低频电磁辐射仪地震前的观测资料分析

例举了杭州地震台投入超低频数字地震电磁辐射仪（EMAOS-L）以来的两组临震前电磁辐射观测异常资料现象,并对观测资料进行了分析和探讨。     

低频电磁辐射仪对地震前的观测资料分析

自从1976年唐山地震后，我国开展电磁辐射观测以来，大量的地震电磁辐射异常事实，再次说明了电磁辐射作为地震短临前兆研究的科学意义。我国在“八五”期间，研究和总结了大量的震例，提出了一些预报的判据（时空强方面），成为一种地震短临预报的新方法。在此基础上，“九五”期间中国地震局分析预报研究中心研制了超低频数字地震电磁辐射仪（EMAOS-L）。根据该仪器的性能和特点，浙江省地震局在“十五”前兆项目期间，     

超低频(ULF)电磁辐射观测与资料处理方法

叙述了1982年以来在首都圈附近超低频(ULF)电磁辐射观测网的建设，该台网以埋地电极接收地下电场变化为主，用感应线圈接收磁场变化为辅。采用选择观测频段、埋深电极、隔直、滤波等技术措施减小干扰。给出了记录资料异常图形的分类及处理方法。研究了一些相关因素的可能影响。     

苏家屯台电磁辐射异常与地震关系研究

苏家屯观测台是位于辽宁沈阳的一个地方性专业地震观测台站，用EMAOS-L数字化电磁辐射观测仪进行电磁观测。本文将该台站4年多的电磁辐射观测资料和这期间观测到的Ms4．0以上的震例进行了收集和整理，从观测仪器的性能指标、地质构造特征、电磁信息的来源等方面进行了震例的电磁前兆异常特征分析。研究认为，该台站前兆异常突出，电、磁异常同步性好，异常信息与发生在上地壳的震源深度小于20km的地震具有良好的对应性，同时，对震级较大的地震，其前兆异常有日变周期特性。     

阿拉木图地震预报实验场的电磁辐射场地震前兆

文章介绍了阿拉木图地震预报实验场中3个电磁辐射台站（卡斯杰克、吐尔盖尼和天山台）1995年的观测资料。台站使用综合程序仪器，以连续方式用1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128、256、512、1024μs波段记录电磁辐射脉冲信号，并用带通滤波处理资料。结果发现，在阿拉木图实验场发生的地震事件之前，大多数记录频段上出现了电磁辐射强度的异常增大。文章认为电磁辐射场的变化从总体上反映了北天山地壳的地震动态变化。     

2022年青海门源MS6.9地震前地电场频谱特征研究

应用最大熵谱法研究2022年1月8日青海门源M_S6.9地震震中周围松山、山丹、高台、瓜州地电场台站的观测数据，分析地震发生前后地电场功率谱密度变化。结果表明：(1)门源地震发生前，松山等4个台站的地电场低频成分功率谱密度值出现增大的现象；(2)4个台站在门源地震前谱值变化的时间基本同步；(3)结合微裂隙机制及“多点场”观点，对比分析认为震源孕育激发的电磁辐射是造成震前电磁异常现象的主要原因。     

天祝大地电场异常与1995年永登5.8、1996年天祝5.4级地震

利用中法合作的天祝电测台从1994年10月至1997年6月每分钟的观测资料，使用常规分析方法，分数维方法，垂直极化方向投影法和MT定点测控二维反演方法处理后，发现在1995年7月22日永登5．8级地震（△＝84km)和1996年6月1日天祝5．4级地震（△＝65km)前，4种方法，5种参数不同程度地显现出短临异常，并表现出较好的协调性，其中分数维异常和主轴视电阻率异常显示了明显的方向性，地电场异常对与台站同处一条断裂带上天祝地震的孕震过程反映更敏感，还从4个方面讨论了异常的可靠性，并提出了产生异常的可能机理，认为永登5．8级地震前大地电场异常由主要是震源处的电磁辐射以及台站下方7km左右介质电性变化共同产生；而天祝地震前异常主要由台下方5－30km范围内沿断裂走向的岩石电阻率变化所致。     

期待很久的2004年9月28日M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的震磁效应

1976年以来，在加利福尼亚帕克菲尔德地区沿圣安德烈斯断层上长约60km的闭锁-蠕动过渡带，布设了由7个采样同步的质子磁力仪构成的差动连接的台阵，对该地区的局部磁场进行了准确的测量。2004年9月28日的M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的震中恰好位于这个台阵之内，此次地震在其中的5个台站的观测中产生了0．2nT～0．5nT的同震磁场变化。但是从地震发生前1个月、前1周及前数天的地磁观测数据中，都检测不到明显高于背景噪声水平的震前磁场变化（由于没有可检测出的形变、地震活动或孔隙压力变化数据，理论上也应观测不到震前磁场变化）。在地震破裂末端附近的一个台站也记录了0．01Hz-20Hz频带内的电场和磁场数据，借助于沿断层的北西延长线上距该台站约115km的另一个台站的观测数据，对来自电离层和磁层的同模式噪声进行了校正。校正后的数据中既没有发现1989年ML7．1级洛马普列塔地震前可能存在ULF频带（0．01Hz-20Hz）的异常磁噪声，也没有发现相同震级的希腊地震震前产生的电场变化。基于应变、位移和地震数据反演得到的地震一致滑动和可变滑动压磁模型，能够计算出与磁力仪台阵观测到的结果相符的磁场扰动。1993年以来，该区域内长期存在着与荷载增加一致的较高磁场变化，与之相伴的是由一个两色EDM台网和另一个较小的钻孔应变仪台网观测到的剪应变率的长期增长及表现在1992、1993和1994年各发生了一次M4．5～5．0级地震的地震活动性的增强。集成了所有这些数据建立的模型揭示了该区域在深度剖面上有增大的滑动，这也许对2004年9月28日M6．0级帕克菲尔德地震的最后发生起到了重要的作用。本次地震以及其他发生于圣安德烈斯断层系内其他地方的M5～7．3级地震的震前电场和磁场前兆的缺乏，表明了仅利用现有的这些电磁数据来对破坏性地震做出有意义的预测看来并不可能。     

2014年1-4月中国及邻区地震目录

本地震目录由中国地震台网中心（CENC）提供。中国地震台网中心使用全国90个测震台站的地震数据,记录了中国及邻区 M≥2．5的地震,各地震事件的记录台站均在5个以上。地震目录使用的走时表为 J-B表①,发震时刻为国际时,地名为按 Flinn、Engdahl 和 Hill②③划出的地震分区给出的大致的地理位置（仅作位置参考,不含任何政治意义）。其中：MS 是由数字地震记录仿真成中周期宽频带地震仪（SK 和 DK-1仪）测定的震级,MS7是由数字地震记录仿真成763长周期地震仪记录测定的震级,mB 是用宽频带中周期仪（SK 仪或 DK-1仪）或763长周期仪测定,mb 是用短周期地震仪测定。为便于使用和对比,报告中还给出了美国国家地震信息中心（NEIC）测定的短周期体波震级 mb 和面波震级 MSZ 。为避免混乱,各种震级之间概不换算。     

浅析使用12位数字强震仪对大坝进行安全监测的可行性

为了论证12位数字强震仪在性能和价格上具有优势，在一个水库大坝内安放了3台12位数字强震仪。期间记录到云南永胜ML6．1级地震和盐源宁蒗ML5．8级地震，结果仪器观测到的谱峰值都在0．80－0．86之间；最大加速度为1．14（伽）。12位数字强震仪能够满足大坝监测要求，而且价格便宜。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...