密集台阵背景噪声成像揭示郯庐断裂带潍坊段地壳浅层速度结构及变形特征

郯庐断裂带是中国东部最重要的一条走滑断裂带,历史上发生过多次破坏性大地震,而潍坊段（沂沭断裂带北部）有历史记录的地震较少,未来发生大地震的可能性尚不清楚.因此,研究潍坊段地壳浅层精细结构,将对该地区的地震危险性评估提供重要的参考模型,同时也将有助于深入了解郯庐断裂带潍坊段的动力学过程.我们利用302个短周期流动台站组成的密集台阵在2017年8—10月期间记录的垂向分量连续背景噪声数据,通过预处理、计算噪声互相关函数、手动提取频散曲线并进行质量控制,共得到17614条0.6~6 s周期的Rayleigh波相速度频散曲线.然后基于面波直接成像法反演了该区域地下0~7.5 km的三维各向同性和方位各向异性横波速度模型.研究结果显示,断裂带东边界条带状低速异常从近地表延续至地下4 km深度,表现出明显的高低速异常过渡的构造边界特征.地壳浅部的速度结构与地表构造单元一致性较好,其中凹陷区和隆起区分别显示低速和高速异常.0~4 km深度的快波方向主要为NNE向和NE向,且集中分布在低速异常区,可能与断裂带的左旋走滑有关.4~7.5 km深度,研究区出现大范围的NEE向和近EW向快波方向,可能与白垩世地壳NWW-SEE向伸展变形和现今华北地区最大主压应力场（NEE-SWW向和近EW向）的共同作用有关.潍坊凹陷处0~4 km呈现特殊的环绕凹陷边界的圆环状快波方向,可能与新生代岩浆活动形成的熔岩沿凹陷边界溢流和断裂带受EW向挤压作用而发生右行平移有关.     

青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形及其机理

为了解青藏高原东北缘岩石圈变形特征,进一步研究该地区地壳运动的壳-幔耦合机理,本文通过处理分析该地区1999～2007年多期GPS观测数据、1972~2000年水准测量数据和1992年及2007年相对重力测量资料,获得了该区域地壳水平运动速度场、较长时间段的垂直形变场和相对重力变化场.分析发现青藏高原东北缘东西部的变化特征存在明显差异：西部以北东向地壳缩短运动为主,而东部以顺时针旋转为主;东部以地壳隆升为主,速率在2.1 mm/a左右,而西部隆升的速率小于1 mm/a;相对重力变化则表现为在整体增大的背景下东部升高速率较大,平均为9.0×10-8 m·s-2·a-1,而西部较小,平均值为3.1×10-8 m·s-2·a-1.我们还发现,地壳不同变形形式的转换不是渐变的,而是发生在较窄的一个转换带内.这个转换带的整体走向为NEE,北部位于金昌与武威之间,中部在祁连山东部、门源以西,南部位于德令哈以东青海湖以西.最后结合前寒武纪构造格架、重力均衡异常资料和地震SKS分裂结果对形成这种运动态势的机理进行了探讨,我们认为岩石圈物质侧向流动、岩石圈结构及壳-幔耦合方式差异可能是导致东部与西部岩石圈变形差异主要动因.     

Development of faults as zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sandstone

Three forms of fault are recognized in Entrada and Navajo Sandstones in the San Rafael Desert, southeastern Utah; deformation bands, zones of deformation bands, and slip surfaces. Small faults occur asdeformation bands, about one millimeter thick, in which pores collapse and sand grains fracture, and along which there are shear displacements on the order of a few millimeters or centimeters. Two or more deformation bands adjacent to each other, which share the same average strike and dip, form azone of deformation bands. A zone becomes thicker by addition of new bands, side by side. Displacement across a zone is the sum of displacements on each individual band. The thickest zones are about 0.5 m and total displacement across a thick zone rarely exceeds 30 cm. Finally,slip surfaces, which are through-going surfaces of discontinuity in displacement, form at either edge of zones of highly concentrated deformation bands. In contrast with individual deformation bands and zones of deformation bands, slip surfaces accommodate large displacements, on the order of several meters in the San Rafael Desert.The sequence of development is from individual deformation bands, to zones, to slip surfaces, and each type of faulting apparently is controlled by somewhat different processes. The formation of zones apparently involves strain hardening, whereas the formation of slip surfaces probably involves strain softening of crushed sandstone.     

Joint estimation of spatial deformation and blurring in environmental data

Joint estimation of deformation and blurring parameters from spatial observations is considered. The generalized random field approach to the problem introduced in this paper provides a suitable framework for a technical treatment of these effects in relation to singularity properties of the fields. A mixture of Kullback-Leibler divergence loss functions is formulated in a Bayesian context. Simulations are developed to illustrate the performance of the approach proposed.     

Aseismio fault slip and block deformation in North China

In North China, the tectonic fault-block system enables us to use the Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) method to simulate the long-term cross-fault survey and other geodetic data related to aseismic tectonic deformation. By the simulation we have found that: (1) Slips on faults with different orientation are generally in agreement with the ENE-WSW tectonic stress field, but the slip pattern of faulting can vary from nearly orthogonal, to pure shear along the strike of the faults, this pattern cannot be explained by simple geometric relation between the strike of the fault and the direction of the tectonic shortening. This phenomenon has been observed at many sites of cross-fault geodetic surveys, and might be caused by the interactions between different blocks and faults. (2) According to the DDA model, if the average aseismic slip rate along major active faults is at the order of several tenths of millimeter per year as observed by the cross-fault geodetic surveys, the typical strain rate inside a block is at the order of 10^–8 year^–1 or less, so that the rate of 10^–6 year^–1, as reported by observations in smaller areas, cannot be the representative deformation rate in this region. (3) Between the slips caused by regional compression and block rotation, there is a possibility that the sense of slip caused by rigid body rotation in two adjacent blocks is opposite to the slip caused by the tectonic compression. But the magnitude of slip resulting from the tectonic compression is much larger than that due to the block rotation. Thus, in general, the slip pattern on faults as a whole agrees with the sense of tectonic compression in this region. That is to say, the slip caused by regional compression dominates the entire slip budget. (4) Based on (3), some observed slips in contradiction to ENE tectonic stress field may be caused by more localized sources, and have no tectonic significance.     

岫岩MS5.4地震前烟台形变异常特征及机理分析

运用直接调和分析和速率合成方法对岫岩地震前后烟台形变观测资料进行了处理分析。结果表明,岫岩5.4级地震前,烟台地区形变观测资料出现了短临前兆异常,此次异常很可能是岫岩发震断层活动引起了相关的蓬莱-威海断裂活动,最终导致区域应力场增强的结果。     

青藏高原及周边2001年以来三次特大地震引起的形变场分布特征

基于地壳黏弹模型在GPS观测资料和地震位错数据为约束条件下,应用有限元数值模拟方法对2001年昆仑山8.1级、2008年汶川8.0级和2015年尼泊尔8.1级特大地震引起的地壳形变分布特征进行了模拟计算,获得了地震位移场和形变场.这3次大地震分别发生在青藏高原的北部、东部边界和南部边界,尽管震级大小基本相当,但发震区域和发震断层性质都各不相同,其各自产生的地壳形变场分布特征存在明显的差异,主要表现为形变场区域大小、幅值大小等的差异,以及在不同地壳深度也存在明显的差异,这些差异主要取决于地震断层性质和地下介质结构的不同.通过模拟计算,可以进一步了解大地震产生的应力加卸载区分布特征,对预测未来地震发生区域范围提供重要参考依据.     

Fault mechanisms and tectonic implication of the 1985–1987 earthquake sequence in south-western Ethiopia

Integrated inversions of short-period P, broadband P, and long-period P &s waves are done for fault mechanisms, focal depths, seismic moments, and source-time functions from the largest four earthquakes of the 1985 and 1987 earthquake sequence in south-western Ethiopia. These earthquakes had similar normal-faulting mechanisms. The general trends of the fault planes follow the Main Ethiopian Rift which is in agreement with foreshock-aftershock distribution, surface breaks and geology. Despite the morphological discontinuity of the Main Ethiopian Rift at its southern tip, the mode of deformation of the continental crust under study shows its extension southward. There are no significant strike-slip components trending NW–SE in all the mechanisms which would have been associated with the Aswa Fault Zone in southern Sudan or Anza Rift in northern Kenya. We also infer that the relatively broad fracture zone at the southern extreme of the Main Ethiopian Rift demonstrates the early stage of the break-up between the Nubia and Somalia plates in comparison with the Main Ethiopian Rift proper and the Afar Depression. The main shock of the sequence (M_w = 6.3) ruptured at a depth of 6.8 km, shallower than expected since the depth of earthquakes generally increase southward from the Afar Depression. The shallow depth of earthquake occurrence is supported by surface deformations with an overall trend in the direction of the Main Ethiopian Rift.     

新疆形变固体潮观测与中强地震关系的初步研究

分析了新疆几个形变台潮汐因子的时间分布及震兆异常特征,认为震兆异常的统计关系为：异常范围随着震级的增大而增大,5级地震前可能在100km范围出现异常,5．5级左右的地震可能达250km．而8级地震的异常范围则达到1000km以上;异常持续时间与震级呈正比关系,5级地震异常持续1～5个月,6级地震3～7个月;异常幅度与观测仪器的精度及环境干扰关系密切;部分台的γm2值受格值影响较大,在异常判定前必须做相关分析。     

Earthquake focal mechanisms and stress inversion in the Irpinia Region (southern Italy)

The goal of this study was to estimate the stress field acting in the Irpinia Region, an area of southern Italy that has been struck in the past by destructive earthquakes and that is now characterized by low to moderate seismicity. The dataset are records of 2,352 aftershocks following the last strong event: the 23 November 1980 earthquake (M 6.9). The earthquakes were recorded at seven seismic stations, on average, and have been located using a three-dimensional (3D) P-wave velocity model and a probabilistic, non-linear, global search technique. The use of a 3D velocity model yielded a more stable estimation of take-off angles, a crucial parameter for focal mechanism computation. The earthquake focal mechanisms were computed from the P-wave first-motion polarity data using the FPFIT algorithm. Fault plane solutions show mostly normal component faulting (pure normal fault and normal fault with a strike-slip component). Only some fault plane solutions show strike-slip and reverse faulting. The stress field is estimated using the method proposed by Michael (J Geophys Res 92:357–368, 1987a) by inverting selected focal mechanisms, and the results show that the Irpinia Region is subjected to a NE–SW extension with horizontal σ ₃ (plunge 0°, trend 230°) and subvertical σ ₁ (plunge 80°, trend 320°), in agreement with the results derived from other stress indicators.     

南极半岛地区GPS坐标时间序列噪声分析及形变模式初探

有色噪声广泛存在于各种连续GPS站坐标时间序列,对GPS时间序列分析有重要影响.利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件解算了南极半岛地区8个GPS测站2010—2014年的实测数据,对坐标时间序列使用主分量分析法(PCA)进行了空间滤波,利用CATS软件估计了不同噪声模型下和空间滤波前后的噪声量级、站坐标时间序列参数及其不确定度,最后对南极半岛地区水平和垂向的形变模式进行了分析和讨论.结果表明,南极半岛地区GPS时间序列不仅存在白噪声,还存在较大量级的闪烁噪声,部分测站E方向在滤波前可能存在随机游走噪声;空间滤波能够有效降低这三种噪声的量级,从而有效减小线性项和周期项估计的不确定度;南极半岛地区在水平方向主要表现为板块运动,还可能存在局部性构造运动;在垂直方向上由冰川均衡调整(Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, GIA)因素引起的抬升较小,主要表现为现今冰雪质量损失引起的弹性抬升运动.     

Thermally induced brittle deformation in oceanic lithosphere and the spacing of fracture zones

Brittle deformation of oceanic lithosphere due to thermal stress is explored with a numerical model, with an emphasis on the spacing of fracture zones. Brittle deformation is represented by localized plastic strain within a material having an elasto-visco-plastic rheology with strain softening. We show that crustal thickness, creep strength, and the rule governing plastic flow control the formation of cracks. The spacing of primary crack decreases with crustal thickness as long as it is smaller than a threshold value. Creep strength shifts the threshold such that crust with strong creep strength develops primary cracks regardless of crustal thicknesses, while only a thin crust can have primary cracks if its creep strength is low. For a thin crust, the spacing of primary cracks is inversely proportional to the creep strength, suggesting that creep strength might independently contribute to the degree of brittle deformation. Through finite versus zero dilatation in plastic strain, associated and non-associated flow rule results in nearly vertical and V-shaped cracks, respectively. Changes in the tectonic environment of a ridge system can be reflected in variation in crustal thickness, and thus related to brittle deformation. The fracture zone-free Reykjanes ridge is known to have a uniformly thick crust. The Australian-Antarctic Discordance has multiple fracture zones and thin crust. These syntheses are consistent with enhanced brittle deformation of oceanic lithosphere when the crust is thin and vice versa.     

Research on preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter in muddy sediment and mudstone

Using multidiscipline methodologies, the differences in preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter (OM) in muddy sediment and mudstone are investigated. In clay fractions, concentra- tions of TOC and chloroform bitumen “A” are significantly higher than those in coarser fractions. This indicates that clay minerals (CM) play an important role in enriching OM. The content of chloroform bitumen “A” increases obviously in the clay fraction, which reveals that dissolvable OM is the main composition of coalesce with clay minerals. Furthermore, TG and DTA data show that OM enrichment mechanisms and preservation forms have multiplicity. Several exothermic peaks in the DTA curves demonstrate that muddy sediment and mudstone contain a number of bioclasts and amorphous OM besides dissolvable OM. Through analyzing with XRD and DTA after mudstone samples were pretreated, the conclusions can be arrived at. Firstly, CM interlayer space of XRD curves and exothermic peaks of DTA curves both change as temperature increases. Secondly, the changes of CM interlayer space and exothermic peaks are concordant and stable around 350℃. All these are the features that OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Therefore, the combination format of OM with CM is not only surface adsorption, partial OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Finally, through the research on OM preservation forms and enrichment mechanisms in muddy sedi- ment and mudstone, the hydrocarbon-generation processes and the global carbon cycle and budget can be explained.     

海南琼海加积井水温同震效应特征和机理初探

基于海南加积井数字化水温2007年1月-2010年4月震中距小于8 000 km、Ms≥7.8大震的同震响应资料,系统分析水温年月日正常动态特征,发现远震引起的水温同震效应特征为上升脉冲,与以往的非自流井水温同震效应以下降为主的认识不一致;水温变化幅度与震中距、震级有一定关系,加积井水温同震效应成因,可用“层内混合”作...     

Quartz microstructures and deformation conditions in the Hatagawa shear zone, north-eastern Japan

Abstract Meso- and microscale structural analyses were carried out in the Hatagawa shear zone, north-eastern Japan. The shear zone is a sinistral strike–slip ductile shear zone, and has a 1-km wide north-south trending region where quartz mean grain size of approximately 35 μm does not vary significantly. Two types of quartz microstructures, A and B, occur in the western and eastern part of the shear zone, respectively. The lattice preferred orientation (LPO) patterns are characterized by a type I crossed girdle in the samples with the quartz microstructure A, and a Y maximum in the samples with the quartz microstructure B. The microstructures under optical and transmission electron microscopes indicates that the quartz recrystallization occurred predominantly by progressive subgrain rotation in microstructure A, and by both progressive subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration in microstructure B. This suggests different deformation conditions in the western and eastern parts of the shear zone. Quartz LPO patterns, presence of myrmekite, feldspar compositions, and dislocation density also suggest difference in the deformation conditions. The syn-deformation temperature in the western part of the shear zone was lower than that of the eastern part of the shear zone. The stress in the western part of the shear zone was higher than that of the eastern part of the shear zone. The difference in the deformation conditions would affect not only the quartz microstructure, but also the quartz LPO patterns and the presence of myrmekite around K-feldspar porphyroclasts.     

台湾碰撞带现今地壳变形场特征及其动力学成因的有限单元法模拟研究

台湾是菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块会聚、碰撞的产物,区内地质构造复杂,地震频发,变形强烈.为定量研究台湾地区变形特征及其动力学成因,文中运用二维不连续变形体弹性力学的有限单元计算方法,利用台湾地区1995—2005年GPS的观测结果作为边界约束,对台湾地区地壳变形场进行了模拟.计算结果显示,台湾中部地区主要呈压缩状态,但在台湾的东北部及南部地区出现了拉张的变形环境.变形程度最大的区域位于台湾东部海岸山脉及其附近海域,同时,计算给出台湾纵谷断裂滑移速率约为13.8~23.5 mm/yr,由于纵谷断裂对变形的吸收,因此变形在纵谷断裂以西及西北地区迅速衰减.此外,计算结果还发现,计算给出的台湾岛上的速度值与GPS观测结果吻合得较好;计算给出的主应力方位与地应力观测及震源机制解结果也颇为一致.由此说明文中的有限元模型是合理的.此外,计算结果还表明,菲律宾海板块向北西方向的推挤,板块边界形状,观音、北康高地的抵阻, 冲绳海槽扩张及琉球海沟的向南后撤以及断裂作用等,共同造成了台湾地区现今变形场的主要格局.     

The neotectonic deformation and earthquake activity in Zhuanglang river active fault zone of Lanzhou

Introduction Zhuanglang river active fault zone, which located in the western of Zhuanglang river valley, north of Hekou, the Xigu district of Lanzhou city, is composed of several echelon small faults, these faults display not very clear on surface. Predecessors thought that this fault from Yongdeng to Hekou was active in Late Pleistocene and even in Holocene through limited research works, they also believed that these earthquakes with magnitude 641 happened at Yongdeng and magnitude 521 …     

地震断裂带中气体来源及运移机制研究进展

随着新的观测技术和理论的快速发展,地震断裂带气体观测和同位素分析技术都得到长足发展,为研究微量气体运移机制以及气体来源示踪提供了重要的技术支撑.本文简要介绍了前人利用同位素技术在深部物质来源研究方面的主要进展,详细阐述了断裂带中微量气体的特征、气体运移的影响因素以及气体运移机制和理论模型,包括扩散对流作用、接力传递作用...     

西-海-固地区垂直形变分析及地震趋势研究

通过对西（吉）-海（原）-固（原）地区垂直形变场的演化分析表明:①90年代以来,垂直形变场升降差异运动减弱;②现今青藏亚板块对鄂尔多斯地块西南缘（西-海-固地区） 的 NE 方向挤压应力有所减弱,华北亚板块 SW 方向挤压应力有所加强;③鄂尔多斯块体周缘小震出现的活跃状态,可能是由于青藏亚板块挤压应力的减弱而造成鄂尔多斯块体水平挤压应力场的“失稳”,以及华北亚板块挤压应力相对增强的结果。     

近三十年保安湖大型底栖动物群落结构演变及其构建机制

保安湖是江汉湖群的一个典型浅水湖泊。近几十年来,随着经济的快速发展,保安湖面临多重人类压力影响,富营养化问题日趋严重。历史上曾开展过数次的保安湖底栖动物调查,但有关群落结构的长期变化及其驱动机制改变的认知仍为空白。本研究基于30余年（1986 2019）的多次调查数据,探索保安湖底栖动物的群落演变规律及其群落构建机制。研究共记录保安湖底栖动物5门10纲25目49科110属170种（历史记录154种,现场调查51种）。总物种数由1992年的107种降为2019年的51种;平均密度由1992年的433 ind．/m2增加到2019年的2177.6 ind．/m2;平均生物量由2001年的160.6 g/m2降低为2019年的26.7 g/m2。优势种在1987年有寡毛类、水生昆虫和软体动物多个类群,其后逐步演变为现阶段少数几种耐污的寡毛类和摇蚊类,如霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、中国长足摇蚊（Tanypus chinensis）、红裸须摇蚊（Propsilocerus akamusi）等,而多年生大型软体动物衰退明显。PERMANOVA和SIMPER分析结...