典型岩溶地下河系统暴雨条件下水文水化学动态变化研究

利用HOBO小型自动气象站、WGZ21型光电数字水位计和CTDP300型在线水质监测仪,对典型岩溶槽谷地下河系统暴雨条件下水文水化学动态变化进行了连续监测,运用WATSPAC软件计算方解石饱和指数(SIc)和CO2分压(PCO2)。分析了降雨过程中,地下河系统水文水化学动态变化特征。结果表明:在降雨过程中,地下河系统总体以稀释效应为主,对降雨的响应速度快。其中,地下河入口水化学变化受降雨稀释效应和外界环境因素共同影响,变化复杂。出口水化学变化以稀释效应为主,较入口规律。强降雨初期主要由来自中下游岩溶裂隙和洼地对地下河管道的快速补给;降雨后期和降雨过程结束后主要由来自上游岩口落水洞的注入补给。青木关流域岩溶发育程度高,岩溶管道流畅通性良好。强降雨形成的短时地表产流集中注入、降雨入渗经裂隙的快速补给对地下河水质的好坏造成直接影响。     

重庆岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征及环境意义

岩溶地下河系统是岩溶地区重要的地下水资源,重庆地区分布有岩溶地下河380条,是重庆市重要的地下水资源。为宏观掌握重庆地区岩溶地下河水化学特征,了解区域岩溶地下河水化学影响因素及分布规律,研究了重庆不同地区61条岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征。结果表明,重庆地区岩溶地下河的溶解组分主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃型或Ca(Mg)-HCO₃型,但部分地下河水化学受到人类活动影响变为Na+Ca-HCO₃型、Na+Ca-SO₄型、Na+Ca-Cl型或Ca-SO₄+HCO₃型,且农业活动或城市废水对地下河水化学的影响比工矿业活动普遍。地下河水温度随海拔升高而逐渐降低。在相同的地质背景下,地下河Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO₃-等离子由于受不同区域岩溶作用强度差异的影响呈现出明显的区域性,SO₄2-、NO₃-、Cl-等指标由于受不同区域人类活动强度和方式的影响也显示出明显的区域性。总体来看,岩溶地下河水质正在恶化。     

重庆地区岩溶地下河水溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素特征

稳定碳同位素是指示岩溶动力系统碳来源及转化的重要指标。为揭示重庆地区岩溶地下水中溶解无机碳基本特征和碳来源,本文对该地区63条岩溶地下河水样进行了水化学和碳同位素分析。研究结果表明,重庆地区地下河水溶解无机碳主要表现形式为HCO3-,雨季由于稀释作用其浓度低于旱季。重庆岩溶地下河水δ13C-DIC（V-PDB）旱季变化范围为-15.34 ‰～-5.89 ‰,雨季变化范围为-17.40 ‰～-4.23 ‰。根据δ13C同位素质量平衡方法,计算得到重庆地下河旱季碳酸盐岩溶蚀对DIC贡献为45.1 % ～79.7 %,雨季平均为34.6 %～82.1 % 。计算结果表明,在人类活动不断增强的情况下,岩溶水体DIC通量中碳酸盐岩溶解来源的DIC和其参与岩溶地下水δ13C值的形成并不一定是岩溶作用理论方程中所计算的50 %,而是有一定的变化范围。因此在计算岩溶作用碳汇时,建议通过δ13C值扣除碳酸盐岩溶蚀形成DIC的通量后再来推算岩溶作用形成的碳汇量。     

Major ions in typical subterranean rivers and their anthropogenic impacts in southwest karst areas,China

Subterranean rivers contain much of the groundwater in karst and supply many local people in southwest China. The quality of groundwater in subterranean rivers is of concern because of its sensitivity to anthropogenic activity. Groundwater samples in a rural catchment were collected at the discharge point, and the concentrations of major ions including potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate and bicarbonate were analyzed in this study. Rainfall and discharge were also observed at the same time. It could be concluded from the data that the concentrations of sulfate and nitrate had a peak in the rainy season when the concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were low. The concentrations of potassium and chloride changed randomly throughout the year. The concentration of major ions in flood process was not completely controlled by discharge. Only the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate had obviously increased during the past two decades. It was believed that dilution, eluviation, karst erosion and anthropogenic activity can explain the ion variations and hence this study helps to understand environmental problem in karst.     

Nitrogen budget of a typical subterranean river in peak cluster karst area

Karst groundwater is one of the important water resources for people in the world. There is an estimate that by 2028 karst groundwater will supply more than 80% of people in the world. However, several areas in the world are characterized by high nitrate concentrations in karst aquifers. In China, karst groundwater is also threatened by extensive use of fertilizer and pesticides, industry waste, septic systems and poultry, hog or cattle manure. In order to understand the water quality of a subterranean river in south China, especially the dynamic variation of nitrate, nitrogen input and output were determined via auto-monitored apparatus, manual observation and samples from 2004 to 2008 in Guancun subterranean river drainage area. Land use and anthropogenic activities were also investigated frequently. The results showed the range of nitrate variation was 2.56–15.40 mg l⁻¹, with an average value of 6.60 mg l⁻¹. Spatial variation of nitrate concentrations showed nitrate rose where there were villages and agriculture distribution. Long series of nitrate and discharge monitoring revealed there was a nitrate peak in spring just before the beginning of rainy season. Three rainfall events were selected for analysis of relations among hydrological process, water chemistry, and nitrate of the spring. The flood processes of the spring were divided into three or four phases according to change of water level and water chemistry. They were dominated by initial condition of aquifer, piston flow in soil and vadose, piston flow in conduit, diffuse recharge, and bypass recharge. The original condition of aquifer and rainfall pulse controlled recharge flow and changes of nitrate and hydro-chemical graphs of the spring. The quantity of nitrogen input in a year was 66.61 t, and the output was 21.24 t. Nitrogen leaching loss in base flow accounted for 76.11% in a year. Some measures should be taken to protect karst water in the very near future, so that health risks to the local people can be decreased.     

岩溶地下河中砷迁移过程及其影响因素分析——以广西南丹县里湖地下河为例

以广西南丹县里湖地下河作为研究区,对砷在地下河中的存在形态,迁移过程及其影响因素进行了分析。结果发现,里湖地下河中砷浓度较高且与人类活动密切相关;由于地下河中相对较低的氧化还原环境,使毒性更强的 As（Ⅲ）含量超过 As（V）,占总无机砷的53%,增加了该地区发生砷中毒的风险;总 As、As （III）和 As（V）在地下河中衰减了51%、36%、59%。相关性分析结果表明,沉积物中的 Fe、Ca、Mn、有机质及水体中的 Ca2＋与沉积物中的砷呈现显著正相关关系,有助于水体中砷的吸收;而水体中的 Cl-、SO 2-4、HCO -3与沉积物中的砷呈现负相关关系,不利于砷的吸附,其中 HCO -3的抑制作用最为明显。与非岩溶区水体相比,Ca 和 HCO -3成为影响砷迁移转化的主要因素,因此在岩溶地下河砷污染治理中应考虑岩溶区的水文地质特点,提高砷的污染治理效率。     

Hydrochemical and PCO2 variations of a cave stream in a subtropical karst area,Chongqing, SW China: piston effects,dilution effects,soil CO2 and buffer effects

The role of CO₂ in karst has been of interest for decades, and emphasized by IGCP 379, International Geoscience Programme, UNESCO started in 1995. There are still open questions about the dynamics of carbon in karst systems, particularly the flux of carbon between the surface and subsurface and between different components in the karst subsurface. This research report focuses on the variations of hydrochemistry and PCO₂ (partial pressures of carbon dioxide) in subtropical karst groundwater, using high-resolution auto-monitoring hydrochemical data (15-min intervals). The aim of this study was to understand how hydrochemistry and PCO₂ in karst systems respond to recharge over different time scales and what the controlling factors are. An auto-monitoring hydrochemistry station was installed about 300 m upstream from the exit in the active stream channel of Xueyu Cave, a typical subtropical karst cave. Four years of high-resolution continuous pH, specific conductivity (Spc), temperature and water-level data were collected. A thermodynamic model was used to link the continuous data to monthly water quality data, allowing the calculation of CO₂ partial pressures and calcite saturation (SIc) levels on a continuous basis. Seasonal, diurnal and storm-scale variations were captured in the hydrochemistry and calculated PCO₂ records, indicating that the cave stream is a dynamic and variable system. Seasonal features (higher specific conductivity and lower pH in summer; lower specific conductivity and higher pH in winter) tend to covary with temperature which influences the production of CO₂ in soils, thus being the driving force for the variations (the soil CO₂ effect). Due to the buffer effect of a thick vadose zone and large void cave space, diurnal variations are not obvious compared with epikarst springs in SW China. Storm-scale fluctuations due to storm events occur during the summer rainy season. Piston flow effects, dilution and soil CO₂ effects determine the variations in different storm events. At the beginning of the rains, the piston effect drives the variations, characterized by increase in Spc, SIc and pH in the cave stream and decrease in PCO₂. With heavy rainfall, decrease in Spc shows control by the dilution effect, while decrease in SIc and pH and increase in PCO₂ indicates the greater influence of soil CO₂. These results imply that the soil and cave voids are important factors influencing the hydrochemical evolution of karst groundwater. Future works need to use such high-resolution technology widely for tracing the PCO₂ and hydrochemical variations in different karst aquifers.     

Hydrochemical indications of human impact on karst groundwater in a subtropical karst area,Chongqing, China

The application of combined isotopic and hydrochemical compositions may be useful for evaluating water quality problems in karst aquifers in which it is difficult to distinguish the sources of solutes from the natural background of those due to human activities. Multiple isotopes (δ¹³C–DIC, δ³⁴S–SO₄ ^2?) and chemical parameters were measured in rainwater, groundwater and sewage in order to elucidate the solute sources and impacts from human activities and natural background in the Laolongdong karst catchment in Chongqing Municipality, SW China. Overall, the dissolution of carbonate rock controls Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃ ^? content in rainwater and karst groundwater. SO₄ ^2? originated mainly from gypsum dissolution in karst groundwater. Carbonate rocks in the studied site could be dissolved jointly by H₂CO₃ from the natural CO₂–H₂O reaction and other acids (organic acids and HNO₃) from sewage and soils. Sewage discharge from urban areas and agriculture activities lead to the increase of NO₃ ^?, PO₄ ^3? and Cl^? in karst groundwater. To protect and sustainably utilize the karst aquifer, sewage originating from urban areas must be controlled and treated and the use of fertilizer should be limited.     

The relations between land use and karst rocky desertification in a typical karst area,China

Karst rocky desertification (KRD) is one major type of desertification which is under irrational human impact on the vulnerable eco-geo-environment. In this study, Zhudong fengcong rocky desertification landscape was selected to investigate the land use types distribution law in different rock types and the KRD land in different land use types. KRD data was determined by user–computer interactive interpreting method from Aster images in 2004, according to the exposed ratio of rock, the coverage of vegetation and soil in 0.2 km² unit, integrating with land utilizing present situation map, hydrogeology map, relief map, vegetation map, soil distribution map, as well as the practical investigation and the population census datum in 2002. Results showed that the occurrence ratio of KRD land is different in land use types and rocky assemblages obviously; land cover has a strong impact upon KRD. The sloping cropland distributed in homogenous limestone has a higher occurrence ratio of light KRD, secondly, is in the limestone interbedded with clastic rock. Light KRD land was dominated by shrubland, and sloping cropland accounts for 11.67% of it, moderate KRD land was dominated by moderate coverage grass slopes, strong and extremely strong KRD was dominated by rocky dry land which is difficult to use.     

The use of nitrate, bacteria and fluorescent tracers to characterize groundwater recharge and contamination in a karst catchment, Chongqing, China

The Qingmuguan subterranean river system is located in the suburb of Chongqing, China, and it is the drinking water source that local people downstream rely on. The study aims to provide a scientific basis for groundwater protection in that area, using a hydrogeological framework, tracer tests, hydrological online monitoring, and hydrochemical and microbiological investigation, including heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and the analysis of denitrifying bacteria (DNB) and nitrobacteria (NB). The tracer tests proved simple and direct connections between two important sinkholes and the main springs, and also proved that the underground flows here are fast and turbulent. DNB and NB analyses revealed that the main recharge to the underground river in the dry season is the soil-leached water passing through the fissures of the epikarst, while in the rainy season, it is the surface water flow through sinkholes. The hydrochemical and microbiological data confirmed the notable impact of agriculture and sewage on the spring water quality. In the future, groundwater protection here should focus on targeted vulnerability mapping that yields different protection strategies for different seasons.     

Influence of precipitation on bacterial structure in a typical karst spring,SW China

Micro-organisms are major components in the environment, which play a key role in groundwater environment. This study aims to investigate the bacterial diversity over time in a typical karst spring named S31 and its response to hydrogeochemical parameters. Quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was adopted to detect changes of the bacterial community structure. For the correlations between hydrogeochemical parameters and predominant phyla, redundancy analysis were adopted. According to the results, hydrochemical characteristics were controlled by carbonate equilibrium system and dynamic groundwater transformation which was influenced distinctly by precipitation. In addition, the redundancy analysis indicates that HCO_3~-, Ca~(2+), Eh, temperature and cumulative precipitation are the most important hydrogeochemical and environmental parameters to determine the bacterial community structures. That is to say, temperature can influence bacterial abundance by controlling dissolved oxygen content. Precipitation is another important factor which determines the community composition and bacterial structure directly or indirectly. Moreover, acidobacteria, proteobacteria, and bacteroidetes play key roles in response to the environmental factors in the groundwater of karst zones.     

西南岩溶山区生态用水及其分配协调性评价——以贵州普定后寨地下河流域为例

以贵州普定后寨地下河流域为例,分别计算河道内外生态用水量及流域生态需水量,并选用协调度、满意度、合理度和差异性作为评价因子,构建了岩溶流域生态用水分配协调性的数学评价模型。研究结果表明: ( 1)后寨河流域枯水年( P= 75% )和特枯水年( P= 95% )生态用水量分别为568 6. 7万m3 和473 2. 1万m3 ,当石漠化生态环境得到有效治理后,由于喀斯特径流形成过程及水资源组合分配发生了变化,天然水资源量将会减少,最终消耗于土壤或植被的蒸散发,整体上流域生态用水仍处于短缺状态,生态缺水量为833. 6万m3; ( 2)后寨河流域地下水资源丰富,降水充沛,流域内生态用水与社会经济用水不存在很强的竞争关系,生态缺水属工程性缺水,可以通过综合平衡地开发利用各分区的水资源等方法进行缓解; ( 3)应用数学评价模型研究表明,流域内生态用水的协调度为0. 999 44～0. 999 35,生态需水满意度和分配合理度均为0. 878～ 0. 856,系统生态需水满足程度的差异性较小,有利于流域内各系统整体功能的发挥。      

典型岩溶区潜在蒸散发变化及其影响因素

蒸散发过程是联系大气过程和陆面水文过程的关键环节,对区域/流域水循环过程和水量平衡具有重要影响。岩溶区,地表生态环境脆弱,对气候变化响应敏感,蒸散发可能是联系大气、水、热交换和碳循环的关键生态水文过程。准确地估算蒸散发对于深入研究岩溶水循环响应气候变化、碳循环、生态修复等具有重要作用。本文选择典型岩溶区桂林市为研究对象,基于1951~2015年桂林市气象站逐日气象数据,采用Penman- Monterith方法计算了潜在蒸散发量,利用Mann- Kendall非参数检验法和相关性分析研究桂林市潜在蒸散发的变化趋势及其影响因素。研究结果表明,桂林市潜在蒸散发具有明显的年、年际和季节尺度变化特征。1951~2015年桂林市潜在蒸散发呈显著的减小趋势,变化速率为-8. 02 mm/10a;夏季、秋季和冬季潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势,而春季呈微弱的上升趋势;夏季潜在蒸散发的显著减小是影响年蒸散发下降的主要原因;桂林市潜在蒸散发在1967和2003年左右发生突变;通过Mann- Kendall趋势检验和相关性分析得出,桂林市平均气温、最高、最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,而风速、相对湿度、日照时数呈显著的下降趋势;日照时数是影响桂林市潜在蒸散发变化的主要因素,其次是风速。     

Hydrogeochemistry and possible sulfate sources in karst groundwater in Chongqing, China

Groundwater from karst subterranean streams is among the world’s most important sources of drinking water supplies, and the hydrochemical characteristics of karst water are affected by both natural environment and people. Therefore, the study of karst groundwater hydrochemistry and its solutes’ sources is very important to ensure the normal function of life support systems. This paper focused on the major ion chemistry and sulfate isotope of karst groundwater in Chongqing for tracing the sulfate sources and related hydrochemical processes. Hydrochemical types of karst groundwater in Chongqing were mainly of the Ca-HCO₃ type or Ca(Mg)-HCO₃ type. However, some hydrochemical types were the K + Na + Ca-SO₄ type (G25 site) or Ca-HCO₃ + SO₄ type (G26 and G14 sites), indicating that the hydrochemistry of these sites may be strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities or unique geological characteristics. The δ³⁴S-SO₄ ^2? of collected karst groundwater sample fell into a range of ?6.8 to 21.5 ‰, with a mean value of 5.6 ‰. In dolomite aquifer, the δ³⁴S-SO₄ ^2? value ranges from ?4.3 to 11.0 ‰, and in limestone aquifer, it ranged from ?6.8 to 21.5 ‰. The groundwater samples from different land use types showed distinctive δ³⁴S-SO₄ ^2? value. The δ³⁴S-SO₄ ^2? value of groundwater samples had range of ?6.8 to 16.7 ‰ (mean 4.0 ‰, n = 11) in cultivated land areas, 1.5–21.5 ‰ (mean 7.2 ‰, n = 20) in forested land areas, and ?4.3 to 0.8 ‰ (mean ?1.7 ‰, n = 2) in coalmine areas. The δ³⁴S-SO₄ ^2? values of groundwater samples collected from factory area and town area were 2.2 and 9.9 ‰, respectively. According to the δ³⁴S information of potential sulfate sources, this paper discussed the possible sulfate sources of collected karst groundwater samples in Chongqing. The variations of both δ³⁴S and 1/SO₄ ^2? values of the groundwater samples indicated that the atmospheric acid deposition (AAD), dissolution of gypsum (GD), oxidation of sulfide mineral (OS) or anthropogenic inputs (SF: sewage or fertilizer) contributed to sulfate in karst groundwater. The influence of oxidation of sulfide mineral, atmospheric acid deposit and anthropogenic inputs to groundwater in Chongqing karst areas was much widespread. For protecting, sustaining, and utilizing the groundwater resources, the sewage possibly originating from urban, mine or industrial area must be controlled and treated, and the use of fertilizer should be limited.     

重庆典型岩溶区地下河水体有机氯农药污染初步研究

利用GC-ECD对重庆典型岩溶区地下河水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)进行检测,结果表明,地下河水中OCPs浓度为3.41～51.34ng/L,均值为13.23ng/L;滴滴涕(DDTs)浓度为0.07～2.37ng/L,均值为0.72ng/L;六六六(HCHs)浓度为1.16～39.82ng/L,均值为7.89ng/L。南川湾滩地下河水体有机氯农药污染最为严重,其上游纸厂排放废水是影响该地下河有机氯农药污染的主要原因。与国内外其它河流相比较,研究区地下河水体有机氯农药含量处于中低水平。由于岩溶区特殊的二元结构,地表水体一旦受到污染,将直接影响到地下水体。因此,对岩溶地下河进行有机污染物的调查研究具有重要的现实意义      

Relationship between karst rocky desertification and its distance to roadways in a typical karst area of Southwest China

The presence and conditions of roadways determine the utilization of natural resources, which exert direct and indirect influences on karst rocky desertification (KRD) in undeveloped karst areas. This paper addresses the relationship between KRD and its distance to roadways in Pingguo County, a typical peak-cluster depression area in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in Southwest China, focusing on the three time periods of 1994, 2001, and 2009. KRD maps for each time period were interpreted by using remote sensing and GIS technology in buffer zones, which are 4.0 km wide and subdivided into eight strips of 0.5 km wide each. They are located alongside various classes of roadways, namely trunk, town, village, and unpaved roadways. Results demonstrate that slight KRD is the major type in buffer strips on both sides of roadways, which tends to decrease with an increase in distance to road baseline. In contrast, moderate and severe KRD cases cover relatively limited areas, which tend to change less rapidly. Moreover, these two KRD cases are less related to their distance to trunk and town roadways than to village and unpaved roadways. Therefore, the distance to roadways affects slight KRD distribution more than moderate and severe KRD. Temporal KRD patterns indicate that slight, moderate, and severe KRD areas alongside all roadway classes have comparatively similar trends in the periods of 1994, 2001, and 2009 KRD areas alongside various classes of roadways in the three periods (except some of those alongside the town and trunk roads) rank as follows from highest to lowest, 2001, 2009, and 1994. However, the total area in town and trunk roads is relatively small and varies little with distance from strip-to-road. KRD alongside various roadway classes is affected jointly by historical policy, distance to roadways, and landscape.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from different land use patterns in a typical karst region, Southwest China

Fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) from different land use patterns (matured forest, secondary forest, grassland and cropland) in a subtropical karst region of Guizhou Province, Southwest China, were measured for one year with a closed static chamber technique and by gas chromatography. The results showed that soil under different land uses was a source of atmospheric N2O. The cropland was a source with relatively high N2O as compared to forest and grassland, but no significant differences were observed. N2O emissions from soils varied with land use change and fertilizer application. There were two peaks of N2O flux occurred following the combination of two obvious precipitation and fertilizer events in the cultivated land. Converting from the matured forest to secondary forest tended to increase annual emissions of N2O (from 1.40 to 1.65 kg N ha -1 a -1 ), while changing land use from secondary forest to scattered grassland tended to decrease annual emissions of N2O slightly (from 1.65 to 1.45 kg N ha -1 a -1 ). Our range of cumulative annual N2O emission across different land uses (1.40-1.91 kg N ha -1 a -1 ) in a karst region is in general agreement with previously published data in a non-karst region. However, in the maize field, N2O emission factor (EF) was 0.34% for fertilizer application, which is about 71.2% lower than the IPCC default value. It is suggested that current IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) EF methodology could overestimate N2O emission from the karstic cropland. Anyway, the N2O emission from cropland in the karst region would contribute significantly to the global N2O budget, so reducing fertilization frequency during the crop growing season could lead to a decrease in N2O emission in the whole year.     

Impact of land use covers upon karst processes in a typical Fengcong depression system of Nongla, Guangxi, China

The direction and intensity of karst processes can be deeply affected by soil physical and chemical variations which were resulted from land use. Taking Nongla Fengcong depression area, Mashan County, Guangxi as an example, authors discussed the impact of land use on karst processes based on the data of field limestone tablet. The results showed that the corrosional rates at varied soil depth are quite different. Corrosional rate in woodland and orchard is mostly bigger than 20 mg/a, which is much higher than that in tilled land and shrub. Generally, corrosional rate decreased from orchard, woodland, tilled land, fallow land and shrub successively, in which soil organic matter (OM) and soil pH are two major controlling factors: corrosion process is controlled remarkably by soil OM in woodland and orchard. The higher the organic matter content is and the less the pH value is, the higher the corrosional rate is. Owing to lower organic matter content, the corrosional rate is mainly affected by soil CO₂ in tilled land and shrub.     

西南岩溶区水土流失与石漠化的变化关系研究——以重庆南川岩溶区为例

以重庆南川区为例,利用TM遥感影像、Arcgis和Erdas软件,运用地图代数原理,采用图像数据转移矩阵计算,结果表明从1988年到2000年水土流失增强面积为9 605.89 hm2,减弱面积为79 947.85 hm2;石漠化强度增强面积为15 078.92 hm2,减弱面积为12 492.53 hm2。石漠化是水土流失长期作用的结果,水土流失是石漠化形成过程的阶段性表现,二者在成因上存在因果关系,但在生态治理恢复的过程中,水土流失减弱面积与石漠化减弱面积的变化不同步,在时间上存在滞后关系。造成这种滞后的现象,原因是石漠化土地生态的恢复过程较水土流失土地的长。