广西上林钒矿成矿期古地理及矿床成因浅析

广西上林钒矿位于大明山背斜南东翼,矿体赋存于塘丁组（D1t）中下部,目前已达大型矿床规模。早泥盆世早期,海水由南西进入该区,形成了早泥盆世早中期的滨海碎屑相沉积;早泥盆世晚期（塘丁期）海水加深,由郁江期的浅海潮下带发展为台间海槽相,沉积了灰黑色含钒炭质泥岩夹薄层硅质岩及泥晶灰岩。上林钒矿属海相热水沉积矿床。     

云南绿春洒马中泥盆世早期龙别组地层时代厘订

根据新发现的竹节石化石Nowakia maureri cf.latemaureri Alberti,确定龙别组时代为中泥盆世早期埃姆斯期.其硅质岩浊流沉积特征为海槽环境成生.     

川北下三叠统飞仙关组“槽台”沉积体系及演化

川北地区下三叠统飞仙关组沉积主要受开江梁平海槽控制,短期存在的海槽在其两侧形成了较为对称的类似于威尔逊相模式的碳酸盐岩沉积体系。通过详细的钻井、露头等岩石学资料的研究,认为飞仙关组主要发育蒸发台地、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘滩、斜坡和盆地相共六类沉积相。其盆地相较深海盆地相浅,主要发育深色泥灰岩和灰质泥岩;斜坡沉积特征明显,见浊流、碎屑流沉积,但陆棚相不发育,可能是海槽深度小、面积小引起的;随着海槽的关闭,海水变浅,海槽内部的沉积由盆地相向斜坡、台地边缘滩、开阔台地、局限台地、蒸发台地相演化特征明显;到飞四段顶部,整个川北地区均一化为局限台地相或蒸发台地相沉积。由于海槽存在时间短,沉积相在平面上和纵向上的演化过程十分清晰。随着海槽的关闭,海水向广海方向退却,台缘鲕滩也向海槽边界,即向广海方向发生了迁移,而且其发育层位逐渐变高。     

四川盆地北部晚二叠世-早三叠世碳酸盐岩斜坡相带沉积特征

四川盆地东北部宣汉县樊哙以东地区晚二叠世-早三叠世飞仙关期碳酸盐岩台地相-海槽相剖面均出露地表。分隔台地相和海槽相的碳酸盐岩斜坡相的鸡唱剖面距台地边缘相剖面不足１ｋｍ。根据地面露头碳酸盐岩斜坡相带的特征,可在四川盆地北部环开江-梁平海槽的地震反射剖面上有效地识别出碳酸盐岩斜坡相,并划分出浅水、深水碳酸盐沉积区。斜坡相具有明显的倾斜反射,海槽相区大隆组及飞仙关组底部泥岩的强振幅反射在斜坡下部向台地上超并消失。深水相区上二叠统地震波双程反射时间都小于１００ｍｓ且明显短于飞仙关组,而台地相区上二叠统双程反射时间多大于１５０ｍｓ,且与上覆飞仙关组地震波反射时间相近或略长。碳酸盐岩斜坡相倾斜反射的特征表明环海槽的碳酸盐岩斜坡开始发育于晚二叠世中期,并随海侵向碳酸盐岩台地方向迁移,在晚二叠世末期海侵达到顶峰时形成最陡峭的斜坡。飞仙关期斜坡随海平面缓慢下降而逐渐向海槽方向迁移并变缓。晚二叠世末期海槽南端梁平地区斜坡坡度在３°左右,向北东、北西方向变陡,宣汉地区约２０°,苍溪、仪陇地区最高达４０°以上,海槽呈向北逐渐加深的箕形。根据晚二叠世末期斜坡倾斜反射高度计算,开江-梁平海槽的水深在３５０～４５０ｍ左右。苍溪、仪陇及梁平地区飞仙关组斜坡进积明显,宣汉地区的斜坡以加积为主。目前钻遇的最厚鲕滩储集层位于宣汉加积斜坡附近的台地边缘,单井的鲕粒白云岩储集层厚度超过３００ｍ。     

利用马尔可夫链分析识别内蒙古正镶白旗额里图组沉积特征

通过野外地质剖面实测识别了额里图牧场额里图组各层岩性特征,利用马尔可夫链分析方法分析该剖面下岩段地层的沉积旋回,综合地质基础资料,进一步分析了沉积环境.结果识别出一个以砂岩-粉砂质泥岩-粉砂岩-泥岩为特征和一个以砂岩-灰岩-泥岩为特征的两个岩性旋回,分别代表浅海陆棚-深水浊积岩相序和陆棚浅海礁滩相沉积.结合剖面分别划分出陆棚、斜坡和盆地（海槽）3个相,进一步识别出潮坪滩相、滩前斜坡相、浊积滩坝相、滩相、斜坡盆地相、缓坡相、深水海槽相和礁滩相等亚相.整个剖面由两次海侵半旋回和一次完整的海侵海退旋回组成.研究认为古亚洲洋的最终闭合时限应该在额里图组时期之后.     

桂西南泥盆纪硅质岩相区新坡组、五相岭组含义的修订

<正> 桂西南(南宁盆地及其以西)郁江组至榴江组,广泛发育一套典型的盆地边缘相灰黑、黑色硅质岩、石英硅质岩。其下部往往夹红褐色的凝灰岩及白云岩,上部有一套含竹节石黑色薄层泥岩(上覆地层为榴江组硅质岩)。南宁五象岭剖面地层出露良好,上下界线清楚。前人往往以南丹罗富剖面的塘丁组、纳标组、罗富组等组名进行划分,也有称为东岗岭组。很明显,这套硅质岩为主的地层与南丹罗富的黑色泥岩和桂中象州型的碳酸盐岩     

罗平生物群中双壳类化石新材料及其意义

本文首次报道和描述了来自罗平生物群中的双壳类化石,包括6个属,属于Costatoria goldfussi mansuyi组合带,为台间盆地相生物组合,时代为中三叠世安尼期。二叠纪末生物大灭绝之后双壳类的演化分为残存期-复苏期-辐射期,本文所描述的双壳类化石处于复苏与辐射的关键时期,其报道为研究双壳类演化提供了新材料。     

桂西南上泥盆统含锰岩系形成古海水深度条件分析

桂西南上泥盆统含锰岩系是我国沉积锰矿最主要的赋矿岩系之一,岩系形成于台间海槽环境。但是对台间海槽的海水深度历来有不同的认识。本文在如下方面作了进一步的研究:分析了产于含锰岩系榴江组和五指山组中古生物化石种属的特征及其与古生物生存环境的关系;鉴定了沉积物中可作为形成水深标志的特殊的矿物和岩石结构;测定了岩系中Ni、V、Cr等元素的含量,并据其比值特征推断了沉积物形成时的氧化还原条件。研究结果认为:晚泥盆世产于台沟海槽的含锰岩系形成于浅海环境,古海水深度范围可能为50～200m,一般水深0～150m。     

重庆云阳石梁飞仙关组剖面特征及地质意义

重庆云阳石梁剖面位于上扬子板块北缘南大巴山冲断带位置,早三叠世飞仙关期处于城口-鄂西海槽西侧位置,对该剖面的详细研究,有利于恢复飞仙关期川东北碳酸盐台地东缘的沉积演化过程．研究认为,该剖面飞仙关组-段属于斜坡相沉积;二段下部继承碳酸盐台地东缘斜坡相,中部发育典型的台地边缘滩沉积,其顶部则演化为局限台地溺湖环境;三段由开阔台地及局限台地渴湖沉积构成;四段属于典型的局限台地潮坪沉积城口-鄂西海槽西侧飞仙关组由两个向上变浅的沉积旋回组成,通过与相邻位置的井剖面对比认为。相对海平面变化控制了城口-一西海槽西侧飞仙关期沉积相演化。台地边缘滩基本发育于相对海平面下降时期     

南秦岭文县白垩纪地层研究新进展

通过对文县一带１：５万区域地质调查,认为该区内白垩系紫红色砾岩、泥岩、灰色页岩,系受秦岭造山带燕山期构造控制的山麓－河湖相沉积。在灰色页岩中首次发现了Ｌｙｃｏｐｔｅｒａ ｓｐ．鱼类及丰富的植物化石,证实其属早白垩世沉积。将其与徽成盆地的东河群相对比,为秦岭中生代地史演化提供了新的信息。根据沉积学研究将其划分为４种类型,圈定了其空间展布。砾岩、砂岩系碎屑流沉积,而紫红色泥岩、灰色页岩则为典型的湖盆相沉积,两垧在很大程度上属同期异相沉积。     

辽河坳陷下第三系沙三段深断槽发育特点及其油气勘探意义

辽河东部凹陷断槽构造发育、岩相充填及油气分布。凹陷内主干断裂的伸展和走滑作用控制着深断槽的发育与演化，充填断槽的沙三段地层以侧向和径向的扇三角洲体系的河道砂体为主，并主要沿斜坡和低洼断槽的轴线分布，是岩性油气藏发育的有利部位，走滑断裂活动使断槽高部位火山岩形成大量构造裂缝，并发育火山岩油气藏。勘探实践证明，深断槽内沙三段赋存丰富的油气资源。     

鄂尔多斯盆地早古生代波状构造及其古地理意义

波动是地质作用的基本形式之一,地壳的波状运动和变形是客观存在的。用波动论对鄂尔多斯盆地早古生代构造、沉积与古地理进行了探讨,将鄂尔多斯及邻区早古生代波状构造单元划分为 :阴山波谷带、伊盟波峰带、中部波谷带、渭北波峰带、北秦岭波谷带、阿拉善波峰带、贺兰波谷带、中央隆起波峰带、东部波谷带、苛兰波峰带。东部波谷带与中部波谷带的复合形成了东部波谷复合区。早奥陶世马家沟期东部盐洼区就是该波谷复合区的产物。在该复合区还形成鄂尔多斯盆地最为重要的下古生界烃源中心。中央古隆起波峰带与中部波谷带相复合形成定边波峰波谷复合区,使得中央古隆起在定边一带呈现出鞍状形态,从而合理解释了中央古隆起向北延伸至定边一带“断掉了”这一现象。     

The Warrabin Trough,western Adavale Basin,Queensland

The Warrabin Trough in SW Queensland contains up to 3000 m of Devonian sedimentary rocks, and is a structural remnant of the formerly widespread Adavale Basin. Seismic data recently obtained by the Bureau of Mineral Resources enable reinterpretation of existing poorer quality seismic data, so that the structural framework and most of the trough margin can be mapped.

Sedimentary rocks in the trough are folded and are displaced by high‐angle reverse faults, which were probably active during the Late Carboniferous. LANDSAT studies provide additional information on the position of faults, which on seismic records appear to be mainly contained within the trough sequence. Differential compaction, together with slight post‐Cretaceous rejuvenation of some structures, may have given surface expression to some of these deep faults.

The western margin of the trough has been drilled, but only 775 m of the Devonian sequence was penetrated. The petroleum source‐rock and maturation levels do not appear encouraging on the basis of this drilling. However, the thick sequence of arenites, lutites and carbonates, interpreted to occur in the trough, offer considerable potential for hydrocarbon source‐rocks and reservoirs.     

基于V指数的他念他翁山中段冰川槽谷形态特征及影响因素分析

冰川槽谷作为冰川作用区分布最典型的冰川地貌之一,对其形态特征及影响因素的研究,有助于揭示冰川发育的动力学过程。基于V指数模型及MATLAB半自动提取方法,分析并探讨了他念他翁山中段冰川槽谷形态发育特征及造成槽谷形态差异的影响因素。结果表明：研究区共发育206条冰川槽谷,大多为“U”形或偏“U”形,长4.5~26 km之间,平均宽度1.8 km,深200~500 m,海拔高度介于5 730~3 274 m。槽谷形态横向分布规律：V指数多为0.2~0.3,北东向发育V指数大于0.3的谷地多于西南向,说明东坡槽谷侵蚀程度强于西坡。V指数沿槽谷纵向主要有两种变化趋势：V指数增大,冰川槽谷横剖面“U”形发育特点逐渐增强;V指数减小,冰川槽谷横剖面“U”形发育特点减弱。研究区冰川槽谷发育以侧蚀为主,形态的差异性是冰川自身特性、冰川作用区地形与基岩岩性等多种因素共同作用的结果。其中,冰川作用区的平均坡度、平均地形起伏度与古冰川作用区面积是造成这种分布差异的主要因素。     

The origin and peculiarities of the nigerian benue trough: Another look from recent gravity data obtained from the middle benue

The origin of the Benue trough has been a controversial subject. Previous workers in the area have evolved several theories ranging from a rift, with or without plate tectonic concepts (King, 1950; Wright, 1968, 1970; Burke et al., 1970; Grant, 1971; Olade, 1975) to a geosyncline (Lees, 1952) and a combination of both (Cratchley and Jones, 1965; Offodile, 1976) to explain the origin of the trough. One of the aims of the gravity survey, carried out in the middle Benue and discussed in this paper, was to attempt to resolve some of the problems associated with the origin of the trough as proposed by previous workers and in so doing to explain the geological peculiarities associated with the trough.

Interpretations of the gravity data along two north—south profiles in the survey area indicated the existence of a rift, of normal width (about 40 km) buried under the Cretaceous cover and located between the central axis (ridge) of the trough and the northern boundary of the trough. The gravity minimum which occurs south of the central axis of the trough, was also ascribed to another rift. Thus the Benue trough is considered to consist of two parallel rifts separated by the axial ridge which partly explains the abnormal width of the trough. The interpreted models also indicate a low-angle thrust fault, with a small displacement, which may be related to the folding of the sediments in the trough and also to the asymmetry of the trough. Furthermore, the gravity data suggest that oceanic crust might not have reached the ground surface in the Benue trough, as in the Red Sea, before rifting ceased.     

Space—time correlations between inland earthquakes in central Japan and great offshore earthquakes along the Nankai trough: Implication for destructive earthquake prediction

Based on the tectonic framework of central Japan, including the surrounding submarine areas, the space-time relationship between destructive inland earthquakes of magnitudesM 6.4 or greater and great offshore earthquakes along the Nankai trough was examined. From east to west, four tectonic lines are defined as lines linking active faults: the Itoigawa-Shizuoka tectonic line (ISTL), the Tsurugawan-Isewan tectonic line (TITL), the Hanaore-Kongo fault line (HKFL), and the Arima-Takatsuki tectonic line (ATTL). The TITL divides central Japan into the Chubu and Kinki districts, and probably extends southward to the Nankai trough. The Chubu district is subdivided into four blocks by boundary lines linking NW-SE trending active faults having left-lateral strike slip. In the Kinki district, N-S trending, active reverse, steep-dip faults are dominant in the triangular region north of the Median Tectonic line, between the TITL and HKFL, forming a basin-and-range province.

Starting from 1586 A.D., a seismic space-time sequence of high seismic activity in the Chubu district in which earthquake occurrence migrates from the eastern to western tectonic lines of central Japan was identified. The sequence also revealed that inland earthquakes preceded great offshore earthquakes which occurred along the Nankai trough. It was also found that a destructive earthquake tends to occur on the HKFL within 30 years after the occurrence on the TITL, and that the western Nankai trough generated great earthquakes ofM≥7.0 at intervals ranging from 8 to 49 years after the HKFL earthquakes. If the eastern Nankai trough is coupled with the western Nankai trough, a forthcoming greater earthquake measuringM 8.5 may be expected. Since such great earthquakes are always accompanied by large tsunamis, much attention should be focussed on possible tsunami disasters along the Pacific coast of central Japan.

Based on its tectonic structure, a tectonic model of central Japan is proposed. The seismic space-time sequence, which attempts to explain the cause of the sequential earthquake generation, is also discussed.     

西沙北海槽第四纪的介形虫

西沙北海槽位于南海北部,是南海大陆坡上较大的海槽之一。本文所研究的介形虫化石系取自西沙北海槽东段的两个站位(KL37、KL41)柱样中。以上两站位中的介形虫化石组合以Krithe属居优势,其次是Wichmannella, Bradleya, Cytheropteron, Acantho-cythereis, Argilloecia, Abyssocythere, "Cythere", Parakrithe, Paijen-borchella等; KL37站、KL41站其沉积地层划分为中、上更新统及全新统。中、上更新统中介形虫化石数量比较丰富,化石面貌相似,均以Krithe sawanensis, Wichmannella dasy-derma, Acanthocythereis cf. araneosa等为主要成分。全新统中介形虫属种单调,化石少,含量较多的有"Cythere" sulcatoperfonata, Bradleya albatrossia, Kriteintrocurva, Abyssocythere regalis等。化石的破碎、溶蚀现象较普遍。     

北祁连山西段早元古代变质火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造背景

产于北大河群的早元古代火山岩是北祁连山西段最主要的三期火山岩之一,其地球化学特征表明,该期火山岩的原岩为具有双峰式组合的拉斑玄武岩和中酸笥凝灰岩。两者具有完全不同的稀土分布型式,前者以极低的富集轻稀土为特征,而后者以强烈富集轻稀土的特征;基性火山岩的微量元素分布曲线指示了其形成了裂陷槽环境。结合Ｎｄ同位素特征以及区域２得出本区早元古代变质火山岩形成于裂陷槽环境。