黄土覆盖的阶地陡坎附近渭河断裂活断层探测

陕西咸阳渭河北岸窑店、石何杨、杜家堡渭河断裂活断层探测结果表明,对于有黄土覆盖的、与阶地陡坎重合的活断层探测,要综合采用地形地貌分析、浅层人工地震、钻探和探槽等方法进行。特别是对于钻孔探测,要深、中、浅孔结合。首先用中、深孔确定断层在深部的位置,再用浅孔确定断层在近地表的位置和活动性。由于河流侵蚀,阶地陡坎区的河流相沉积地层是倾斜的,风成的古土壤层披盖在已有的倾斜地层上亦呈倾斜状态,因此,用以上地层判断断层的位置和活动量时,钻孔孔距一定要小,以2～3m为宜,孔距太大,会把侵蚀形成的已有陡坎高度加入断层的错距中,严重放大断层的错动量。探测结果表明,渭河断裂在窑店、石何杨、杜家堡等处与Ⅲ级阶地陡坎重合。该断裂在阶地陡坎上的活动量很小,错断晚更新世第1古土壤层1～2m,远小于2个阶地面的高差。可见,以前认为S1错距4.8m、17.94m是不准确的。     

可可托海—二台断层陡坎的坡角变化、年龄和大地震重复时间间隔

本文通过研究沿新疆可可托海—二台断层1931年发生地震时所形成的断层陡坎和以前古地震形成的基岩断层坡角的陡坡变化,探讨了位于山坡上的地震断层陡坎与形成年代之间的关系,并进一步讨论了该断层上大震重复发生的时间间隔。 断层陡坎按其构成物质可分为松散碎屑的和基岩的两类。松散碎屑陡坎的平均剥蚀速率为0.19°/年;基岩陡坎的平均剥蚀速率为0.036°/年。对于松散碎屑陡坎来说,逆向陡坎(其倾向与山坡倾向相反)比顺向陡坎(其倾向同山坡倾向)较易保存,前者为 200多年,后者为60—70年。 根据基岩陡坎脊部受剥蚀的两种坡度,求得1931年以前两次古地震的年代分别为公元1264年和公元681年。最后求得该断层大震重复发生的平均时间间隔为625年。     

洪积扇顶部活动走滑断裂的断错地貌分析 ——以新疆塔城盆地东缘阿合别斗河冲洪积扇为例

依据山前洪积扇顶部的扇形地形和向下游方向逐渐降低的地形特征,文中首先分析了断层面直立、向河流上游倾斜、向河流下游倾斜3种条件下左旋走滑断层错动在洪积扇顶部形成的断层陡坎的坡向和高度变化.其次,分析了左旋逆走滑断层、左旋正走滑断层在不同断层倾向条件下,断层错动在洪积扇顶部形成的断层陡坎的坡向和高度变化.利用无人机实测地形...     

邙山东侧地貌陡坎与老鸦陈断层活动性关系讨论

地貌陡坎的成因有许多种, 其中之一是由断层在新构造时期的活动造成。 因此, 地貌陡坎的存在可能指示了断层在新生代的活动性, 然而在运用地貌线性方法判定新生代以来断层活动的时候还需要有其他资料的相互验证, 否则可能得到相反的结论。 该文以邙山东侧陡坎与老鸦陈断层为例, 通过遥感影像解释、 中浅层地震探测、 联合钻孔对比、 地貌测量等方法, 得到了老鸦陈断层是一条倾向NE向的前第四纪正断层, 同时将陡坎分为三段, 陡坎总体走向NW—NWW向, 由北而南, 高差逐渐降低, 出郑州东南后消失。 分析两者之间的关系, 认为古黄河改道或其支流侵蚀切割形成邙山东侧陡坎, 与老鸦陈断层没有直接关系, 陡坎的形成时间不应早于晚更新世。     

在我国用地貌测量统计方法估计断层陡坎年龄的几个例子

本文用地貌测量统计方法对我国北京、云南大理和陕西华山等地区基本已知地质年龄的地震断层陡坎进行了研究。获得了相应地区断层陡坎的一些资料和距今2700年左右形成的断层陡坎回归方程。     

基于ArcGIS平台的天山北麓活动逆断层智能化提取方法的研究与实现

数字地形分析是活动构造和构造地貌研究中的一种重要手段，目前已被广泛应用于地表过程分析中。随着高精度数字地形数据获取的日益便捷，精细定量化研究地貌参数已成为一个重要趋势。呼图壁断裂和独山子断裂位于天山山脉北麓，地表迹线十分典型而显著。在这2个区域内，前人已经完成了区域大比例尺活动断裂地质地貌填图，并发表了大量研究成果。因此，它们是十分理想的探索断层迹线自动化提取方法的2个区域。在实际提取过程中，根据逆断层陡坎的倾向是否与其所在地貌面坡向一致，文中分别定义了正向和反向逆断层陡坎。基于对这2种不同断层陡坎形态的分析，利用ArcGIS软件平台并选择恰当的地貌参数实现了对断层地表迹线的提取。通过坡度计算、冲沟提取、数据密度分析和流程建模等步骤，建立了2套智能化提取流程。最终提取结果与以往的地质地貌填图和遥感数据目视解译结果基本一致。除此之外，独山子研究区的提取结果还揭露了未曾被识别的反向断层陡坎迹线。这不仅说明文中提出的方法具有很好的适用性，同时也能够提取十分细小的逆断层地表迹线。与传统方法相比，这种人机交互式的半自动化方法大大提高了工作效率。但是，如何真正实现任意地质构造背景中逆断层地表迹线的...     

新疆阜康—吉木萨尔断层晚第四纪活动与变形特征的新认识

阜康—吉木萨尔断层是博格达山体与山前冲洪积平原的分界断层，全新世以来仍在活动，山前的冲洪积平原和河流低级阶地均发生了不同程度的拱曲变形，断层剖面揭示了该断层晚更新世末期有3次古地震事件。断层近地表后倾角变缓，地表的陡坎地形主要是由地层的拱曲变形形成的，反映了断层近地表位错的消减和分配规律。     

塔里木西缘明尧勒背斜的弯滑褶皱作用与活动弯滑断层陡坎

塔里木西缘明尧勒活动背斜两翼河流阶地面上多处发育活动弯滑断层陡坎。这些断坎主要分布在活动轴面附近较陡的等斜岩层(地层倾角分别为74°~89°、18°~20°和45°~60°)一翼,往往成排发育在距活动轴面50~1 200m范围内,宽90~1 000m,长40~950m,随着离活动轴面的距离加大弯滑断层陡坎规模渐小。同一阶地面上发育的弯滑断层陡坎几乎以等间距或间距倍数关系产出。这些断坎走向与下伏基岩地层走向一致,基岩地层大多为中-厚层块状砂岩或粉砂岩互层,岩层间力学性质差异较小。明尧勒背斜南翼克孜勒苏河北岸T3阶地面废弃以来,单条弯滑断层的地表最大缩短速率为0.31mm/a,地表最大抬升速率为0.34mm/a。这些弯滑断层的活动具有重复性和新生性。     

河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率

断裂滑动速率是活动构造定量研究的最重要参数之一,不仅可以直接应用于活动构造的地震危险性预测和工程场地的地震安全性评价,还为地球动力学研究提供不可缺少的重要信息。原理上,断裂滑动速率可以用总位移量除以其累积时间而获得,但准确地确定断裂滑动速率并不是一件容易的事情,不同方法和研究者测定的同一条断裂的滑动速率可以相差3倍。文中通过对河流基座阶地演化及其对走滑断裂错动响应过程的分析发现,当一条山前河流切入河漫滩使其废弃形成阶地后,断裂的走滑位移使得河流两侧的阶地陡坎都遭到错动,其中一侧的下游阶地陡坎被错入河道而遭到河流的侵蚀,另一侧的下游阶地陡坎被错离河道,受到河流上游右侧地貌的保护而免遭侵蚀。因此,被错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎的位移在上阶地形成时就开始积累,阶地面的暴露年龄相当于位移累积的起始年代。另外,被错离河道一侧的阶地陡坎在下阶地停止侧蚀(可能同时开始接受沉积)时就开始累积位移,下阶地的初始沉积年代也代表阶地陡坎位移开始累积的时间。当然,如果能够获得被位移阶地陡坎的上下阶地年龄,就更能够把滑动速率限定在可靠的范围之内。在上述分析的基础上,提出3种利用河流阶地确定走滑断裂滑动速率的方法:第一是利用上下阶地年龄限定     

基于高分辨率地形数据的断层陡坎形态演化与强震活动关系研究

断层陡坎的形态可以保存有关断层带上地震活动等重要信息,陡坎上的坡折就是多次地震发生后陡坎演化留下的微地貌信息。以往研究选取的断层陡坎多为位于标准阶地面上的断层陡坎,而断层沿线地貌现象复杂,因此需要探索一种具有普适性的断层陡坎形态研究方法。本研究将常见的断层陡坎剖面按照形态划分为三种类型,以LiDAR技术获取的0.2m分辨率DEM数据为基础,选择了8个属于不同断层陡坎剖面类型的实验区,每个实验区采集不少于20条剖面,通过窗口检验确定研究区最佳数据获取移动窗口为7个像元并计算每条剖面的坡度值,通过坡度约束限定陡坎范围,进而识别坡折并获取坡折信息。对坡折信息进行概率密度统计,根据概率密度统计图中的峰值个数确定强震事件的次数。结果显示,陡坎形态研究结果与古地震探槽结果表现出较好的一致性,表明本文提出的陡坎形态研究方法可以适用于不同类型断层陡坎来确定强震事件次数。     

构造与地表过程相互作用:正断层陡崖形态和几何特征分析

量化分析构造、侵蚀与气候之间的相互作用关系是现代地球动力学的前沿.断层陡崖是伸展构造环境中的一种常见地貌特征,是构造与地表过程密切耦合作用下演化的结果.断层崖面形态各异,如断层陡坎、断层三角面和断层梯形面等.本文基于数值模拟方法,对断层滑动速率、断层滑动周期、河流下切系数、山坡蠕移系数等关键性控制因素对断层崖形态和几何特征的影响进行了系统分析,主要结论为：依据参数空间的动力学对比模拟结果,可以将断层陡崖分为三个主要类型,即沟壑型、断层三角面型和尖锥型;断层陡崖的最终形态主要受地表演化过程（即河流下切、山坡蠕移）的控制;三角面型陡崖的高度和宽度随时间增大,但坡度角在演化过程中基本不变,其几何特征主要受控于断层滑动速率,且在相同的气候和岩性条件下,与断层滑动速率呈正相关;在十万年时间尺度下,断层滑动周期与三角面的形态和几何特征基本无关.断层滑动速率与三角面坡度角间的正相关关系可用于解释观测数据的统计结果,如希腊和保加利亚的观测数据.     

THE COSEISMIC VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1556 HUAXIAN EARTHQUAKE

Coseismic displacement plays a role in earthquake surface rupture, which not only reflects the magnitude scale but also has effect on estimates of fault slip rate and earthquake recurrence intervals. A great historical earthquake occurred in Huaxian County on the 23^rd January 1556, however, there was lack of surface rupture records and precise coseismic vertical displacements. It's known that the 1556 Huaxian earthquake was caused by Huashan front fault and Weinan plateau front fault, which are large normal faults in the east part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe Basin controlling the development of the basin in Quaternary. Here, we made a study on three drilling sites in order to unveil the coseismic vertical displacements. It is for the first time to get the accurate coseismic vertical displacements, which is 6m at Lijiapo site of Huashan front fault, 7m at Caiguocun site, and 6m at Guadicun site of Weinan plateau front fault. These coseismic displacements measured based on same layers of drilling profiles both at footwall and hanging wall are different from the results measured by former geomorphological fault scarps. It's estimated that some scarps are related with the nature reformation and the human beings' activities, for example, fluviation or terracing field, instead of earthquake acticity, which leads to some misjudgment on earthquake displacements. Moreover, the vertical displacements from the measurement of geomorphological scarps alone do not always agree with the virtual ones. Hence, we assume that the inconsistency between the results from drilling profiles and geomorphological scarps in this case demonstrates that the fault scarp surface may have been demolished and rebuilt by erosion or human activities.     

乌鲁木齐王家沟断层组地表变形特征及强变形带宽度

王家沟断层组断错了中更新世砾石台地及王家沟东岸的Ⅲ级阶地,地貌形迹非常清晰,地表变形现象主要表现为地震断层、断层陡坎和挤压鼓包等。根据不同地貌面上跨断层测量获得的一系列实测数据,得到王家沟Ⅲ级阶地上的地表陡坎高度为0.4～1.6m,最大变形带宽度为50m左右; 中更新世台地上的陡坎高度多为1.5～5.0m,最大变形带宽度为90m左右。利用探槽开挖揭露出的断层位置与地表强变形带测量剖面的叠加对比,初步确定王家沟断层组上、下盘之间变形宽度的比例为2:1左右,并由此讨论了王家沟断层组上、下盘的 "避让带"宽度问题。     

Calculation of shielding factors for production of cosmogenic nuclides in fault scarps

The distribution of concentration of cosmogenic nuclides in fault scarps is used to determine slip histories. The complicated part is the calculation of cosmic radiation shielding by the escarpment body and the overlying wedge of the colluvial sediment. To improve reconstruction of earthquake ages and slip histories, we developed a mathematical model and corresponding MATLAB^® code for computation of shielding factor profiles in fault scarp geometry. In the model, cosmic radiation received by a point of footwall is represented as unit rays attenuated exponentially in scarp geometry. This approach allows producing very precise results both for the fault scarp and the sloped surface. The code is presented as a m-function and as a stand-alone program with a user-friendly interface. Shielding factors are calculated by the code for fast neutrons or for muons and include all general shieldings: topographical, sloped surface, fault scarp surface, colluvium cover, snow cover and self-shielding. A variety of input parameters enables one to adjust the model and the code to almost all possible shielding cases. The code and stand-alone version are provided as supplementary materials and equipped with help and explanatory notes.     

INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FINE FAULT GEO-METRY BASED ON HIGH-RESOLUTION DEM DATA DERIVED FROM UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUE: A CASE STUDY OF TANGJIAPO SITE ON THE HAIYUAN FAULT

Fault-related tectonic geomorphologic features are integrated expressions of multiple strong seismological events and long-term surface processes, including crucial information about strong earthquake behavior of a fault. It's of great significance to identify the strong seismic activity information from faulted landscapes, which include the date and sequence of the seismic activities, displacements, active fault features, for studying the seismic rupture process, predicting the future seismic recurrence behavior and evaluating the seismic hazard of the fault. However, due to the restriction of measuring techniques and the subsequent poor quality of the acquired data, it has been difficult to accurately extract such information from complex tectonic landforms to study active faults for a long time. Recently, "small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(sUAV)" photogrammetric technique based on "Structure from Motion(SfM)" provides a cost-efficient and convenient access to high-resolution and high-accuracy "digital elevation models(DEMs)" of tectonic landforms. This paper selects the Tangjiapo area at the Haiyuan Fault to conduct data collection, in which the structural and geomorphic features are well preserved. Using a small quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle(Inpire 2), we collect 1598 aerial photographs with a coverage area of 0.72km². For calibrating the accuracy of the aerial data, we set 10 ground control points and use differential-GPS to obtain the spatial coordinates of these control points. We use model software Agisoft PhotoScan to process these digital pictures, obtaining high-resolution and high-accuracy DEM data with the geographic information, in which data resolution is 2.6cm/pix and the average density of point cloud is 89.3 point/m². The data with these accuracy and resolution can fully show the real geomorphic features of the landform and meet the requirements for extracting specific structural geomorphic information on the surface. Through the detailed interpretation of the tectonic landforms, we identify a series of structures associated with the strike-slip fault and divide the alluvial fan into four stages, named s₁, s₂, s₃, and s₄, respectively.Wherein, the s₁ is the latest phase of the alluvial fan, which is in the extension direction of the Haiyuan Fault and there isn't any surface fracture, indicating that the s₁ was formed after the M8.5 Haiyuan earthquake in 1920. The rupture zone on the s₂ fan is composed of varied kinds of faulting geomorphologic landforms, such as a series of en echelon tension-shear fractures trending 270°~285°, fault scarps and seismic ridges caused by the left-lateral motion of the seismic fault. In addition, a number of field ridges on the s₂ fan were faulted by the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 earthquake, recording the co-seismic displacements of the latest earthquake event. Relatively speaking, the surface rupture structure of the s₃ fan is simple, mainly manifested as linear fault scarp with a trend of 270°~285°, which may indicate that multiple earthquakes have connected the different secondary fractures. And a small part of s₄ fan is distributed in the southwest of the study area without fault crossing. Furthermore, we measured the horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps. The faulted ridge on the s₂ fan and faulted gully on the s₃ fan provide good linear markers for obtaining the fault left-lateral dislocation. We used the graphical dislocation measurement software LaDiCaoz developed based on Matlab to restore the gully position before the earthquake by comparing the gully morphology on both sides of the fault, and then determined the horizontal offset of s₂, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s₃ is(8.6±0.6)m. In addition, based on the DEM data, we extracted the fault scarp densely along the fault strike, and obtained the vertical offset of s₂, which is(4.3±0.4)m and that of s₃ is(1.79±0.16)m. Moreover, we detect slope breaks in the fault scarp morphology. For compound fault scarps generated by multiple surface rupture earthquakes, there are multiple inflection points on the slope of the topographic section, and each inflection point represents a surface rupture event. Therefore, the slope break point on the scarp becomes an important symbol of multiple rupture of the fault. The statistical result shows that the slope breaks number of s₂ is 1 and that of s₃ is 2. Based on the analysis of horizontal displacements of river channels and vertical offsets of fault scarps as well as its slope breaks, two surface rupturing events can be confirmed along the Tangjiapo area of the Haiyuan Fault. Among them, the horizontal and vertical displacements of the older event are(4.3±0.95)m and(0.85±0.22)m, respectively, while that of the latest event are(4.3±0.4)m and(0.95±0.14)m, which are the coseismic horizontal and vertical offsets of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. These recognitions have improved our cognitive level of the fine structure of seismic surface rupture and ability to recognize paleoearthquake events. Therefore, the high-resolution topographic data obtained from the SfM photogrammetry method can be used for interpretation of fine structure and quantitative analysis of microgeomorphology. With the development of research on tectonic geomorphology and active tectonics toward refinement and quantification, this method will be of higher use value and practical significance.     

中甸-大具断裂南东段晚第四纪活动的地质地貌证据

中甸-大具断裂南东段位于哈巴和玉龙雪山北麓,属于川西北次级块体西南边界,断裂总体走向310°~320°,是一条重要的边界断裂。了解该断裂的活动性质、活动时代和滑动速率等对分析川西北次级块体运动,研究该断裂与玉龙雪山东麓断裂的交切关系等问题具有重要意义。文中基于1︰5万活动断层地质填图,对断裂沿线地层地貌、陡坎地貌、地表破裂、典型断层剖面以及河流阶地等进行了详细的研究。研究表明:1)中甸-大具断裂南东段按几何结构、断错地貌表现、断裂活动性可分为马家村—大具次级段和大具—大东次级段。2)通过野外地质调查发现,马家村—大具次级段断错了全新世冲洪积扇,形成了地表破裂,为全新世活动段;而大具—大东次级段虽然也断错了晚更新—全新世地层,但其断错规模及滑动速率均较小,由此认为其全新世以来活动较弱。3)通过分析断裂沿线断层陡坎、水平位错及地表破裂等地质地貌问题,认为马家村—大具次级段的活动性质为右旋走滑兼正断,其晚更新世以来的垂直滑动速率为0.4~0.8mm/a,水平滑动速率为1.5~2.4mm/a;大具—大东次级段以右旋走滑为主、正断为辅,其晚更新世晚期以来的垂直滑动速率为0.1mm/a。4)在大具盆地内发现的NW向地表破裂带的形成时代很年轻,不排除是1966年中甸6.4级地震或1996年丽江7.0级地震造成的地表破裂。     

光学遥感影像阴影与2008年汶川地震同震地表变形的影像识别

遥感影像数据在2008年汶川地震抗震救灾和灾后恢复重建中发挥了重要的作用,充分利用遥感技术进行同震地表变形的快速识别与地震地质研究具有重要的现实意义。通过分析震后光学遥感影像的阴影、纹理等特征,以及野外获得的地表破裂变形的地质与地貌特征,总结了汶川地震同震地表变形的光学遥感影像识别特点。从遥感成像的光学原理深入解析了汶川地震断层陡坎在遥感影像上的阴影形成与识别特征,明确了成像时刻和断坎产状对影像阴影的形成和断层陡坎识别能力的约束。结合影像成像特征与汶川地震同震地表破裂特征的应用分析,客观地认识了现有遥感影像在同震地表变形应用中的局限性,可为今后的应急航空遥感方案设计提供参考     

卡兹克阿尔特断裂带活动特征

卡兹克阿尔特断裂带是帕米尔和天山新生代造山带间一个重要的活动构造边界,通过对其活动构造特征的详细地质调查和大比例尺填图,可将卡兹克阿尔特断裂带进一步划分为吉勒格由特断裂带、乌恰地震断裂带和木什断裂带3段.吉勒格由特断裂带的地表破裂为一系列的断层陡坎和偏转的冲积扇,经过别尔托阔依河出山口处时,切割了T1至T3堆积阶地.断裂带在T1、T2和T3阶地的断层陡坎高度分别为0.67m、3.90m和36.50m.对采自T2阶地顶部和底部的粉砂样品进行光释光测年,测定的初步结果分别为8900aBP和10500aBP,因此对T3、T2阶地以来的滑动速率估计分别约为3.5mm/a、0.8mm/a.断裂的前缘开挖的探槽揭示出全新世以来有4次古地震活动.乌恰地震带主要切割克兹勒苏河的T3阶地后缘,沿断裂带分布有大小不等的断塞塘和断层陡坎.1985年8月23日在乌恰地震带上发生Ms7.4地震,地震最大位错为1.5m.根据断层陡坎计算出断裂的滑动速率约为0.54mm/a.卡帕河的东岸探槽同样揭示出有4次古地震活动.在乌恰地震带的东端,木什断裂带地表长度约6km,由数十条左阶排列的反向断层陡坎(坡向北)组成,沿这些断坎多处可见冲沟被断错,横跨断层陡坎的探槽揭示出3次古地震活动.     

汶川地震震中映秀地区地表破裂特征

汶川8级大震的震中位于映秀镇,地震在映秀地区造成了多处地表破裂,如公路拱曲、地震陡坎,坡中槽新变形等,长度达300余米.经实地全站仪和GPS测量,定量分析了地表破裂的垂直分量与水平分量以及两者之间的比值,以此揭示了映秀-北川断裂的运动性质为逆冲兼右行走滑,在映秀地区逆冲分量大于走滑分量.将本次地震造成的位错数据与震前资料对比,发现汶川地震产生的地表破裂位置与地质历史上映秀-北川断裂造成的断层位错位置是相当吻合的,说明映秀地区Ⅳ级阶地上40余米的的断层陡坎可能是地质历史时期若干次大地震的结果.