运动是矿井冲击地压发生的主要力源,地表下沉速度发生剧烈变化,冲击地压发生的频率较高,地表产生反弹时更为危险,且随着砾岩层的运动,冲击地压发生周期性变化。     

地下水位下降对采矿覆岩下沉影响探析

地下采煤会导致地表下沉盆地的形成。然而地下水尤其是承压水的流失即水位降低对地表下沉盆地的形成存在不可忽视的影响，而对两者之间的关系及其过程的力学机理是岩移领域亟待研究的课题之一。矿区地下水位降低的主要原因为承压水通过采动裂隙向下渗流、煤层开采前顶板岩溶含水岩层的疏干以及地面人为钻井取水。根据对一具体矿区地下水位下降对地表沉陷影响实测数据的分析得出，在以采煤为主导条件导致地表下沉的过程中，几乎全部的开采沉陷量中均包含有由于含水层释水而造成的沉陷量。通过对上覆岩层力学机理分析，指出水位降低对覆岩移动、地表下沉的影响是由于一定地质条件下可渗水性岩石的物理力学特性、渗水对其它岩石的软化、释水后原冲积层的压密固结以及水渗透过程中的水岩耦合作用等因素综合作用所致。同时，在以上理论的基础上还探讨性地建立了地下水位下降对地表下沉贡献模型，在此模型基础上可以建立2个或2个以上影响因素对地表下沉的贡献模型。最后以框图形式概括了地下水位下降及其对地表下沉影响的综合过程。     

山西某煤矿开采地表变形破坏特征分析

河南、山西和西北地区煤层多赋存于山区地表条件下,开采引起的岩层移动不仅与覆岩性质有关,还与地表地形和工作面的组合关系相关。本文以山西某矿31002工作面为研究对象,利用有限元数值模拟方法,对比分析了该工程地质条件下2种典型工况模型和工作面实际走向剖面下山区地表变形破坏特征,总结出最大下沉点偏向覆岩较薄的位置,地势突起的部位水平位移值较大,坡体部位为地质灾害易发区域。     

固体密实充填开采地表沉陷预计模型研究

为了实现对固体密实充填开采地表沉陷进行科学地预计,需要根据其覆岩结构形态演化规律和岩层移动特征建立完备的沉陷预计模型及其参数体系。相似材料模拟和钻孔窥视表明,固体密实充填开采覆岩形态以完整层状结构的弯曲带为主,覆岩仅在近顶板附近发育一定高度的断裂带,不发生垮落现象。岩层移动特征类似纵向载荷作用下层合板的弯曲变形,通过力学简化,基于层合板理论建立了固体密实充填开采地表沉陷预计模型。研究表明,固体密实充填开采地表沉陷形态仍可用概率积分模型进行描述,并进一步探讨了基于“等价釆高”的固体密实充填开采地表沉陷预计模型参数体系。最后将本文建立的地表沉陷预计模型应用于某工程实例,取得了良好的效果。     

影响覆岩离层注浆减沉效果的地质因素

煤层开采后,采空区上覆岩层内产生离层现象,注浆充填离层可以减小地面沉陷。覆岩离层注浆减沉效果受离层带地层条件、离层围岩透水性和工程地质特性的影响,表现为离层的形成、宜于注浆的离层带的位置、注浆液的保存与支承力的维持。      

宁夏羊场湾煤矿浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷发育规律及形成机理

以宁夏羊场湾煤矿Y110207工作面为研究对象,采用无人机遥感技术、野外调查与有限差分软件模拟方法研究浅埋煤层开采的地面塌陷类型、发育规律及其形成机理。(1)浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷以地表裂缝发育为主,地表破坏严重。(2)平行切眼裂缝间隔性出现,展布于整个工作面内,间隔距离为10～120m,局部裂缝形成错台高度约为15cm。平行顺槽裂缝为拉张型裂缝,发育在顺槽至外围一定范围。(3)采煤活动导致地下形成采空区,上覆岩层发生移动破坏,破坏区分为剪切破坏区、拉张破坏区及剪-拉破坏区,分别对压应力区、拉应力区和压-拉转化区。(4)当应力扰动传递至地表,应力值超过覆盖层抗拉强度时地表产生裂缝。随着工作面推进,覆岩内部裂缝带上行裂缝与地表下行裂缝贯通,形成错台。研究成果丰富了该区浅埋煤层的地面塌陷理论知识,为地面塌陷防治提供了理论依据。     

采动覆岩变形分布式光纤物理模型试验研究

采动覆岩变形破坏对开采巷道的安全构成威胁,同时易造成地面塌陷,对地面构筑物的安全和地质环境产生影响。因此,对煤层采动覆岩变形进行监控,具有重要的现实意义。论文针对煤层采动覆岩变形破坏的一般规律,利用分布式光纤感测技术,开展了采动覆岩变形物理模型试验研究。采用将感测光缆竖直植入物理模型内部的布设方法,获得了煤层采动过程中覆岩变形分布式监测结果。将光纤测试结果与常规近景摄影结果进行对比,结果基本吻合;同时,揭示了采动覆岩变形破坏规律和覆岩离层的演化过程。利用经验公式计算得出"导高"均值约为30.6cm,这与光纤监测数据分析估算得到的30cm基本一致。试验结果表明:将分布式光纤感测技术引入采动覆岩破坏模型试验是可行且准确的,为以后的相关研究提供了一种新的思路与方法。     

A physical and numerical model-based research on the subsidence features of overlying strata caused by coal mining in Henan,China

The major environmental consequence of coal mining is anthropogenic land subsidence. In particular, mine subsidence can cause damage to public and private infrastructure such as railroads, roads, pipelines and buildings. What is more, it is an engineering problem which troubles engineering construction and safety. Ground surface deformation is related to the measure of mining and the deformation mechanism of overlying strata above the gob. In this paper, a physical and numerical model on the subsidence of longwall mining within a geotechnical setting is presented. The physical model is developed within the framework of physical similar law and geological model in Henan Province, China. The numerical solution is developed within continuum poromechanics and finite element setting. The law of overlying strata deformation is obtained according to physical model experiment and numerical simulation.