横-竖立体加筋地基中附加应力的分析计算

建立了横-竖立体加筋（H-V筋）地基的有限元模型,通过分析地基中的竖向应力分布、水平向位移分布以及筋-土界面相互作用,发现横-竖立体加筋地基中的竖向应力在筋材下方出现扩散和重分布,并逐渐向土体下部传递,使得土体中整体的应力分布更加均匀;同时,横-竖筋材中的竖筋类似于一个侧壁,其提供的垂直侧向力约束了介于竖筋间的土体,限制了土体的侧向水平位移,使得地基中筋材上部土体的侧向水平位移变小。基于有限元模拟对横-竖立体加筋地基加固机制的认识,将横-竖立体筋视为作用在地基上的一维弹性地基梁,通过弹性地基梁理论,根据弗拉曼解推导求解了横-竖立体加筋地基中任意一点竖向附加应力的计算表达式。将模型计算结果与有限元模拟所得结果进行对比发现两者吻合良好。     

土钉加固黏性土坡加载的离心模型试验研究

进行了不同坡度土钉加固边坡坡顶加载的离心模型试验,观测了土坡的破坏过程并测量土坡的位移场,研究了土钉加固黏性土坡的承载力、变形和破坏规律以及坡角对其破坏规律的影响。试验结果表明,坡顶荷载的增加引起土坡变形的增加,变形的集中产生和发展导致滑裂面的形成并使土坡发生破坏。土钉变形规律受加载阶段和加载底板的综合影响,坡顶荷载越大,接近坡顶的土钉弯曲挠度越大,钉土间的相互作用越强。土坡的坡角越大,承载力越低,土体呈现出更显著的向坡面位移的趋势。     

风积沙地基装配式偏心基础抗拔试验研究

在毛乌素沙漠中开展装配式偏心基础在上拔、上拔+水平力组合荷载作用下的现场试验研究。根据试验加载过程中监测的基础顶部位移、地表竖向位移及基础底板土压力数据,分析基础顶部的荷载-位移特性,研究装配式偏心基础的抗拔承载机制。结果表明,（1）在上拔、上拔和水平力组合作用下,基础顶部上拔和水平位移曲线均呈二阶段的承载特性;（2）当仅受上拔荷载作用时,基础偏心引起的附加弯矩,使得基础底板产生偏转,基础及底板上覆部分沙土自重抵抗上拔荷载,而在上拔和水平力组合荷载工况下,基础偏心引起的附加弯矩小,与上拔荷载工况相比,基础极限抗拔承载力提高8.7％,即在组合荷载工况下装配式偏心基础能够发挥更多的沙土来抵抗上拔荷载;（3）根据装配式偏心基础的抗拔承载机制,引入外荷载合力作用线与支架作用线之间的夹角δ来反映水平荷载对装配式基础抗拔破坏因子的影响,其影响规律为装配式基础的抗拔破坏因子随δ增加而降低。     

法向应力下土工织物过滤黏土淤堵试验研究

模拟实际工况,采用改进的可以施加竖向荷载的梯度比渗透仪完成了一系列土工织物过滤黏性土的梯度比试验。试验采用上海地区第④层黏性土和短纤针刺无纺土工织物,分别在临界水力梯度（1.0）和水力梯度为2.0下进行,并通过改变竖向荷载来研究土工织物反滤性能随水力梯度和法向应力的变化规律。研究结果表明:水力梯度和法向应力是影响土工织物淤堵特性和滤层透水能力的重要因素。随着竖向荷载的增加,土工织物过滤黏性土的梯度比有所增大,但其稳定时并未发生不容许的淤堵;在特定荷载下,渗透系数随时间减小,而后趋于稳定,稳定后的渗透系数随竖向荷载的增大而减小;水力梯度由1.0增大到2.0,也引起了土工织物-黏性土体系的梯度比增大,透水能力减弱。试验结果较好地反映了实际工况下土工织物滤层的反滤作用,可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

上拔扩底基础与地基土体承载特性差异性分析

工程中多采用基础上拔静载试验中基础顶部荷载-位移曲线获取基础的承载力,忽略了基础周围土体的变形破坏过程,而实际工程中均是基础周围地基土体发生破坏。为研究扩底基础与其周围土体在抗拔承载特性方面的差异,以黄土地基中的9个扩底基础为研究对象,通过现场全尺寸基础的上拔静载试验,分别获得基础顶部与地表的上拔荷载-位移曲线,并进一步对基顶与地表处的荷载-位移曲线变化特征、抗拔承载力取值进行对比分析。结果表明,两处的荷载-位移曲线变化特征相似,相同上拔荷载作用下地表处的位移量均小于基础处位移量,差异以初始弹性阶段变形最为突出;两者在弹性极限荷载QL1取值方面,相差较大,但随着地基基础由弹性向塑性发展,差异逐渐减小,两者塑性极限荷载QL2取值基本相同。结合上拔扩底基础的破坏模式,分析出上述差异主要由于基础与周围土体之间变形不协调所致,加载初期基础顶部的上拔位移包括基础拔出量和上部土体压缩量,当上部土体压密后压缩变形消失,地基基础成为一个整体,上拔基础与周围土体的变形趋于协调。     

Stability of eccentrically loaded footings on slopes

The stability of eccentrically loaded strip footings on slopes was investigated using the method of finite element analysis based on the theory of elasto-plasticity. The analysis was done for two different soils involving three levels of slope angle, six footing locations, and two levels of load eccentricity plus central vertical loading. The strip footing analysed was a 3-ft (0.9 m) wide reinforced concrete footing embedded to a depth of 3 ft (0.9 m). The analysis focused on footing settlement, plastic yielding of soil, and ultimate bearing capacity. The results of analysis show that the influence of load eccentricity on footing pressure vs. footing centre settlement is negligibly small. However, the progressive soil yielding and ultimate bearing capacity are greatly affected by load eccentricity. Furthermore, the effect of load eccentricity differs considerably with the load location relative to the footing centre and slope crest. The ultimate bearing capacity for the eccentric load located on the slope side is significantly greater than that for the load located on the other side of the footing centre. For a 2(H): 1(V) slope in silty clay, the effect of slope on footing stability decreases with increasing footing location from slope crest as would be expected, and diminishes when the footing is located from the crest at about 5-times the footing width.     

Shear sliding failure of the jointed roof in laminated rock mass

Summary The jointed roof in laminated rock mass may be capable of self-support and sustaining transverse load and can be analysed by the voussoir beam notation. There are three main failure modes of a voussoir beam structure: crushing in the high stress areas, buckling without localised material failure and shear sliding along the joints. Previous studies on the voussoir beam have concentrated on the crushing failure mode, assuming that the voussoir beam would not fail by shear sliding prior to reaching its crushing strength. However, the possibility exists that the voussoir beam may collapse by shear sliding along the joints with a strength much lower than that predicted by the estimation method for crushing failure, depending upon the joint properties. Hence the stability analysis of a jointed roof without considering the shear sliding failure may lead to disastrous consequences. In this paper a numerical and experimental study has been carried out to analyse the shear sliding failure of voussoir beams containing vertical and inclined joints with one or more mid joints. Equations for verification of shear sliding are proposed and effects of the voussoir beam geometry and material properties on the shear sliding failure are also discussed.     

Analysis of a rigid footing lying on three-layered soil using the finite difference method

A numerical procedure is described for the analysis of the vertical deformation and the stress distribution of the strip footings on layered soil media. Three layers of soil with different stiffness are considered with the middle soil layer the thinnest and most stiff layer. The soil media is discretized and using the theory of elasticity, the governing differential equations are obtained in terms of vertical and horizontal displacements. These equations along with appropriate boundary and continuity conditions are solved by using the finite difference method. The vertical and horizontal displacements, strains and stresses are found at various nodes in the soil media. Parametric studies are carried out to study the effect of the placement depth of the middle soil layer, the relative ratios of the moduli of deformation of the soil layers on the vertical displacement of the footing and the vertical stress distribution. These studies reveal that the middle thin but very stiff layer acts like a plate and redistributes the stresses on the lower soft soil layer uniformly. The displacement on the top and bottom of the middle soil layer is almost the same showing that the compression of the middle layer is negligible as it is very stiff.     

南宁市坛洛镇岩溶塌陷群成因机制分析

岩溶塌陷是岩溶区较为常见的地质灾害,对其成因机制的研究有助于针对性的进行综合防治。为了弄清2012年6月在广西南宁市坛洛镇连续发生的岩溶塌陷的成因及发育机制,在塌陷群发生地区开展了现场调查、地球物理勘探、水文地质工程地质钻探、地下水动态长期监测、岩土样测试等多项工作。结果表明,坛洛岩溶塌陷群是各种不良因素共同作用的产物。其致塌因素主要包括特殊的“水-土-岩”组合及人为活动。研究区地下水位埋深较浅,土体结构以粘性土为主,渗透系数较低且易崩解,地下岩溶极为发育。高强度的人工地下水开采活动是坛洛岩溶塌陷的诱因。深入分析其发育机理,认为塌陷群是渗流潜蚀效应、增荷失托效应和水位波动产生的气压差效应等3个力学效应综合作用下发生的,其致塌模式是重力致塌、潜蚀致塌、真空吸蚀致塌和冲爆致塌等4种模式的相互结合。根据岩溶塌陷的发生顺序推断坛洛镇岩溶塌陷群的发育过程可分为缓慢发育—塌陷诱发—塌陷集中爆发3个阶段,各阶段的主要地质营力有所不同。      

Behavior of Shallow Strip Footing on Twin Voids

This paper numerically examines the bearing capacity and failure mechanism of a shallow strip foundation constructed above twin voids. The voids may refer to caves, caverns, underground aqueduct or tunnels due to water seepage, chemical reaction or deliberately excavated in soil deposit. The ability of numerical model to accurately predict the system behavior is evaluated by performing verification analyses on existing researches. Subsequently, a parametric study carried out to reveal the influence of size of footing/voids and their location (i.e. depth, spacing, eccentricity) on the bearing capacity of footing. To clarify the failure mechanism, the distribution of shear strain in the soil for different scenarios is assessed. The parametric study provided a new framework to determine the bearing capacity and the mode of failure for footings on voids. Based on the results, a criterion can be issued to avoid collapse of footing/voids regarding the shape, location and size of voids. The results can also be used to design construction of a footing on existing voids while the acquired failure mechanisms can be appointed to develop analytical solutions for this problem. Results demonstrated that a critical depth for voids and a critical distance between them exist where the influence on the ultimate bearing capacity of footing disappears.     

A macroelement formulation for shallow foundations on cohesive and frictional soils

The scope of this paper is to present a macroelement model for shallow foundations encompassing the majority of combinations of soil and foundation–soil interface conditions that are interesting for practical applications. The basic idea of the formulation is to raise the common assumption that the surface of ultimate loads of the foundation is identified as a yield surface in the space of force parameters which the footing is subjected to. Instead, each non‐linear mechanism participating in the global response of the system is modelled independently and the surface of ultimate loads is retrieved as the combined result of all active mechanisms. This allows formulating each mechanism by respecting its particular characteristics and offers the possibility of activating, modifying or deactivating each mechanism according to the context of application. The model comprises three non‐linear mechanisms: (a) the mechanism of sliding at the soil–footing interface, (b) the mechanism of soil yielding in the vicinity of the footing and (c) the mechanism of uplift as the footing may get detached from the soil. The first two are irreversible and dissipative and are combined within a multi‐mechanism plasticity formulation. The third mechanism is reversible and non‐dissipative. It is reproduced with a phenomenological non‐linear hyperelastic model. The model is validated with respect to the existing results for shallow foundations under quasi‐static loading tests. It is shown that although the ultimate surface of the foundation is not explicitly used in the formulation of the model, the obtained force states by the model are always contained within it. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

临近边坡的条形基础地基极限承载力数值分析

建筑物或构筑物基础临近边坡置放的情况在实际工程中十分普遍,但目前对于临近边坡基础的地基承载力及破坏模式尚缺乏深入研究。采用不连续布局优化（DLO）极限分析法建立数值模型,分析边坡几何尺寸、土体参数和基础位置对临坡条形基础的极限承载力和边坡破坏模式的影响,并对国内外现行规范推荐的计算方法进行评价。结果表明：极限承载力随边坡高度和边坡倾斜角的增大而减小,当坡高超过临界高度后,极限承载力将不受其影响;极限承载力随土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的增大而提高,滑动面随黏聚力的增大而变浅,随内摩擦角的增大而变深;极限承载力随基础与坡肩相对距离的增大而提高,当基础置放位置超过某临界距离后极限承载力不受边坡影响。在土体强度高、坡角较大时,《建筑地基基础设计规范》规定的临坡基础最小置放距离偏于危险,设计时仍需考虑边坡对承载力的减损作用;在土体强度较低、坡角较小时,规范规定值偏于保守。美国AASHTO规范对边坡地基极限承载力的取值在砂土边坡时较为可靠,但其仅适用于坡面破坏模式的情况;饱和黏土边坡的承载力曲线有悖于理论解,对临界距离的规定同样存在低估。     

拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌的形成机制及其稳定性研究

拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌是黄土地区高速公路建设过程中常见的一种崩塌灾害。根据土体极限平衡方程,得到黄土斜坡后缘最大竖直拉张裂隙深度。引进水致弱化函数,分别建立了竖直裂隙面介质及潜在滑移面介质的本构方程。根据崩塌体能量守恒原理及尖点突变理论,建立了拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌隐患的尖点突变模型。根据该模型,探讨了拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌的形成机制。认为黄土斜坡开挖后,后缘形成拉张裂隙,在裂隙充水的作用下,竖直拉张裂隙的剪切模量增大,潜在滑移面的剪切模量减小,当黄土含水饱和度达到一定程度时候,系统发生突变,滑裂面形成,土体重心不断向临空面移动。其重心一旦滑出陡坡,就会产生崩塌。根据极限平衡方程,结合摩尔-库仑定律,建立了拉裂-滑移式黄土崩塌隐患体的稳定性计算公式。研究结果对黄土崩塌治理的设计与施工具有重要参考价值。     

液压挖掘机振动掘削减阻机理研究

铲刃以振动的方式作用于土壤,可以有效地降低液压挖掘机挖掘作业时的阻力。从理论上研究了振动掘削岩土的减阻机理,土壤剪切试验结果表明,振动载荷能够使土壤的内摩擦角变小、抗剪强度下降、最大主应力值减小,从而导致挖掘阻力降低;对土壤在静态载荷和振动载荷作用下的失效过程进行了对比仿真实验研究,可知土壤在振动加载的条件下强度显著下降,并提前于相同条件的静态加载而破坏,同时跟踪X方向的载荷发现,振动掘削最大掘削阻力可降低50 %。     

Ultimate Bearing Capacity Prediction of Eccentrically Inclined Loaded Strip Footings

Extensive laboratory model tests have been carried out on a strip footing resting over dry sand bed subjected to eccentrically inclined load to determine the ultimate bearing capacity (Patra et al. in Int J Geotech Eng 6(3):343–352, 2012a.  https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2012.06.03.343-352, Int J Geotech Eng 6(4):507–514, b.  https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2012.06.04.507-514). Similarly, lower bound calculations based on finite element method were performed to compute the bearing capacity of a strip footing subjected to an eccentric and inclined load lying over a cohesionless soil with varying embedment depth and relative density (Krabbenhoft et al. in Int J Geomech ASCE, 2014.  https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000332). The load may be applied in two ways namely, towards the center line and away from the center line of the footing. Based on the results (both experimental and numerical analyses), a neural network model is developed to predict the reduction factor that will be used in computing the ultimate bearing capacity of an eccentrically inclined loaded strip footing. This reduction factor (RF) is the ratio of the ultimate bearing capacity of the footing subjected to an eccentrically inclined load to the ultimate bearing capacity of the footing subjected to a centric vertical load. A thorough sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the parameters affecting the reduction factor. Based on the weights of the developed neural network model, a neural interpretation diagram is developed to find out whether the input parameters have direct or inverse effect on the output. A prediction model equation is framed with the trained weights of the neural network as the model parameters. The predictions from ANN, and those from other approaches, are compared with the results computed from both experimentation and FEM analyses. The ANN model results are found to be more accurate and well matched with other results.     

偏心受压厚壁圆筒支护结构的应力分析

厚壁圆筒由于能充分发挥材料的抗压特性而越来越多地应用到基坑支护结构工程之中,传统的设计计算主要是在均布压力作用下厚壁圆筒的拉梅解。为了解决实际工程中经常遇到的偏心受压问题,给出了一个偏心荷载作用下厚壁圆筒的应力解析解,并结合工程实例对圆筒支护结构受力进行简化处理后,将解析解应用于计算偏心受压厚壁圆筒支护结构中的拉应力,特别是讨论了地下水位不均匀变化、地面不均匀堆载和土层不均衡开挖等可能会引起较大的圆筒环向拉应力和在圆筒内、外表面产生竖向裂缝,从而对圆筒支护结构产生不利影响。有利于指导对圆筒截面的配筋和控制基坑的开挖施工。     

Bearing Capacity of Eccentrically–Obliquely Loaded Footings Resting on Fiber-Reinforced Sand

This paper presents the method proposed to calculate the bearing capacity of a square footing under oblique and eccentric oblique loading condition (satisfying both shear failure and settlement criteria) resting on fiber reinforced sand layer underlain by sand with geosynthetic/fabric sheet at the interface. Large direct shear tests were carried out to investigate the shear strength parameters of sand and randomly distributed fiber reinforced sand (RDFS) and soil-plastic fabric sheet bond. The ultimate bearing capacity of RDFS was determined using direct shear results. Non-dimensional charts proposed by Kumar (Behaviour of eccentrically–obliquely loaded footing on reinforced earth slab. Ph.D. thesis, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India, 2002) were used to consider the contribution of plastic fabric sheet in increasing the bearing capacity. Also, for calculating the settlement, horizontal deformation and tilt at a given pressure the regression analysis of plate load test data have been carried out. The predicted values of ultimate bearing capacity, settlement, horizontal deformation and tilt are compared with the experimental values which are in good agreement with each other. There appeared to be an increase in the residual shear strength and angle of internal friction of RDFS.     

黄土-基岩滑坡滑带土特性及其演化过程

滑坡的演化过程伴随着滑带的形成,故滑带土的物理力学特性在一定程度上决定着滑坡的形成机理和活动趋势。选取延安丁家沟滑坡滑带土为研究对象,通过X射线衍射、电镜扫描、室内实验等手段,对其矿物成分、微观结构、物理特性和力学特性进行研究。结果表明:不同部位滑带土的性质差异明显,前缘滑带土的含水率、天然密度、干密度、黏土矿物、界限含水率以及粒径分布分维值均明显高于后部滑带土;前缘滑带土在任一法向应力作用下均表现为应变软化的剪切特性,而后缘滑带土在低法向应力水平下表现为弱应变软化,在高应力水平下表现为应变稳定。通过前后缘滑带土物理力学特性差异,总结出此类滑坡演化阶段为后缘剪切面形成→剪切面扩展→滑带贯通。      

四川某崩塌区危岩稳定性评价

汶川地震后,在地震灾区及影响区形成了大量的危岩崩塌地质灾害。通过对崩塌区地质灾害的调查,结合所收集的地质资料,分析了崩塌地质灾害的形成机制以及危害性,并选择区内典型危岩及断面,采用危岩体平面滑动法及岩有限元应力分析法,对崩塌区危岩体在各种工况条件下的稳定性进行评价。评价结果表明:有限元应力分析法与公式计算结果基本吻合,与实际情况基本一致。此结果可为崩塌灾害防治提供依据。     

侧限压缩条件下土体的侧应力松弛试验研究

侧向应力松弛是侧限压缩土体的重要流变性质之一。通过在改装的固结仪上进行的土体侧限流变试验表明,在恒载侧限压缩条件下,土体的侧应力松弛曲线与竖向蠕变曲线同步出现不稳定、稳定、急剧变化3个阶段。将试验结果结合土的结构颗粒定向排列理论和强度理论探索了土体侧应力松弛的机制并得出结论：侧应力松弛曲线的3阶段特征是由于土体结构连接的压密恢复与剪切破坏相互作用所致;而侧应力松弛稳定的极限状态是由土的抗剪强度控制。此外,较高的应力水平将会使土体侧应力松弛程度相比低应力水平时更为显著。该分析结论为进一步研究地基长期承载力和地基沉降的关系奠定了基础。